Kalsiyum oksit varlığında teknik hegzaklorosiklohegzan’nın mekanokimyasal parçalanması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 961 - 974, 23.05.2019

Volkan Pelitli Uğur Kurt Oltan Canlı

https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.460493

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kalsiyum oksit (CaO) varlığında gezegen hareketli bilyalı değirmen kullanılarak teknik hegzaklorosiklohegzan’nın (t-HCH) mekanokimyasal parçalanma verimi araştırılmıştır. Kalıntı içeriğindeki t-HCH miktarı elektron dedektörlü gaz kromatografi (GC-µECD) ile analiz edilmiş ve 6 saat sonunda parçalanma verimi %99.7 olarak bulunmuştur. Pantaklorosiklohegzen, tetraklorobenzen, triklorobenzen, diklorobenzen ve monoklorobenzen gibi parçalanma ürünleri Headspace Gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile tespit edilmiş ve temel parçalanma yolu önerilmiştir. Sonuçlar son ürünlerin amorf karbon ve suda çözünür klorür olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışma CaO’nun t-HCH’nin parçalanmasında etkin olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hekzaklorosiklohegzan, mekanokimyasal proses, parçalama, kalsiyum oksit

Kaynakça

• Geyikçi, F., Büyükgüngör, H., Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the surface waters from Mid-Black Sea Region, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess., 173, 127–137, 2011.
• Lopez, F.J., Pitarch, E., Egea, S., Beltran, J., Hernandez, F., Gas chromatographic determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in human fluids using solid phase microextraction. Analytica. Chimica. Acta., 433, 217–226, 2001.
• Galt, R.E., Reconceptualizing Farmers as Pesticide Users: From Homo Economics to Complex Subjectivities. Antipode, 45(2), 336-356, 2012.
• Jeyaratnam, J., Health problems of pesticide usage in the third world. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42, 505-506, 1985.
• Li, Y.F., Bidleman, T.F., Barrie, L.A., Global hexachlorocyclohexane use trends and their impact on the arctic atmospheric environment. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(1), 39-41, 1998.
• Metcalf, R.L., The Mode of Action of Organic Insecticides. National Research Council, Washington D.C., ABD, 1948.
• Willet, K.L., Utrich, E.M., Hites, R.A., Differential toxicity and environmental facts of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2197–2207, 1998.
• Vijgen, J., The legacy of lindane HCH isomer production: A global overview of residue management, formulation and disposal. International HCH and Pesticide Association, 2006.
• Jürgens, H.J., Roth, R., Case Study and Proposed Decontamination Steps of the Soil and Groundwater Beneath a Closed Herbicide Plant in Germany. Chemosphere, 18, 1163-1169, 1989.
• Güler, G.O., Çakmak, Y.S., Dağlı, Z., Aktümsek, A., Özparlak, H., Organochlorine pesticide residues in wheat from Konya region, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 1218-122, 2010.
• Erkmen, B., Yerli, S.V., Erkakan, F., Kolonkaya, D., Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediment samples from Lake Manyas, Turkey. J. Environ Biol, 34 (2), 171-6, 2013.
• Erdoğrul, Ö., Levels of selected pesticides in honey samples from Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Food Control, 18 (7), 866-871, 2007.
• Erdoğrul, Ö., Covaci, A., Schepens, P., Levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish species from Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Environmental International, 31, 703-711, 2005.
• Coelhan, M., Strohmeier, J., Barlas, H., Organochlorine levels in edible fish from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environment International, 32, 775-780, 2006.
• Çok, İ., Mazmanci, B., Mazmanci, M.A., Turgut, C., Henkelmann, B., Schramm, K.W., Analysis of human milk to assess exposure to PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the vicinity Mediterranean city Mersin, Turkey. Environmental International, 40: 63-69, 2012.
• US National Library of Medicine (NIH). https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/319-84-6. Erişim tarihi Mart 22, 2017.
• UNEP, Report of the Conference of the parties of the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. In: Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Fourth Meeting, İtalya, 2009.
• Ben-Michael, E., Grauer, F., Raphael, C., Sahm, Z., Richter, E.D., Organochlorine insecticides and PCB residues in fat tissues of autopsied trauma victims in Israel: 1984 to 1986. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 18 (4), 297-303, 1999.
• Tange, L., Drohmann, D., Waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics with brominated flame retardants—from legislation to separate treatment-thermal process. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 88, 35-40, 2005.
• Tomio, S., Masamitsa, T., Development of Fluidized Bed Gasification and Swirl-flow Melting Process for Municipal Solid Wastes. The University of Seoul Press., 1-10, 2002.
• Ecke, H., Sakanakura, H., Matsuto, T., State-of-the-art treatment processes for municipal solid incineration residues in Japan. Waste Manag. Res., 18, 41-51, 2000.
• Hagenmaier, H., Kraft, M., Brunner, H., Catalytic effects of fly ash from incineration facilities on the formation and decomposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 1080-1084, 1987.
• Tiernan, T.O., Wagel, D.J., VanNess, G.F., Treatment of complex chemical wastes with the base catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process. Organohalogen Compd., 8, 289-292, 1992.
• Shi, W., Zhang, J., Photodegradation mechanism and its influential factors of PVC, Chin. Synth. Resin Plast., 23, 80-84, 2006.
• Huang, L., Li, X.D., PCDD/Fs control technologies in the municipal solid waste incineration processes. Power Syst. Eng., 21, 5-7, 2005.
• Gao, J., Distribution, microbial effects and bioremediation of PCBs in typical polluted agricultural soils in the Yangtze River Delta. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Zhejiang, China, 2005.
• Zhang, T., Cheng, X.X., Progress of the research on persistent organic pollutants. Scitech Inf. Dev. Econ., 17, 206-208, 2007.
• Fernández-Bertran, J. F., Mechanochemistry: An Overview, Pure Appl. Chem., 71(4), 581-586, 1999.
• Cagnetta, G., Liu, H., Zhang, K., Huang, J., Wang, B., Deng, S., Wang, Y., Yu, G., Mechanochemical conversion of brominated POPs into useful oxybromides: a greener approach, Nature, Scientific Reports, 6:28394, 2016.
• Boldyrev, V.V., and Tkácová, K., Mechanochemistry of solids: past, present, and prospects, J. Mater. Synth. Process, 8(2-4), 121-132, 2000.
• Wieczorek,-Ciurowa, K., Gamrat, K., Mechanochemical syntheses as an example of gren processes. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 88, 213-217, 2007.
• Heinicke, G., Tribochemistry, Akademic-Verlag, Almanya, 1984.
• Wei, Y., Yan, J., Lu, S., Li, X., Mechanochemical decomposition of pentachlorophenol by ball milling. J. Environ. Sci., 21, 1761–1768, 2009.
• Rowlands, S.A., Hall, A.K., Mccormick, P.G., Street, R., Hart, R.J., Ebell, G.F., Donecker, P., Destruction of toxic metals. Nature, 367, 223-223, 1993.
• Fujiwara, Y., Isobe, T., Senna, M., Tanaka, J., Effects of Reduced Coordination Number for Ca on the Electron Redistribution during Ca-O-Si Bridge Bonding from CaO or Ca(OH)2 and SiO2. J. Phys. Chem. A., 103, 9842-9846, 1999.
• Suresh, P., Balamurugan, S., Balamurugan, D., Electronic and optical studies of CaO with oxygen defects: A DFT approach. Der Pharma Chemica, 6(4), 292-297, 2014.
• Tanaka, I., Oba, F., Tatsumi, K., Kunisu, M., Nakano, M., Adachi, H., Theoretical Formation Energy of Oxygen-Vacancies in Oxides. Materials Transactions, 43 (7), 1426-1429, 2002.
• Chen, H., Zhou, S., Han, Z., Jiang, Y., Yu, H., Zhou, X., Jiang, R., Liu, X., Li, X., A copper-based sorbent with oxygen-vacancy defects from mechanochemical reduction for carbon disulfide absorption. Journal Materials Chemistry A, 4, 17207-17214, 2016.
• Khoa, H.X., Bae, S., bae, S., Kim, B., Kim, J.S., Planetary Ball Mill Process in Aspect of Milling Energy. Journal of Korean Metallurgy Institute, 21 (2), 155-164, 2014.
• Fritsch GmbH. http://www.fritsch.cn/fileadmin/Redakteur/Downloads/Reports_milling/Environment/Planetary_Mono_Mill_PULVERISETTE_6_premium_line.pdf. Erişim tarihi Mayıs 23, 2017.
• Fritsch GmbH, http://www.fritsch-international.com/sample-preparation/milling/planetary-mills/details/product/pulverisette-6-classic-line/downloads/. Erişim tarihi Mayıs 23, 2017.
• Butyagin, P.Y., Structural Disorder and Mechanochemical Reactions in Solids. Russian Chemical Reviews, 53, 1769-1789, 1984.
• Balaz, P., Achimovicova, M., Balaz, M., Billik, P., Cherkezova-Zheleva, Z., Criado, J.M., Delogu, F., Dutkova, E., Gaffet, E., Gotor, F.J., Kumar, R., Mitov, I., Rojac, T., Senna, M., Streletskii, A., Wieczorek-Ciurowa, K., Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology. Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 7571-7637, 2013.
• Huang, B., Isse, A.A., Durante, C., Wei, C., Gennaro, A., Electrocatalytic properties of transition metals toward reductive dechlorination of polychloroethanes. Electrochimica Acta, 70, 50-61, 2012.
• Spataru, T., Fernandez, F., Sista, W.J., Spataru, P., Povar, I., Disposal of Poisonous Organic Halides by Using the Electrochemical Method: DFT Simulation, Chemistry Journal of Moldova, 11(2), 93-98, 2016.
• DeVor, R., Knighton, K.C., Aitken, B., Maloney, P., Holland, E., Talalaj, L., Elsheimer, S., Clausen, C.A., Geiger, C.L., Mechanism of the degradation of individual PCB congeners using mechanically alloyed Mg/Pd in methanol. Chemosphere, 76 (6), 761-766, 2009.
• Tanaka, Y., Zhang, Q., Saito, F., Mechanochemical Dechlorination of Trichlorobenzene on Oxide Surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. B., 107, 11091-11097, 2003.
• Braga, D., Maini, L., Grepioni, F., Mechanochemical preparation of co-crystals, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 7638-7648, 2013.
• Deng, S., Kang, S., Feng, N., Zhu, J., Yu, B., Xie, X., Chen, J., Mechanochemical mechanism of rapid dechlorination ofhexachlorobenzene, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 333, 116-127, 2017.