NANOTECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY AND NATIONAL SECURITY

Yıl 2021, , 193 - 216, 26.05.2021

Cem Zafer

https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.845173

Öz

Nanotechnology is defined as one of the most important technologies of the 21st Century. The ability of technology to deliver possibilities far beyond the known borders so far has led the debates to be multi-faceted between hopes and concerns from obscurity. Scientific success stories of mankind that take centuries on any subject now take place in the processes expressed in hours. There are always new revolutionary results that make all of the stories written so far trivial. We have to rethink the words impossible and imagination" and now dreams do not seem so far from being real. With the "nano" phase of technology, the developments that will make a significant impact on every detail of our social life. We expect nanotechnology to be a paradigm shift in technology. As such, by fundamentally changing what is possible on offensive and defensive matters, nanotechnology has the potential to either cause harm or provide strategic advantage to a nation based on its level of readiness. Similarly, with the social media revolution, we have seen a lagged impact on social fabric through the impact of a new technology. We are recently noticing of these changes could be weaponized. Thus, such long term sociological impacts must also be considered.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sociology, Nanotechnology, Nanoscale, Nanoscience, Biotechnology, National Security, Defense

NANOTEKNOLOJİ, TOPLUM VE MİLLİ GÜVENLİK

Öz

Nanoteknoloji 21. Yüzyılın en önemli teknolojilerinden bir olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bazıları için toplumsal dönüşümde yeni bir çağı simgeleyen bu teknoloji, günümüzde akıllı niteliğiyle birçok ürün ve üretim sürecinde yer almaya başlamıştır. Teknolojinin şimdiye kadar bilinen sınırların çok daha ötesinde olanaklar sunabilmesi ise tartışmaların ümitler ve bilinmezlikten kaynaklanan endişeler arasında çok yönlü ilerlemesine yol açmıştır. İnsanoğlunun herhangi bir konuda asırlar alan bilimsel başarı öyküleri artık saatlerle ifade edilen sürelerde gerçekleşmektedir. Bugüne kadar yazılmış öykülerin tamamını önemsiz kılan ve her an devrim niteliğinde yeni bir sonuçla karşı karşıya kalınmaktadır. İşin doğrusu “imkânsız” ve “hayal” kelimeleri üzerinde yeniden düşünülmek zorundadır. Artık hayaller gerçek olmaktan o kadar da uzak görünmemektedir. Nanoteknoloji ile milimetrik boyutlara ulaşan teknolojik ürünler, sosyo-ekonomik olarak insan yaşamının her alanında sarsıcı etkilere yol açacaktır. Bu nedenle, nanoteknoloji, hücum ve savunma konularında mümkün olanı temelden değiştirerek, ülkenin hazırlık seviyesine bağlı olarak o ülkeye zarar verme veya stratejik avantaj yaratma potansiyeline sahiptir. Aynı zamanda sosyal medya devriminde gördüğümüz üzere bu tip teknolojik değişimlerin de sonradan görülen bir sosyolojik etkisi vardır. Bu etkilerin sosyal medya özelinde nasıl silah haline getirilebileceği yeni yeni görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu nedenle uzun vadede sosyolojik etkilerin de milli güvenlik açısından değerlendirilmesi gerekir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyoloji, Nanoteknoloji, Nanoçağ, Nanobilim, Biyoteknoloji, Milli Güvenlik, Savunma

Kaynakça

• Asif, Ayatullah Hosne (2018). Application of Nanotechnology in Modern Textiles: A Review. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 2347 – 5161.
• Aydoğdu, E. (2011). “Nanoteknoloji, Nanobilim ve Analitik Kimyadaki Kullanım Alanları (Use in Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Analytical Chemistry)”, Unpublished Master Thesis, Dumlupınar University, FBE, p.6-7.
• Bainbridge, W. (2007a) Nanotechnology and Social Trends. in Nanotechnology: Societal Implications II - Individual Perspectives. M.C. Roco, W. S. Bainbridge (Eds.) Springer: Dordrecht.
• Bainbridge, W. (2010). Burglarizing Nietzsche’s Tomb. Journal of Evolution and Technology. 21(1):37-54.
• Bainbridge, W. S. (2007b). Converging Technologies and Human Destiny. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 32: 197-216.
• Baird D. (2007). Navigating Nanotechnology Through Society. in Nanotechnology: Societal Implications II - Individual Perspectives. M.C. Roco, W. S. Bainbridge (Eds.) Springer: Dordrecht.
• Bilim Teknik Dergisi, (2016). (Journal of Science and Technology), Aralık sayısı (December Issue), 2-14
• Boyacıoğlu, D.(2017). “Nanoteknoloji ve Gıda Sistemlerine Uygulamaları-Süper Gıdalara Doğru Bir Yol Haritası mı? (Nanotechnology and Applications to Food Systems - A Roadmap to Super Foods?)”, http://www.utb.org.tr/makaleler/nanoteknoloji-ve-gida-sistemlerine-uygulamalari-super-gidalara-dogru-bir-yolharitasi-mi.html (22.05.2017)
• Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation (Vol. 2017.12, pp. 1–37). Oxford Internet Institute.
• Bhushan, B. (2016) Introduction to Nanotechnology: History, Status, and Importance of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Education. In: Winkelmann K., Bhushan B. (eds) Global Perspectives of Nanoscience and Engineering Education. Science Policy Reports. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-319-31833-2_1
• Cho, E.Y., Ryu, J., Lee, H.A.R. et al. (2017). Lecithin nano-liposomal particle as a CRISPR/Cas9 complex delivery system for treating type 2 diabetes. J Nanobiotechnol 17, 19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-019-0452-8
• Choi Y et al. (2017). Characteristics and application of nanomaterials on sportswear fabric. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 6704-6709.
• Çıracı, S. (2017). “Nanoteknoloji: Beklenen Sanayi Devrimi” ("Nanotechnology: The Expected Industrial Revolution"). Dünya Gazetesi (World Newspaper). March 2010. http://www.dunyagazetesi.com.tr/nanoteknoloji-beklenenen-sanayidevrimi_83153_haber.html (03.05.2017)
• Davies, N. (2020). Military Fabrics: A Matter of Life and Death AATCC Review, Volume 20, Number 3, May/June 2020, pp. 39-45(7) Durgun, E. (2006). “Hidrojenli Gelecek-Yakıt Hücreleri (Hydrogen Future-Fuel Cells)”, TÜBİTAK Journal of Science and Technology, New Horizons Attachment, Issue :467, (October 2006), p.11.
• Edwards, E. (2018). Overview of Nanotechnology in Military Aerospace Applications. Nanotechnology Commercialization: Manufacturing Processes and Products. Wiley.
• Erkoç, Ş. (2010). Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 4. Publishing, Ankara: Middle East Technical University Society and Science Center, p.21.
• Gerace, D., Martiniello-Wilks, R., Nassif, N.T. et al. CRISPR-targeted genome editing of mesenchymal stem cell-derived therapies for type 1 diabetes: a path to clinical success?. Stem Cell Res Ther 8, 62 (2017).
• Gültekin at all.,(2011). “Nanoteknolojinin Gıda Alanındaki Uygulamaları (Applications of Nanotechnology in Food)”, I.National Nanotechnology Congress, Istanbul: Yıldız Technical University, 17-18 June 2011.
• http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloji/nano-teknoloji-devrimi-9994570 (23.04.2019)
• Jain, N. K. (2007). “Generation of Manpower for Teaching, Research and Industry at the Centre for Converging Technology”. PICMET 2007 Proceedings, 5-9 August, Portland. USA. 273-299.
• Jurvetson S. (2007). Transcending Moore’s Law with Molecular Electronics and Nanotechnology.
• Linda McKie (2005). Families, Violence and Social Change. McGraw-Hill Education UK.
• Liu, Jingjing et al (2018). Nanomedicine for tumor microenvironment modulation and cancer treatment enhancement. NanoToday August 2018, Pages 55-73
• Milberry. K. (2010). Wiki style: Designing change, Implementing democracy. Technology and Society: In a destructive resistance and restructuring.
• Molnar, A et al. (2019). Implementation of Biological Sources of Energy in the System of “Smart Clothes” Acta Mechanica Slovaca 23 (3): 30 - 35
• Nanotechnology Business Research Report (NBRR) (2005).Nanotechnology and The Business Community: A Study of Business’ Understanding of and Attitudes Towards Nanotechnology.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce (2016). Report on Post-Quantum Cryptographu. Lily Chen et al.
• Nejati-Koshki, Kazem et al. (2017). An update on application of nanotechnology and stem cells in spinal cord injury regeneration. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 85-92
• Nichols, Gregory. (2016). Applications of Nanotechnology in Military Medicine: From the Battlefield to the Hospital and Beyond. HDIAC Journal. 3. 32-35. G. Ruvienkamp, J. Jongerden, M. Öztürk (Eds.). Istanbul: Kalkedon Publications.
• Özbay, E.(2005). “Nanofotonik: Fotonlarla Dans (Nanophotonics: Dancing with Photons)”, TÜBİTAK Journal of Science and Technology, New Horizons Attachment, Issue: 453, (Agust, 2005), p.86.
• Özer, Y. (2008).“Nanobilim ve Nanoteknoloji: Ülke Güvenliği/Etkinliği Açısından Doğru Modelin Belirlenmesi (Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Determining the Right Model in terms of Country Security / Efficiency)”, (Unpublished Master Thesis, T.R. Turkish Military Academy, Institute of Defense Sciences, 2008), p.66
• Phukan, Nabanika (2019). Nanotechnology and its Military Applications. Academic Journal of Nanotechnology
• Promphet N. et al. (2019). Non-invasive textile based colorimetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of sweat pH and lactate. Talanta. 424-430.
• Shipbaugh, C. et al. (2005). Nano-enabled Components and Systems for Biodefense. Biomedical Nanotechnology, 114-139, Taylor and Francis.
• Thekkethil, A. J. et al (2019). The Role Of Nanotechnology In Food Safety:A Review.2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2019, pp. 405-409
• Tran, P., Lee, S., Kim, D. et al. (2020). Recent advances of nanotechnology for the delivery of anticancer drugs for breast cancer treatment. J. Pharm. Investig. 50, 261–270
• Tung, Wing Sze et al. (2011). Self-cleaning fibers via nanotechnology: a virtual reality. J. Mater. Chem., 2011,21, 7858-7869.
• TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi (TUBITAK Science and Technology Magazine) - New Horizons Attachment, “Doku Mühendisliğinde Nanoteknoloji (Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering)”, Ankara: October 2007, p.2.
• TÜBİTAK Vizyon 2023 (TUBITAK 2023 Vision)”, http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/politikalar/icerik-vizyon-2023 (08.05.2017).
• TÜBİTAK, AB 6. Çerçeve Programına Türkiye’nin Katılımı - Organizasyon Tiplerine Göre Dağılım Analizi, Ankara (TUBITAK, Turkey's Accession to the EU 6th Framework Program - Organizational Breakdown Type Analysis, Ankara): October 20, 2006.
• TÜBİTAK, Ulusal Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları: 2003-2023 Strateji Belgesi (TÜBİTAK, National Science and Technology Policies: 2003-2023 Strategy Document), p.9-10.
• TUBITAK Vision (2023). Project Nanotechnology Strategy Group, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Strategies, p.14.
• TÜSİAD –Sabancı Üniversitesi Rekabet Forumu Raporu (Sabancı University Competitiveness Forum Report). Uluslararası Rekabet Stratejileri: Nanoteknoloji ve Türkiye (International Competition Strategies: Nano-technology and Turkey). (2008). T/2008-11/474.
• TÜSİAD Competitiveness Strategy Series, International Competitiveness Strategies: Nanotechnology and Turkey, p.91.
• Uldrich, J. & Newberry, D. (2008). Nanoteknoloji - Nanoteknoloji Gelecekteki İşlerinizi Nasıl Değiştirecek? (Nanotechnology - How Nanotechnology will Change Your Future Jobs?) Tolga Alıcı (çev.), 2. Edition, Istanbul: Ledo Publishing, 2008, p.46.
• Üreyen, M. E., (2006). “Nanoteknoloji ve Tekstil Uygulamaları Bölüm1: Nanoteknolojinin Tanımı, Kapsamı ve Önemi (Nanotechnology and Textile Applications Part1: Definition, Scope and Importance of Nanotechnology)”, GEMSAN Technical Bulletin, p.2-7.
• US Congress Committee on Armed Services (2001). National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002. US Government Printing Office.
• US Department of Defense Director of Defense and Engineering (2009). Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Program
• US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (2017). A Proposed Framework for Identifying Potential Biodefense Vulnerabilities Posed by Synthetic Biology
• Villegas, Alessondra (2013) "The Influence of Technology on Family Dynamics," Proceedings of the New York State Communication Association: Vol. 2012, Article 10 Available at: https://docs.rwu.edu/nyscaproceedings/vol2012/iss1/10.
• Yanılmaz, M. & Karakaş, H. “Yüksek Performanslı Tekstiller İçin Nanoteknoloji Uygulamaları (Nanotechnology Applications for High Performance Textiles)”, TMMOB Chamber of Textile Engineers, ITU: Department of Textile Engineering, Year 18, Isue 81, p.35-36.
• Zarrintaj Payam et al. (2017). Can regenerative medicine and nanotechnology combine to heal wounds? The search for the ideal wound dressing NANOMEDICINEVOL. 12, NO. 19