Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

SAHEL İHTİLAFINDA ZOR BARIŞ VE KONTROLSÜZ ALANIN ETKİSİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 271 - 288, 13.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.646327

Öz



Sahel Bölgesi
(Sahra çölünün kuzey bölümündeki yarı kurak bölge), son otuz yıllık süre içinde
şiddetle eş anlamlı hale gelmiştir. Yoksulluk, hızlı nüfus artışı, radikal
aşırıcılık, gıda güvencesinin yokluğu, iklim değişikliği, insan kaçakçılığı,
göç ve kötü yönetim “ihtilaf koridoru” olarak da anılan bölgedeki
istikrarsızlığın nedenlerine dair literatüre egemen olmuştur. Terörle ilişkili
saldırılardaki hızlı artış ve şiddet içeren aşırılık endişe konusu olmuştur.
Küresel Terörizm Endeksi sıralamasına göre, Mali, Nijer ve Çad ve ayrıca
bunlara komşu olan Libya ve Nijerya, terörizmden en fazla etkilenen ilk 30 ülke
arasındadır. Bu makale Sahel krizini, kontrolsüz alan teorisinin merceğinden
incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Makalenin başında, ihtilafın evrimi ve bölgedeki
kontrolsüz alanlar ile sonu gelmez ihtilaf arasındaki ilişki gözden
geçirilecektir. Makalede, yıllarca süren sistematik ötekileştirmenin silahlı
gruplarca istifade edilen küçük çaplı kontrolsüz toprak parçalarını meydana
getirdiği iddia edilmektedir. Makale bulgulara dayanarak, barış ve meşruiyetin
sağlanması için askeri, sosyal ve ekonomik hizmetler ile kapsayıcılığın
orantılı araçlar halinde kullanılması şeklindeki çok boyutlu yaklaşımı
önermektedir.



Kaynakça

  • Baechler, G., 1999. Environmental degradation and violent conflict: Hypotheses, research agendas, and theory-building. Ecology, politics and violent conflict, 12.
  • Benjaminsen, T.A., 2008. Does supply-induced scarcity drive violent conflicts in the African Sahel? The case of the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali. Journal of Peace Research, 45(6), pp.819-836.
  • Bennet, O., 1991. Greenwar: environment and conflict. UK: Panos Institute.
  • Bosi, L., (2013). Safe territories and violent political organizations. Nationalism and ethnic politics, 19(1), pp.80-101.
  • Bourne, M. (2011). Netwar geopolitics: Security, failed states and illicit flows. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13(4), 490-513.
  • Canadian Security Intelligence Service-Academic Outreach (CSIS-AO). (2016, December). Terrorism in North Africa and the Sahel: The expansion of a regional threat? World Watch: Expert Notes series publication No. 2016-12-05. Retrieved from https://www.csisscrs.gc.ca/pblctns/wrldwt ch/2 016/2016-12-19/20161219-en.php
  • Clunan, A., & Harold, T. A. (Eds.). (2010). Ungoverned spaces: Alternatives to state authority in an era of softened sovereignty. Stanford University Press.
  • Cooke, J. G., & Sanderson, T. (2016). Militancy and the arc of instability, violent extremism in the Sahel. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis /militancy-and-arc-instability
  • European External Action Service. (June 2017). The European Union and the Sahel, fact sheet. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/he adquartershomepage_en/4099/The%20European%20Union%20and%20the%20Sahel,%20fact%20sheet
  • Grobbelaar, A. and Solomon, H., (2015). The origins, ideology and development of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Africa Review, 7(2), pp.1 49-161.
  • Hazen, J. M. (2010). Understanding gangs as armed groups. International review of the red cross, 92(878), 369-386.
  • Herbst, J., (2000). Economic incentives, natural resources and conflict in Africa. Journal of African Economies, 9(3), pp.270-294.
  • Herrero, S.T., (2006). Desertification and environmental security. The case of conflicts between farmers and herders in the arid environments of the Sahel. In Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security Issue (pp. 109-132). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Homer-Dixon, T., (2001). Why Root Causes Are Important. Toronto Globe and Mail, 23.
  • Joscelyn, T., (2015). Mokhtar Belmokhtar now leads ‘Al Qaeda in West Africa’. The Long War Journal.
  • Karlsrud, J., (2015). The UN at war: examining the consequences of peace-enforcement mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali. Third World Quarterly, 36(1), pp.40-54.
  • Keister, J. (2014). The Illusion of Chaos: Why Ungoverned Spaces Aren't Ungoverned, and Why that Matters. Cato Institute Policy Analysis, (766).
  • Keita, K., (1998). Conflict and conflict resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg insurgency in Mali. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 9(3), pp.102-128.
  • Lacher, W. and Steinberg, G., (2015). Spreading local roots: AQIM and its offshoots in the Sahara. Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances, 7.
  • Larémont, R.R., (2011). Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism and counterterrorism in the Sahel. African Security, 4(4), pp.242-268.
  • Mattelaer, A., (2015). The eu’s growing engagement in the Sahel: From Development Aid to Military Coordination. The Neighbours of the European Union’s Neighbours: Diplomatic and Geopolitical Dimensions beyond the European Neighbourhood Policy, ed. Sieglinde Gstöhl and Eran Lannon (Surrey: Ashgate, 2015), pp.45-65.
  • McColl, R.W., (1969). The insurgent state: territorial bases of revolution. Annals of the association of American geographers, 59(4), pp.613-631.
  • Mehler, A., (2004). Oligopolies of violence in Africa south of the Sahara. Nord-Süd aktuell, 18(3), pp.539-48.
  • Moore, M. (2015). A political theory of territory. Oxford University Press.
  • Nyadera, I. N. (2018). South Sudan conflict from 2013 to 2018: Rethinking the causes, situation and solutions. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 18(2), 59-86.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Bincof, M. O. (2019). Human Securıty, Terrorısm, and Counterterrorısm: Boko Haram and the Talıban. International Journal on World Peace, 36(1).
  • Nyadera, I , Mohamed, M , Agwanda, B . (2019). Transformation of the Somali Civil-War and Reflections for a Post -Conflict Social Contract. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences , 18 (4) , 1346-1366 . DOI: 10.21547/jss.536203
  • OUSD(P) (2007), Ungoverned Areas and Threats from Safe Havens, Washington, DC: US Department of Defense 15. Oxfam (2012). Food crisis in Sahel. London, United Kingdom. http://www.oxfam.org/en/sahel.
  • Rabasa, A., Boraz, S., Chalk, P., Cragin, K. and Karasik, T.W., (2007). Ungoverned territories: Understanding and reducing terrorism risks. Rand Corporation.
  • Raleigh, C., & Dowd, C. (2013). Governance and conflict in the Sahel’s ‘ungoverned space’. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(2).
  • Raleigh, C., (2010). Political marginalization, climate change, and conflict in African Sahel states. International studies review, 12(1), pp.69-86.
  • Rebasa A., et al., (2007) Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks Santa Monica, CA: RAND Project Air Force.
  • Roussellier, J., (2011). Terrorism in North Africa and the Sahel: Al-Qa'ida's Franchise or Freelance? Middle East Institute.
  • Taylor, A. (2013). State failure. Springer.
  • Taylor, A. J. (2016). Thoughts on the nature and consequences of ungoverned spaces. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 36(1), 5-15.
  • Traub, J., (2011). Think again: Failed states. Foreign Policy, 187, pp.51-54.
  • Turner, M.D., (2004). Political ecology and the moral dimensions of “resource conflicts”: the case of farmer–herder conflicts in the Sahel. Political geography, 23(7), pp.863-889.
  • UNDP (2017) United Nations Development Program, Sahel Region
  • UNHCR (2018) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018. UNHCR country operations profile - Burkina Faso. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483de6.html.
  • Wege, C.A., (2012). Hizballah in Africa. Perspectives on Terrorism, 6(3), pp.45-56.

ELUSIVE PEACE AND THE IMPACT OF UNGOVERNED SPACE IN THE SAHEL CONFLICT

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 271 - 288, 13.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.646327

Öz

The Sahel region has become synonymous with violence
over the last three decades. Poverty, rapid population growth, food insecurity,
climate change, human trafficking, migration, and poor governance have
dominated the literature on the causes of instability in a region also referred
to as ‘the corridor of conflict. Of concern has been the rapid increase in
terror-related attacks as well as violent extremism. According to the Global
Terrorism Index ranking, Mali, Niger, and Chad, as well as the neighboring
Libya and Nigeria, are among the top 30 countries affected by terrorism. This
paper seeks to examine the instability in the Sahel through the ungoverned
space theory lenses. It interogates the evolution of the crisis, and the
relationship between the ungoverned spaces in the region and the unending conflict.
It argues that years of systematic marginalization and ineffective
administration have created pockets of ungoverned territories which are being
exploited by armed groups. Based on the findings, this paper recommends a
multidimensional approach that combines military, social and economic reforms, as well as inclusivity in proportional means to
achieve peace and stability in the region

Kaynakça

  • Baechler, G., 1999. Environmental degradation and violent conflict: Hypotheses, research agendas, and theory-building. Ecology, politics and violent conflict, 12.
  • Benjaminsen, T.A., 2008. Does supply-induced scarcity drive violent conflicts in the African Sahel? The case of the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali. Journal of Peace Research, 45(6), pp.819-836.
  • Bennet, O., 1991. Greenwar: environment and conflict. UK: Panos Institute.
  • Bosi, L., (2013). Safe territories and violent political organizations. Nationalism and ethnic politics, 19(1), pp.80-101.
  • Bourne, M. (2011). Netwar geopolitics: Security, failed states and illicit flows. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13(4), 490-513.
  • Canadian Security Intelligence Service-Academic Outreach (CSIS-AO). (2016, December). Terrorism in North Africa and the Sahel: The expansion of a regional threat? World Watch: Expert Notes series publication No. 2016-12-05. Retrieved from https://www.csisscrs.gc.ca/pblctns/wrldwt ch/2 016/2016-12-19/20161219-en.php
  • Clunan, A., & Harold, T. A. (Eds.). (2010). Ungoverned spaces: Alternatives to state authority in an era of softened sovereignty. Stanford University Press.
  • Cooke, J. G., & Sanderson, T. (2016). Militancy and the arc of instability, violent extremism in the Sahel. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis /militancy-and-arc-instability
  • European External Action Service. (June 2017). The European Union and the Sahel, fact sheet. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/he adquartershomepage_en/4099/The%20European%20Union%20and%20the%20Sahel,%20fact%20sheet
  • Grobbelaar, A. and Solomon, H., (2015). The origins, ideology and development of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Africa Review, 7(2), pp.1 49-161.
  • Hazen, J. M. (2010). Understanding gangs as armed groups. International review of the red cross, 92(878), 369-386.
  • Herbst, J., (2000). Economic incentives, natural resources and conflict in Africa. Journal of African Economies, 9(3), pp.270-294.
  • Herrero, S.T., (2006). Desertification and environmental security. The case of conflicts between farmers and herders in the arid environments of the Sahel. In Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security Issue (pp. 109-132). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Homer-Dixon, T., (2001). Why Root Causes Are Important. Toronto Globe and Mail, 23.
  • Joscelyn, T., (2015). Mokhtar Belmokhtar now leads ‘Al Qaeda in West Africa’. The Long War Journal.
  • Karlsrud, J., (2015). The UN at war: examining the consequences of peace-enforcement mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali. Third World Quarterly, 36(1), pp.40-54.
  • Keister, J. (2014). The Illusion of Chaos: Why Ungoverned Spaces Aren't Ungoverned, and Why that Matters. Cato Institute Policy Analysis, (766).
  • Keita, K., (1998). Conflict and conflict resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg insurgency in Mali. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 9(3), pp.102-128.
  • Lacher, W. and Steinberg, G., (2015). Spreading local roots: AQIM and its offshoots in the Sahara. Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances, 7.
  • Larémont, R.R., (2011). Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism and counterterrorism in the Sahel. African Security, 4(4), pp.242-268.
  • Mattelaer, A., (2015). The eu’s growing engagement in the Sahel: From Development Aid to Military Coordination. The Neighbours of the European Union’s Neighbours: Diplomatic and Geopolitical Dimensions beyond the European Neighbourhood Policy, ed. Sieglinde Gstöhl and Eran Lannon (Surrey: Ashgate, 2015), pp.45-65.
  • McColl, R.W., (1969). The insurgent state: territorial bases of revolution. Annals of the association of American geographers, 59(4), pp.613-631.
  • Mehler, A., (2004). Oligopolies of violence in Africa south of the Sahara. Nord-Süd aktuell, 18(3), pp.539-48.
  • Moore, M. (2015). A political theory of territory. Oxford University Press.
  • Nyadera, I. N. (2018). South Sudan conflict from 2013 to 2018: Rethinking the causes, situation and solutions. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 18(2), 59-86.
  • Nyadera, I. N., & Bincof, M. O. (2019). Human Securıty, Terrorısm, and Counterterrorısm: Boko Haram and the Talıban. International Journal on World Peace, 36(1).
  • Nyadera, I , Mohamed, M , Agwanda, B . (2019). Transformation of the Somali Civil-War and Reflections for a Post -Conflict Social Contract. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences , 18 (4) , 1346-1366 . DOI: 10.21547/jss.536203
  • OUSD(P) (2007), Ungoverned Areas and Threats from Safe Havens, Washington, DC: US Department of Defense 15. Oxfam (2012). Food crisis in Sahel. London, United Kingdom. http://www.oxfam.org/en/sahel.
  • Rabasa, A., Boraz, S., Chalk, P., Cragin, K. and Karasik, T.W., (2007). Ungoverned territories: Understanding and reducing terrorism risks. Rand Corporation.
  • Raleigh, C., & Dowd, C. (2013). Governance and conflict in the Sahel’s ‘ungoverned space’. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(2).
  • Raleigh, C., (2010). Political marginalization, climate change, and conflict in African Sahel states. International studies review, 12(1), pp.69-86.
  • Rebasa A., et al., (2007) Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks Santa Monica, CA: RAND Project Air Force.
  • Roussellier, J., (2011). Terrorism in North Africa and the Sahel: Al-Qa'ida's Franchise or Freelance? Middle East Institute.
  • Taylor, A. (2013). State failure. Springer.
  • Taylor, A. J. (2016). Thoughts on the nature and consequences of ungoverned spaces. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 36(1), 5-15.
  • Traub, J., (2011). Think again: Failed states. Foreign Policy, 187, pp.51-54.
  • Turner, M.D., (2004). Political ecology and the moral dimensions of “resource conflicts”: the case of farmer–herder conflicts in the Sahel. Political geography, 23(7), pp.863-889.
  • UNDP (2017) United Nations Development Program, Sahel Region
  • UNHCR (2018) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018. UNHCR country operations profile - Burkina Faso. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483de6.html.
  • Wege, C.A., (2012). Hizballah in Africa. Perspectives on Terrorism, 6(3), pp.45-56.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsrael Nyaburi Nyadera 0000-0002-0432-6935

M. Hamani Massaoud Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2453-2493

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Nyadera, İ. N., & Massaoud, M. H. (2019). ELUSIVE PEACE AND THE IMPACT OF UNGOVERNED SPACE IN THE SAHEL CONFLICT. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.646327

24347   14728   14731   14739   


Bu dergi creative commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.   29846