Assesment of soft error sensitivity of power flow analysis

Öz

Today’s power systems are large and interconnected to each other with many buses, lines, loads, and generators. Even the solution of a single snapshot of the system for specific conditions requires the solution of systems of equations with large sizes. Thus, to obtain the results in a reasonable time for large problems like electrical power flow simulations, modern large computational environments should be employed. However, because of the increasing number of components in the modern computational environment, the possibility of soft errors also increases. Soft errors can be defined as failures arising from several fluctuations due to x-rays, cosmic particle effects, etc. These types of errors usually appear at any time of computation as a bit-flip in any floating-point operations. In this paper, we will investigate the soft-error effects on large-scale power flow simulations. Generally, power flow calculations are performed by using Newton Raphson Method. The system is modeled by nonlinear equations and the solution process requires a linear solver is employed to take the inverse of the Jacobian matrix at each iteration. In this study, the soft-error sensitivity of the numerical methods used in load flow was examined, and the problems that may be encountered were revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soft-errors
• Power Flow
• Newton-Krylov approach
• Resiliency
• Iterative solvers

Güç akışı analizinin geçici hata duyarlılığının değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Günümüzün güç sistemleri detaylı modelleme ihtiyaçları nedeniyle çok büyük boyutlara ulaşabilmektedir ve belirli koşullar için sistemin tek bir anlık görüntüsünün çözümü bile büyük boyutlu denklem sistemlerinin çözümünü gerektirir. Bu nedenle de makul bir sürede sonuçları elde etmek için modern yüksek başarımlı hesaplama ortamları kullanılmalıdır. Bununla birlikte, yüksek başarımlı hesaplama ortamlarında artan bileşen sayısı nedeniyle, sessiz hata olasılığı da artar. Sessiz hatalar, x-ışınları, kozmik parçacık etkileri gibi nedenlerle cihaz bileşenlerinde oluşabilen çeşitli dalgalanmalardan kaynaklı arızalar olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu tür hatalar genellikle herhangi bir hesaplama anında herhangi bir kayan nokta işleminde yaşanan bir bit-kayması ile modellenebilir. Bu makalede, büyük ölçekli güç akışı simülasyonları üzerindeki sessiz hata etkileri incelenmektedir. Genel olarak yük akışı hesaplamaları, sistem doğrusal olmayan denklemlerle modellendiği için, Newton-Raphson yöntemi kullanılarak yapılır ve çözüm süreci, her yinelemede Jakobiyen matrisinin tersini almak için doğrusal bir çözücünün kullanılmasını gerektirir. Bu çalışmada, özellikle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının sistemlere eklenmesi ile çok büyük boyutlara ulaşılabilen elektrik yük akış problemlerinde kullanılan matematiksel yöntemlerin sessiz-hatalara karşı hassasiyetleri incelenerek, karşılaşılabilecek sorunlar ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sessiz Hata
• Güç akışı
• Newton-Krylov yaklaşımları
• Dayanıklılık
• Yinelemeli Yöntemler

Kaynakça

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