Effect of Bentonite's Different Rates to Ammonium Removal in Aquatic Conditions

Öz

Ammonia has a high toxic effect for all living forms. When exposed to in low quantities, it can be tolareted by the living forms. Compared with clay minerals, bentonite has a high usability due to its high adsorption capacity and low cost. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of two different amount of bentonite on the ammonium adsorption in freshwater at 17±1°C. In this research two trial groups with 3 repetitions were created for two different bentonite rate. Experimental groups were prepared by adding 2 liter of water and NH4Cl to each bottle to give an NH4+ amount of 10 mg/l. After that, two amounts of bentonite (7 g/l, 14 g/l) were added to the bottles. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) values were determined during the trial period. At the end of trial NH3 values were calculated as 0.461±0.01 mg/l and 0.463±0.01 mg/l in different amount of bentonite groups (7 g/l, 14 g/l), respectively. There were difference in TAN values between the experimental groups (p<0.05). As a result in this study, it has been determined that the amount of 14 g/l bentonite is the ideal amount for ammonium removal in aquaculture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adsorption
• Bentonite
• Ammonium
• Aquaculture

Ammonium Removal in Aquatic Conditions Using Different Levels of Calcium Bentonite

Öz

Ammonia, necessary for life cycles is a natural substance that is available in all forms of life from plants to animals and human beings. Ammonia is toxic at high levels, however low concentrates can be tolerated by the living forms. Especially in mass production of fish under intensive culture conditions, significant amount of ammonia excretion deteriorates the water environment. Hence, removal of ammonia from water environment may support the re-use of freshwater in aquaculture facilities, and benefit for sustainable utilization of water resources. Compared to clay minerals, bentonite has a high usability due to its high adsorption capacity and low cost. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of two different concentrations of calcium bentonite on ammonium adsorption in a freshwater environment at constant temperature (17°C). Two different concentrations of calcium bentonite (7g/l B7 and 14g/l B14) were tested in triplicate and experiments were performed in chambers with 2 liter water and NH4Cl incorporated to obtain 10 mg/l NH4+ in each of the water chamber. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) were determined during the course of the experiment. Ammonia adsorption effects of calcium bentonite were tested and at the end of the trial, NH3 values were recorded as 0.461±0.01mg/l and 0.463±0.01 mg/l for the B7 and B14 groups, respectively. There were difference in TAN values between the experimental groups (P<0.05). As a result, it has been concluded that bentonite of 14 g/l might be ideal for ammonium removal under aquatic conditions applied.is

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adsorption
• Ca-bentonite
• Ammonium
• Aquaculture

Kaynakça

1. Abdelaal, A.M., 2004. Using a natural coagulant for treating wastewater. Eighth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC8, Alexandria, Egypt.
2. Alshameri, A., He, H., Zhu, J., Xi, Y., Zhu, R., Ma, L., Tao, Q., 2017. Adsorption of ammonium by different natural clay minerals: Characterization, kinetics and adsorption isotherms. Applied Clay Science (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.007
3. Angar, Y., Djelali, N-E., Kebbouche-Gana, S., 2017. Investigation of ammonium adsorption on Algerian natural bentonite. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24:11078–11089.
4. Asselin, E., Alfantazi, A., Rogak, S., 2008. Thermodynamics of the Corrosion of Alloy 625 Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactor Tubing in Ammoniacal Sulfate Solution. Corrosion, 64 (4): 301-314.
5. Babel, S. and Kurniawan, T.A., 2003. Low-cost adsorbent for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B97, pp 219-243.
6. Booth, D.J. 1999. Effects of Dietary and Free Bentonite On Ammonia Build up in Aquarium Fis. Austrasian Journal of Exotoxicology, 5:149-152.
7. Boyd, C.E., 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture, Auburn, AL: Auburn University, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Pres. 482 (It was taken: Boyd, C. E., Practical aspects of chemistry in pond aquaculture, The Progressive Fish Culturist, 59 (1997) 85-93).
8. De Luna, M.D.G., Futalan, C.M., Jurado, C.A., Colades, J.I., Wan, M.W., 2018. Removal of ammonium-nitrogen from aqueous solution using chitosan-coated bentonite: Mechanism and effect of operating parameters. Journal Of Applied Polymer Science, 135 (9), Article Number: 45924, DOI: 10.1002/APP.45924

9. Dwairi, R.A.A. and Al-Rawajfeh , A.E., 2012. Removal Of Cobalt And Nickel From Wastewater By Using Jordan Low-Cost Zeolite And Bentonite. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 47, 1, 2012, 69-76.
10. Emerson, K., Russo, R.C., Lunt, R.E., Thurston, R.V., 1975. Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32: 2379-2383. 1.
11. Eturki, S., Ayari, F., Jedidi, N., Ben Dhia ,H., 2012. Use Of Clay Mineral To Reduce Ammonium From Wastewater Effect Of Various Parameters Электронная обработка материалов, 48(3): 102–110.
12. EPA, 1999. Ambient water quality criteria for ammonia. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 99-104.
13. Floyd, R.F., Watson, C., Denise, P., Deborah, B.P., 2015. Ammonia in aquatic systems. IFAS FA-16, http://edis. ifas.ufl.edu/fa 004_ (Available date: 20/01/2015).
14. Gupta, V.K. and Suhas, Dr., 2009. Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal - A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 90. pp. 2313-2342.
15. Hank, D., Azi, Z., Ait Hocine, S., Chaalal, O., Hella, A., 2014. Optimization of phenol adsorption onto bentonite by factorical design methodology. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20: 2256-2263.
16. He, C., Wang, K., Yang, Y.H., Amaniampong, P.N., Wang, J.Y., 2015. Effective Nitrogen Removal and Recovery from Dewatered Sewage Sludge Using a Novel Integrated System of Accelerated Hydrothermal Deamination and Air Stripping. Environmental Science & Technology, 49 (11): 6872-6880, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b000652
17. Huang, H., Xiao, X., Yan, B., Yang, L., 2010. Ammonium removal from aqueous solutions by using natural Chinese (Chende) zeolite as adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 175 (1): 247–252.
18. Huang, H.M., Huang, L.Y., Zhang, Q.R., Jiang, Y., Ding, L., 2015. Chlorination decomposition of struvite and recycling of its product for the removal of ammonium-nitrogen from landfill leachate. Chemosphere, 136: 289-296, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.078
19. Huang, H.M.,Liu, J.H., Xiao, J., Zhang, P., Gao, F.M., 2016. Highly Efficient Recovery of Ammonium Nitrogen from Coking Wastewater by Coupling Struvite Precipitation and Microwave Radiation Technology. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 4 (7): 3688-3696.
20. Huang, J., Kankanamge, N.R.,Chow, C., Welsh, D.T.,Li, T., Teasdale, P.R., 2017. Removing ammonium from water and wastewater using cost-effective adsorbents: A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences 63: 174-197.
21. Iskander, A.L., Khald, E.M., Sheta, A.S., 2014. Zinc and manganese sorption behavior by natural zeolite and bentonite. Annals of Agricultural Science, 56: 43-48.
22. Ismadji, S., ShenTong, D., Soetaredjo, F.E., Ayucitra, A., Yu, W.H., Zhou, C.H., 2016. Bentonite hydrochar composite for removal of ammonium from Koi fish tank. Applied Clay Science, 119: 146-154.
23. Jorgensen, T.C., 2002. Removal Of Ammonia From Wastewater By Ion Exchange In The Presence Of Organic Compounds. A Thesıs Presented For The Degree Of Master Of Engineering In Chemical & Process Engineering, Department of Chemical & Process Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand, 174 p.
24. Kammerer, J., Carle, R., Kammer, D.R., 2011. Adsorption and Ion Exchange: Basic Principles and Their Application in Food Processing. Review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59. pp.22-42.
25. Konig, T.N., Shulami, S., and Rytwo, G., 2012. Brine wastewater pretreatment using clay minerals and organ clays as flocculants. Applied clay science, 67(68), pp 119-124.
26. Kosutic, K., Dolar, D., Strmecky, T., 2015. Treatment of landfill leachate by membrane processes of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, Desalination and Water Treatment, 55 (10): 2680-2689.
27. Mazeikiene, A., Valentukevicien, M., Rimeik, M., Matuzevicius, A.B., Dauknys, R., 2008. Removal of nitrates and ammonium ions from water using natural sorbent:zeolites (clinoptilolite), Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landsapace Managament, 16: 38-44.
28. Nazari, M.A., Mohaddes, F., Pramanik, B.K., Othman, M., Muster, T., Bhuiyan, M.A., 2018. Application of Victorian brown coal for removal of ammonium and organics from wastewater. Environmental Technology, DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1319424, 2018
29. Oluwaseyi, A.M., 2016. Application of dietary bentonite clay as feed additive on feed quality, water quality and production performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Doctor of Philosophy, Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, 193 p.
30. Oz, M., Şahin, D., Aral, O. 2015. The Effect of Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite on Aquarium Water Conditions. Hacettepe J. Biol.& Chem., 44 (2): 203-206.
31. Patroescu, I.V., Bumbac, C., Tiron, O., Ionescu, I., Jinescu, C., 2015. Biological Removal Of Ammonium From Groundwater Ecology, Economics, Education and Legislation, VOL I, Book Series: International Multidisciplinary Scientific Pages: 103-110.
32. Prajapati, S., 2014. Cation exchange for ammonia removal from wastewater. Master of Science Thesis, Tampere University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
33. Swann, L., 1992. A basic overview of aquaculture, Funding has been Provided Through United States Department of Agriculture Grant, 88: 10 p.
34. Toor, M. And Jin, B., 2012. Adsorption characteristics, isotherm, kinetics and diffusion of modified natural bentonite for removing diazo dye. Chemical Engineering Journal, 187: 79-88.
35. Tulaydan, Y., Malovanyy, M., Kochubei, V., Sakalova, H., 2017. Treatment Of High-Strength Wastewater From Ammonium And Phosphate Ions With The Obtaining Of Struvite. Chemistry & Chemical Technology, 11 (4): 463-468.
36. Zar, J.H., 2010. Biostatistical Analysis, Books a la Carte Edition (5th Edition) 960 pp.
37. Zheng, H., Han, L., Ma, H., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, D., Liang, S., 2008. Adsorption characteristics of ammonium ion by zeolite 13X, J. Hazard. Mater. 158 (2): 577–584.