INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS AS A MATTER OF SECURITY: OPEN DOOR POLICY AND SYRIANS IN TURKEY

Öz

International migration, an issue as old as the history itself, needs to be tabled. The Syrian conflict which happened due to the Arab Spring led millions of Syrians to leave their country. The wave of uncontrolled immigration, starting from the neighbouring ones and spreading to various countries, became an important tool for terrorists to infiltrate into target countries and caused a serious security problem for migrant-hosting states. Additionally, this human flow has led to changes in the demographic structures of the hosting countries, and these changes have brought many social and economic costs that threaten the internal security. In this context; in Turkey, who applied open door policy for the people fleeing from the humanitarian crisis in Syria from the very first days, issues caused by Syrians in time are quite attention grabbing. An in-depth analysis of these events reveals the relationship between illegal and irregular migration and considerable increase in terrorist activities, social, political and economic costs and demographic changes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International Migrants
• Border
• Security
• Open Door Policy
• Terror Attacks
• Syrian
• Turkey

GÜVENLİK KONUSU OLARAK ULUSLARARASI GÖÇMENLER: AÇIK KAPI POLİTİKASI VE TÜRKİYE'DE Kİ SURİYELİLER

Öz

Tarihin kendisi kadar eski olan uluslararası göç, ele alınması gereken önemli konulardan biridir. Arap Baharı'nın etkisiyle Suriye'de ortaya çıkan iç çatışma, milyonlarca Suriyelinin ülkelerini terk etmesine neden olmuştur. Kontrolsüz bir göç dalgası komşu ülkelerden başlayarak çeşitli ülkelere yayılmaya başlamış ve bu durum teröristlerin hedef ülkelere sızmaları için önemli bir araç haline gelerek göçmen barındıran ülkeler için ciddi bir güvenlik soruna dönüşmüştür. Ayrıca, bu insan akışı ev sahibi ülkelerin demografik yapılarında değişikliklere yol açmış ve bu değişiklikler iç güvenliği tehdit eden birçok sosyal ve ekonomik maliyet getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Suriye’deki insani krizden kaçanlara ilk günden itibaren açık kapı politikası uygulayan Türkiye'de, Suriyelilerin zaman içerisinde neden olduğu durum ve gelişmeler oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Bu olayların derinlemesine analizi, yasadışı ve düzensiz göçün; terörist faaliyetler, sosyal, politik ve ekonomik maliyetler ile demografik değişim arasındaki ilişkisini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası Göçmenler
• Sınır
• Güvenlik
• Acık Kapı Politikası
• Terör Saldırıları
• Suriye
• Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. AA (2013). Reyhanlı’da Yaralar Sarılıyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/ reyhanlida-yaralar-sariliyor/244575 (Accessed: 01.02.2020).
2. AA (2017). Cilvegözü Sınır Kapısındaki Bombalı Saldırı Davasında Karar. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/cilvegozu-sinir-kapisindaki-bombali-saldiri--davasinda-karar-/924770 (Accessed: 31.08.2020).
3. Adamson, F. (2006). “Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security”. International Security. 31(1): 165-199.
4. Arı, M. et al. (2016). “Stress reaction, anxiety and depression after bomb attacks in Reyhanli in Syria-Turkey border”. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. 17(3): 203-208.
5. Aydın, E. (2018). “The Concept of Safe Third Country in European Union Acquis and its Reflections on the Turkey-EU Readmission Agreement”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. 38(1): 11–40.
6. BBC News (2018). Migration to Europe in Charts. https://www.bbc.com /news/world-europe-44660699 (Accessed: 27.12.2019).
7. BBC Türkçe (2019). Türkiye'nin IŞİD'e Karşı Mücadelesi Sonuç Verse de Uzun Vadeli Sorunlar Devam Ediyor. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-47637933 (Accessed: 27.12.2019).
8. Britannica. (2020). “Definition of Open Door Policy”. http://www.britannica.com /event/Open-Door-policy (Accessed: 31.08.2020).

9. Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fears: The National Security Problem in International Relations. 2nd Edition. Wheatsheaf Books Ltd.: Sussex.
10. Buzan, B. (1991). “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century”. International Affairs. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 67(3): 431-451.
11. Buzan, B., Waever O., Kelstrup, M. And Lemaitre, P. (1993). Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. Pinter: London.
12. Carr, M. (2013). “Beyond the Border”. History Today. 63(1). https://www.history today.com/archive/history-matters/beyond-border (Accessed: 31.08.2020).
13. CNN World (2019). Syrian Civil War Fast Facts. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/ 27/world/meast/syria-civil-war-fast-facts/index.html (Accessed: 20.12.2019).
14. Danıştay (1951). Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Sözleşme. http://www. danistay.gov.tr/upload/multecilerin_hukuki_durumuna_dair_sozlesme.pdf (Accessed: 14.12.2019).
15. DGMM (2020). Geçici Koruma Kapsamında Bulunan Suriyelilerin İlk 10 İle Göre Dağılımı. Directorate General for Migration Management, Ministry of Interior. https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638 (Accessed: 20.01.2020).
16. DIIS Report (2017) Europe’s Refugee Crisis and The Threat of Terrorism: An Extraordinary Threat. https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/910914/Report_05_ Europes_Refugee_Crisis_Web.pdf (Accessed: 14.12.2019).
17. EC (2019). EU-Turkey Statement: Three Years on. European Commision Report. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies /european-agenda-migration/20190318_eu-turkey-three-years-on_en.pdf (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
18. Erdoğan, M., (2015) Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul.
19. Erdoğan, M. (2019a). Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.kas.de/documents/283907/7339115/Syrian+Refugees+in+Turkey.pdf (Accessed: 29.08.2020).
20. Erdoğan, M. (2019b). Suriyeliler Barometresi 2019: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
21. Eurostat (2020). Asylum Statistics. https://www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics (Accessed: 30.08.2020).
22. Ezer, M. (2012). Hatay Feels the Brunt of Crisis in Syria. Hurriyet Daily News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hatay-feels-the-brunt-of-crisis-in-syria-26601 (Accessed: 29.08.2020).
23. Fisher, M. (2019). Walls are the foundation of civilization. But do they work?. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/walls-are-the-foundation-of-civilization-but-do-they-work/2019/01/09/4d9e3662-12b5-11e9-90a8-136fa44b80ba_story.html (Accessed: 12.12.2019).
24. Fjäder, C. (2014). “The nation-state, national security and resilience in the age of globalisation”. Resilience 2(2): 114-129.
25. Gök, N. (2019). “Suriye Krizinin Türkiye’ye Yansımaları”. Üsküdar Ünv. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8: 77-114.
26. GRI (2015). Syrian Smuggling a Rising Risk for Turkey. Global Risk Insights. https://www.globalriskinsights.com/2015/07/syrian-smuggling-a-rising-risk-for-turkey/ (Accessed: 30.08.2020).
27. Grizold, A. (1994). “The Concept of National Security in the Contemporary World”. International Journal of World Peace. 11(3): 37-53.
28. Günay, E., Atılgan, D., and Serin, E. (2017) “Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Göç Yönetimi”. KSÜ İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 7(2): 37-60.
29. Habertürk (2018). Yargıtay, Terör Örgütü DAEŞ’ın Niğde Saldırısında Karar Verdi. https://www.haberturk.com/yargitay-teror-orgutu-deas-in-nigde-saldiri sinda-kararini-verdi-1887903 (Accessed: 22 December 2019).
30. Hobbes, T. (1909). “Hobbes’s Leviathan Reprinted from the Edition of 1651”, ed. W.G. Pogson Smith, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
31. Hoffman, S. and Samuk, S. (2016). “Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis”. Division Global Issues. No.1: 1-21.
32. Huysmans, J. (2000). “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration”. Journal of Common Market Studies. 38(5): 751-777.
33. Huysmans, J. (2006). The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London and New York: Routledge.
34. Hürriyet (2016). Kına Gecesinde 56 Kişiyi Öldüren Canlı Bomba 22-23 Yaşlarındaymış. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kina-gecesinde-56-kisiyi-olduren-canli-bomba-22-40259694 (Accessed: 23 December 2019).
35. Innes, J. A. (2015). Migration, Citizenship and the Challenge for Security. An Ethnic Approach. University of East Anglia, UK.
36. İçduygu, A. and Aksel D. B. (2015). “Migration Realities and State Responses: Rethinking International Migration Policies in Turkey” in Social Transformation and Migration. Ed., Stephen Castles et al. Palgrave Mcmillan, London, pp. 115-131.
37. Kanat, K.B. and Üstün, K. (2015). Turkey’s Syrian Refugees Toward Integration. Ankara: SETA Publishing.
38. Kara, P. and Korkut, R. (2010). “Türkiye’de Göç, İltica ve Mülteciler”. Türk İdare Dergisi. 467:153-158.
39. Kızılkoyun, F. (2013). “MİT Uyarmış”. Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ gundem/mit-uyarmis-23261781 (Accessed: 26.01.2020).
40. Kızmaz, Z. (2018). “Syrian Asylum Seekers: Security Concerns And Crime”. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences 7(2): 392-431.
41. Kirişçi, K. (2013). “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/06/27-syrian-refugees-in-turkey-kirisci (Accessed: 30.08.2020).
42. Kirişçi, K. (2014). Syrian Refugees and Turkey’s Challenges. Washington: The Brookings Institution.
43. Makovsky, A. (2019). Turkey’s Refugee Dilemma. Center For American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2019/03/13/467183/turkeys-refugee-dilemma/ (Accessed: 15.12.2019).
44. Memişoğlu, F. and Ilgit, A. (2017) “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Multifaceted Challenges, Diverse Players and Ambiguous Policies”. Mediterranean Politics. 22(3): 1-22.
45. MoC (2019). Ekonomik Görünüm. Ministry of Commerce. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b90d20a13b8760beca887fa/Ekonomik_Gorunum_Mart.pdf (Accessed: 31.01.2020).
46. MoI (2017a). Türkiye’nin DEAŞ ile Mücadelesi. Ministry of Interior. Temmuz, 2017. Ankara.
47. MoI (2017b). Basın Açıklaması. Ministry of Interior. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/basin-aciklamasi05072017 (Accessed: 27.12.2019).
48. National Geographic (2018). Building Walls May Have Allowed Civilization to Flourish. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/10/wall-mexico-trump-book-talk-news/ (Accessed: 13.12.2019).
49. Njaim, M. (2018). “Migration Dilemma: Security versus Humanitarian Nexus”. Granite Journal (2): 25-32.
50. Nurdoğan, A. K. et al. (2016). “Türkiye'nin Mülteci Sorunu ve Suriye Krizinin Mülteci Sorununa Etkileri”. İş ve Hayat. 2(4): 217-238.
51. OCHA (2017). Turkey-Syria: Border Crossing Status Report https://www.reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/turkey-syria-border-crossings-status-1-november-2017-enartr (Accessed: 31.08.2020).
52. OECD (2019). 2019 International Migration and Displacement Trends and Policies Report to the G20. https://oecd.org/migration/mig/G20-migration-and-displacement-trends-and-policies-report-2019.pdf (Accessed: 8.01.2020).
53. Olejarova, B. (2018). “The Great Wall of Turkey: From the Open Door Policy to Building Fortress?”. Polish Borderland Studies. 6(2): 117-133.
54. Paçacı Elitok, S. (2019) Three Years on: An Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal. MiReKoc Working Papers. 04/2019:1-19.
55. Peoples, C. and Vaughan-Williams, N. (2010). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
56. Quinn, E. (2016). “The Refugee and Migrant Crisis: Europe's Challenge”. An Irish Quarterly Review. 105(419): 275-285.
57. Rittersberger-Tılıç, H. (2015). “From ‘Forced to Leave’ to ‘Forced to Stay’: Syrian ‘Refugees’ in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Populations Studies. 37(38):7-26.
58. RRT (2017). For Syrian Refugees And Other Persons Under Temporary Protection: Registration and Status. Refugee Rights Turkey https://www.mhd.org.tr/images/yayinlar/MHM-2.pdf (Accessed: 14.12.2019) .
59. Sabah (2019). Hazine ve Maliye Bakanı Berat Albayrak TRT World Forum’da Konuştu. https://sabah.com.tr/apara/haberler/2019/10/21/hazine-ve-maliye-bakani-berat-albayrak-trt-world-forumda-konusuyor (Accessed: 31.01.2020).
60. Sayın, Y. et al. (2016). “Uluslararası Göç Olgusu ve Yol Açtığı Etkiler: Suriye Göçü Örneği”. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 18 (31): 1-13.
61. Solimano, A. (2010). International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization: Historical and Recent Experiences. Cambridge. International Center for Globalization and Development, CIGLOB.
62. The Ombudsman Institution (2018). “Syrians in Turkey”. Special Report. Ankara.
63. Tolay, J. (2016). “Mass Migration and Images of State Power: Turkey’s Claim to the Status of a Responsible Power”. Rising Powers Quarterly. 1(2): 135-149.
64. TRT (2019). “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Mülteci Meselesi Birkaç Ülkenin Çabasıyla Önlenemez”. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/ cumhurbaskani-erdogan-multeci-meselesi-birkac-ulkenin-cabasiyla-onlenemez-447159.html (Accessed: 23.12.2019).
65. Tunç, A. Ş. (2015). “Mülteci Davranişi ve Toplumsal Etkileri: Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme”, Tesam Akademi Dergisi 2(2): 29-63.
66. UN (2017). International Migration Report 2017. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration /publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf (Accessed: 16.12.2019).
67. UN (2019). International Migrant Stock 2019. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/ publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationStock2019_TenKeyFindings.pdf (Accessed: 10 December 2019).
68. UNHCR (2016a). Evaluation of UNHCR’s Emergency Response to the influx of Syrian Refugees into Turkey. https://www.unhcr.org/58a6bbca7.pdf (Accessed: 31.08.2020).
69. UNHCR (2016b) Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response: Mediterranean. 24 April 2016. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
70. UNHCR (2019). Registered Syrian Refugees. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ syria/location/113 (Accessed: 14.12.2019).
71. UNHCR (2020). Refugee Situations. data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria (Accessed: 8 January 2020).
72. Uzman, N. (2016). “Türkiye’nin Sınır Güvenliği Açısından Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Meselesi”. 21. Yüzyılda Eğitim ve Toplum Dergisi. 5(15): 135-158 - GS (2016). T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı 10 Haziran 2016 tarih 26702250-5010-8222-16/Hlk.İlş.(BEBK) sayılı yazı.
73. WB (2011). Indicators. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.POP.TOTL?=2011&locations=SY&start=1960 (Accessed: 31.01.2020).
74. WB (2019). Population Growth. World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.GROW (Accessed: 11.12.2019).
75. Weber, M. (1946). “Politics as a Vocation” in Essays in Sociology, ed. H. Garth and C. Wright Mills, New York: Macmillan: 26–45.
76. Weiner, M. (1992-1993). “Security, Stability, and International Migration”. International Security. 17(3): 91-126.
77. World Bulletin (2013). Reyhanlı attackers linked to Syrian regime. https://www.worldbulletin.net/politics/reyhanli-attackers-linked-to-syrian-regime-h108708.html (Accessed: 01.02.2020).
78. Yayan, İ. (2019). “Metropoll Araştırdı: Her Dört Kişiden Üçü İktidarın Suriye Politikasını Onaylamıyor”. https://medyascope.tv/2019/09/11/metropoll-arastirdi-her-dort-kisiden-ucu-iktidarin-suriyeli-politikasini-onaylamiyor-uc-kisiden-biri-savas-surse-bile-geri-gonderilsinler-diyor/ (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
79. Yeşiltaş, M., Düz, S., Öztürk, B. and Öncel, R. (2016) 2016’da Güvenlik ve Terörle Mücadele. İstanbul: SETA Publishing.