Kalkan Balığının (Psetta maxima) Büyüme ve Besin Madde Kompozisyonu Üzerine Balık Unu Kaynağı ve Lipid Oranının Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yavru kalkan balığı yemlerinde bulunan balık unu kaynaklarının ve lipid düzeylerinin büyüme, yemden yararlanma, vücut kompozisyonu ve besin dengesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Balıklara 50 gün boyunca iki farklı balık unu kaynağı (Karadeniz hamsisinden (Engraulis encrasicolus) üretilmiş kahverengi balık unu, KBU ve Alaska morina balığından (Gadus chalcogrammus) üretilmiş beyaz balık unu, BBU) ve iki farklı lipid seviyesi içeren yemler verilmiştir. KBU-YL (Kahverengi balık unu –yüksek lipid), KBU-DL (Kahverengi balık unu –düşük lipid), BBU-YL (Beyaz balık unu –yüksek lipid), BBU- DL (Beyaz balık unu –düşük lipid) şeklinde hazırlanan diyetler %53 protein ve %10–14 lipid içeriyordu. Deneme sonunda, final ağırlık, spesifik büyüme oranı (SBO), günlük yem tüketimi (GYT), yem dönüşüm oranı (YDO), protein verimlilik oranı (PVO), nitrojen tüketimi, kazanımı, kaybı ve lipid tüketimi, kazanımı, tutulması değerlerinin yemdeki protein kaynağı ve lipid seviyesinden önemli ölçüde (P 0,05) etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. En iyi SBO ve YDO, BBU-YL yemi ile beslenen gruptan elde edilmiştir. Nitrojen tutulumu, en iyi protein değerlendirmenin tespit edildiği BBU-YL grubunda diğer gruplara kıyasla önemli derecede P<0,05) yüksek bulunmuştur. BBU-YL ve KBU-YL yemleri ile beslenen gruplarda lipid tutulumu daha yüksek saptanmıştır. Balık vücudundaki protein, lipid ve kül miktarı balık unu ve lipid seviyesinden önemli (P<0,05) ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yemlerde BBU kullanımı, KBU içeren yemlere kıyasla daha iyi büyüme performansı ve besin kullanımı sağlaması açısından daha umut verici olabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca mevcut deneysel koşullar altında balık unu kaynağından bağımsız olarak %14'lük lipid seviyesinin %10’luk lipid seviyesine kıyasla daha iyi bir büyüme sağlayabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fish meal
• lipid level
• nitrogen and lipid balance
• protein quality
• Psetta maxima

Proje Numarası

085

The Effect of Fishmeal Source and Lipid Ratio on Growth and Nutrient Composition of Juvenile Turbot (Psetta maxima)

Öz

The study investigated how the sources of fish meal and the amount of lipids in the diets of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) affected growth, feed utilization, body composition, and nutrient balance. The fish were fed with feed produced using two different fish meals for 50 days: white fish meal (WFM) from Alaska cod, Gadus chalcogrammus and brown fish meal (BFM) from Black Sea anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. The diets prepared as BFM-HL (Brown fish meal- high lipid), BFM-LL (Brown fish meal- low lipid), WFM-HL (Whitefish meal-high lipid), WFM LL (Whitefish meal-low lipid) contained 53% protein and 10–14% lipid. Fish meal sources and lipid levels had a substantial (P< 0.05) impact on final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER), nitrogen intake, gain, and loss, and lipid intake, gain, and retention. WFM-HL fed fish showed the best SGR, FCR, and PER results. When compared to the other diets, the WFM-HL diet's better protein utilization led to a considerably higher (P< 0.05) nitrogen retention. The fish-fed WFM-HL and BFM-HL diets had higher lipid retention values. Protein, lipid, and ash levels in the whole fish body were significantly (P< 0.05) influenced by the dietary fish meal source and lipid level. Compared to diets containing BFM, the results suggested that employing WFM in diet would be more promising in terms of higher growth performance and nutrient utilization. Also, with regard to experimental design, dietary lipid levels of 14% could result in greater growth than the diet containing 10% lipid, regardless of fish meal sources and levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fish meal
• lipid level
• nitrogen and lipid balance
• protein quality
• Psetta maxima

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

085

Teşekkür

We are grateful to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Central Fisheries Research Institute (SUMAE) in Trabzon, Turkey for supporting the experimental animals. We would also like to thank the President of the Sibal Feed Company, Mr. Engin Savaş, and the Director of the Company, Mrs. Feraye Berkay Yağcı for supplying brown fish meal. The research was supported by the Academic Research Projects Unit of Ondokuz Mayıs University (Project Number: 085).

Kaynakça

1. Andersen, N.G., Alsted, N.S., 1991. Growth and body composition of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus,(L)) in relation to different lipid/protein rations in the diet. Fish Nutrition in Practice, Biarritz (France) June 24-27.
2. Anderson, J.S., Higgs, D. M., Beames, R. M., Rowshandeli, M., 1997. Fish meal quality assessment for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in sea water. Aquaculture Nutrition 3; 25–38.
3. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists International, Gaithesburg MD.
4. Berge, G.M., Storebakken, T., 1991. Effect of dietary fat level on weight gain, digestibility, and filet composition of Atlantic halibut. Aquaculture 99: 331–338.
5. Bian, F., Zhou, H., He, G., Wang, C., Peng, H., Pu, X., Jiang, H., Wang, X., Mai, M., 2017. Effects of replacing fishmeal with different cottonseed meals on growth, feed utilization, haematological indexes, intestinal and liver morphology of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 23:1429–1439.
6. Castro, P.L., Torrecillas, S., Montero, M.S., Izquierdo, R., 2022. Effect of combined fishmeal and fish oil replacement on growth performance, flesh quality and shelf life of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 560: 738452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738452.
7. Cho, S.H., Lee, S.M., Lee, S.M., Lee, J.H., 2005. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L) reared under optimum salinity and temperature conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 235–240.
8. Craig, S.R, Gatlin, III D.M., Neill, W.H., 1995. Effects of dietary lipid and environmental salinity on growth, body composition and cold tolerance of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 14: 49–61.

9. Craig, S.R, Washburn, B., Gatlin III D,M., 1999. Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 21: 249–255.
10. Danielssen, D.S., Hjertnes, T., 1993. Effect of dietary protein levels in diets for turbot Scophthalmus maximus to market size. In: Kaushik SJ, Luquet P_Eds, Fish Nutrition in Practice, Biarritz, France, 24-27r06r1991, INRA Editions. Les Colloques no. 61 pp. 89–96.
11. Ergün, S., Yigit, M., Türker, A., Harmantepe, B., 2008a. Incorporation of Soybean Meal and Hazelnut Meal in Diets for Black Sea Turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 60(1): 27-36.
12. Ergün, S., Yigit, M., Türker, A., Harmantepe B., 2008b. Partial Replacement of Fishmeal by Defatted Soybean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maeotica): Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Winter”. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 60(3): 175-182.
13. Fan, Z., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, D., Zheng, X., Wang, C., Wang, L., 2021. Excessive Dietary Lipid Affecting Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Lipid Deposition, and Hepatopancreas Lipometabolism of Large Sized Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Frontiers in Nutrition (8); 694426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.694426
14. Fournier, V., Gouilou-Coustans, M.F., Metailler, R., Vachot, C., Guedes, M.J., Tulli, F., 2002. Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts. Br J Nutr 87: 459-468.
15. Furukawa, A., Tsukahara, H., 1966. On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Nippon Suisan Gakk 32: 502–506.
16. Gill, N., Higgs, D.A., Skura, B.J., Rowshandeli, M., Dosanjh, B.S., Mann, J., Gannam, A.L., 2006. Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water. Aquaculture Research 37: 1348-1359.
17. Harmantepe, F.B., Yiğit, M., Dogan, G., Karslı, Z., Yiğit, U., 2014. Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance and feed utilization in juvenile Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima) with reference to nitrogen excretion. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 3(2): 21-26.
18. Hasimoglu, A., Erteken, E., Kino, S., Nakagawa, H., 2007. Evaluation of anchovy meal and soybean meal as dietary protein sources for the Black Sea turbot, Psetta maxima. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 59:73-80.
19. Helland, S.J., Grisdale-Helland, B., 1998. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed diets differing in the ratio between the macronutrients. Aquaculture 166: 49–56.
20. Hoseini, S.M., Seyed Abbas Hosseini ,S.A., Soudagar, M., 2013. Effects of dietary free L-Lysine on growth performance and muscle composition of Beluga Huso huso (Linnaeus 1785) juveniles. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(2): 42-47.
21. Kaushik, S.J., Seiliez, I., 2010. Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research 41(3):322-332.
22. Kloppel, M.T., Post, G., 1975. Histological alterations in tryptophan-deficient Rainbow Trout. The Journal of Nutrition 105:861-866.
23. McGoogan, B.B., Gatlin, D.M., 1999. Dietary manipulation affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, I. Effects of diatery protein and energy levels. Aquaculture 178:333-348.
24. Lee, C.H., Kim, H.S. Lee, K.W., Han, G.S., Byun, S.G., Lim, H.J., Lee, D.Y., Choi, J., 2021. Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance, feed utilization, fatty composition and antioxidant parameters of juvenile walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus. Aquaculture Reports Aquaculture Reports 19: 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100631.
25. Meng, Y., Tian, H., Hu, X., Han, B., Li, X., Cangzhong, L., Ma, R., 2022. Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on the Lipid Deposition and Metabolism of Subadult Triploid Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition Article 6924835. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6924835.
26. Morais, S,, Bell, J.G., Robertson, D.A., Roy, W.J., Morris, P.C., 2001. Protein/lipid rations in extruded diets for Atlamtic cod (Gadus morhua L.): effects on growth, feed utilization, muscle composition and liver histology. Aquaculture 203: 101-119.
27. Pohlenz, C., Buentello, A., Miller, T., Small, B.C., MacKenzie, D.S., Gatlin III, D.M., 2013. Effects of dietary arginine on endocrine growth factors of channel catfish Ictaluris punctatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A166:215-221.
28. Pohlenz, C., Buentello, A., Helland, S.J., Gatlin, D.M., 2014. Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, protein optimization and innate immune response of channel catfish Ictaluris punctatus (Rafinesque 1818). Aquaculture Research 45: 491–500.
29. Rasmussen, R.S., Ostenfeld, T.H., Mclean, E., 2000. Growth and feed utilisation of rainbow trout subjected to changes in feed lipid concentrations. Aquaculture International 8: 531–542.
30. Regost, C., Arzel, J., Cardinal, M., Robin, J., Laroche, M., Kaushik, S.J., 2001. Dietary lipid level, hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 193: 291-309.
31. Reindl, K.M. , Sheridan, M.A., 2012. Peripheral regulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor system in fish and other vertebrates. Com. Biochem.Physiol. Part A 163:231-245.
32. Sæther, B.S., Jobling, M., 2001. Fat content in turbot feed: influence on feed intake, growth and body composition. Aquaculture Research 32: 451-458.
33. Sevgili, H., Kurtoğlu, A., Oikawa, M., Fedekar, D., Emre, Y., Takeno, N., 2015. Evaluation of nutritional values of selected commercial fish meal sources in turbot (Psetta maxima) diets. Aquaculture Research 46: 2332-2343. doi:10.1111/are.12389
34. Shepherd, C. J., Jackson, A. J., 2013. Global fishmeal and fish-oil supply: inputs, outputs and markets. https. Journal of Fish Biology 83: 1046 – 1066. doi:10.1111/jfb.12224
35. Song, Z., Li, H., Wang, J., Li, P., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., 2014. Effects of fishmeal replacement with soy protein hydrolysates on growth performance, blood biochemistry, gastrointestinal digestion and muscle composition of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture 426-427: 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.002
36. Tacon, A.G.J., Metian, M., 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285: 146–158.
37. Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Yamashita, M., 1986. Dietary value of several proteins and supplemental amino acids for larvae of the pawmn, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture 51: 225-235.
38. Tulli, F., Vachot, C., Tibaldi, E., Fournier, V., Kaushik, S.J., 2007. Contribution of dietary arginine to nitrogen utilisation and excretion in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets differing in protein source. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 147:179–188.
39. Wang, J., Liu, T., Zheng, P., Xu, H., Su, H.,Hana, T.,Yang, Y., 2021. Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, body composition, and feed utilization of juvenile spotted knifejaw Oplegnathus punctatus. Aquaculture Reports 21: 100797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100797.
40. Yan, J., Liao, K, Wang, T., Mail, K., Xu, W., Ai, Q., 2015. Dietary Lipid Levels Influence Lipid Deposition in the Liver of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) by Regulating Lipoprotein Receptors, Fatty Acid Uptake and Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Catabolism at the Transcriptional Level. PLoS One; 10(6): e0129937. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129937
41. Yigit, M., Yardim, Ö., Koshio, S., 2002. The Protein Sparing Effects of High Lipid Levels in Diets for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W. 1792) With Special Reference to Reduction of Total Nitrogen Excretion. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 54(2): 79-88.
42. Yigit, M., Koshio, S., Aral, O., Karaali, B., Karayucel, S., 2003. Ammonia nitrogen excretion rate – an index for evaluating protein quality of three fed fishes for the Black Sea turbot. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 55:69–76.
43. Yigit, M., Ergun, S., Turker, A., Karaali, B., Bilgin, S., 2005. Using Ammonia Nitrogen Excretion Rates as an Index for Evaluating Protein Quality of Prawns in Turbot (Psetta maeotica) Nutrition. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 29: 1343-1349.
44. Yigit, M., Erdem, M., Koshio, S., Ergun, S., Turker, A., Karaali, B., 2006. Substituting fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica. Aquaculture Nutrition 12:340-347.
45. Yigit, M., Ergun, S., Turker, A., Karaali, B., Erteken, A., 2010. Evaluation of Soybean Meal as a Protein Source and Its Effect on Growth and Nitrogen Utilization of Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maeotica) Juveniles. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18(5): 682-688.
46. Yoo, G.Y., Park, I.S., Lee, S., 2022. Effects of graded dietary lipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid profile, and hematological characteristics of hybrid pufferfish (Takifugu obscurusｘT. rubripes) juveniles. Aquaculture Reports 24: 101120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101120.
47. Zhou, F., Shao, J., Xu, R., Ma, J., Xu, Z., 2010. Quantitative L- lysine requirement of juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). Aquaculture Nutrition 16:194-204.