DENİZ YOLUYLA UYUŞTURUCU KAÇAKÇILIĞINDA KULLANILAN NARKO-DENİZALTILAR ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 365 - 396, 24.11.2021

Murat Erdem Ayhan , Umut Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1028640

Öz

1990’lı yılların başından beri uyuşturucu kaçakçıları tarafından kullanılan narko-denizaltılar özellikle Güney ve Orta Amerika’da endişelere sebep olan bir güvenlik tehdididir. 2019’da İspanya’da kokain yüklü bir narko-denizaltının ele geçirilmesi, bu tehdidin Güney ve Orta Amerika ekseninden çıkarak diğer kıtalara da sirayet ettiğini göstermektedir. Uyuşturucu kaçakçıları teknolojik gelişmeleri yakından takip eden, yenilikçi ve şartlara ayak uydurabilen gruplardır. Günümüzde Covid-19 sebebiyle güvenlik noktalarında uygulanan önlemlerin katılaşması ve küresel salgın sonrası dönemin belirsizliği dolayısıyla uyuşturucu kaçakçılarının yöntemlerini değiştireceği ve bu yöntemlerden birinin de narko-denizaltılar olacağı öngörülmektedir. Uyuşturucu kaçakçılığıyla mücadelede daha etkili olmak adına narko-denizaltı tehdidini incelemeyi ve ulaşılan sonuçlar ile güvenliğe ilişkin bilimsel literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada, narko-denizaltıların Covid-19 döneminin etkisiyle gelecekte küresel olarak yaygınlık göstererek daha büyük bir tehdit haline gelme olasılığı değerlendirilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada veriler, konuyla alakalı yazılı dokümanlardan toplanmış ve elde edilen bulgular ile narko-denizaltıların değişen dünyada büyüyen bir tehdit olduğu, bu tehdidin kolluk kuvvetlerince yakından incelenmesinin gelecekte uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı ile mücadelede önem teşkil ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deniz Yoluyla Uyuşturucu Kaçakçılığı, Narko-Denizaltılar, Denizde İşlenen Suçlar, Uyuşturucu Kaçakçılığı Yöntemleri, Covid-19’un Etkileri.

A RESEARCH ON NARCO-SUBMARINES USED BY DRUG SMUGGLING BY SEA

Öz

Narco-submarines which have been used by drug smugglers since the early 1990s, are a security threat that causes concerns especially in South and Central America. The seizure of a cocaine-laden narco-submarine in Spain in 2019 shows that this threat has spread from South and Central America to other continents. Drug smugglers are groups that follow technological developments closely, are innovative and can keep up with the conditions. It is predicted that because of the strictness of the measures taken at security points due to Covid-19 nowadays and the uncertainty of the post-epidemic global period, drug smugglers will change their methods and one of these methods will be narco-submarines. In this study, which aims to examine the narco-submarine threat in order to be more effective for fighting against drug smuggling and to contribute to the scientific security literature with the results achieved, the possibility of narco-submarines to become a bigger threat by spreading globally in the future with the effect of the Covid-19 period has been evaluated. In this study, in which the qualitative research method was used, the data were collected from written documents related to the subject, and with the findings obtained, it is concluded that narco-submarines are a growing threat in the changing world, and that a close examination of this threat by law enforcement agencies is important for fighting against drug smuggling in the future

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drug Smuggling By Sea, Narco-Submarines, Crimes Committed at Sea, Drug smuggling Methods, Covid-19 Impact.

Kaynakça

• Atkinson, M. P., Kress, M., & Szechtman, R. (2017). Maritime transportation of illegal drugs from South America. International Journal of Drug Policy, 39, 43-51. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.07.010
• Aune, B. R. (1990). The maritime trade in illicit drugs: The experience of the coastal member states of OECD [Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science]. LSE Thesis Online. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2084/
• Belhabib, D., Le Billon, P., & Wrathall, D. J. (2020). Narco‐Fish: Global fisheries and drug trafficking. Fish and Fisheries, 21(5), 992-1007. doi:10.1111/faf.12483
• Bunker, R. J., & Ramirez, B. (2014) Introduction: Narco-Submarines. In Ramirez, B., & Bunker, R. J.(Eds.), Narco-submarines. Specially fabricated vessels used for drug smuggling purposes (pp.9-24). Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. 1-164.
• Dao, M., Kwan, C., Koperski, K., & Marchisio, G. (2017, October). A joint sparsity approach to tunnel activity monitoring using high resolution satellite images. In 2017 IEEE 8th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) (pp. 322-328). IEEE. doi: 10.1109/UEMCON.2017.8249061
• Davis, D. B. (2013). The submersible threat to maritime homeland security. [Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]. Defence Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA590044
• Decker, S.H., & Chapman, M.T. (2008). Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling: Lesson from the Inside (Philadelphia: PA Temple University Press, 2008).
• Edge, P. T. (2015). Securing the Border: Understanding Threats and Strategies for the Maritime Border, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement,), 2. Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=787381.
• Elkus, A. (2013). The Rise of Narco Navy. In Ramirez, B., & Bunker, R. J.(Eds.), Narco-submarines. Specially fabricated vessels used for drug smuggling purposes (pp.27-28). Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. 1-164.
• The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), (2019). EU Drug Markets Report 2019, Publications O¬ffice of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi:10.2810/561192.
• Fleetwood, J. (2012). Cocaine. In M. E. Beare (Ed.), Encyclopedia of transnational crime & justice (pp. 53-56). SAGE Publications, Inc., doi:10.4135/9781452218588.n22
• U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), (2017). Border Security: Additional Actions Could Strengthen DHS Efforts to Address Subterranean, Aerial, and Maritime Smuggling. GAO-17-474. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.
• Guerrero Castro, J. (2019). Narcosubmarines: Outlaw Innovation and Maritime Interdiction in the War on Drugs. Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9023-4
• Guerrero Castro, J. E. (2017). Maritime interdiction in the war on drugs in Colombia: practices, technologies and technological innovation. [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Edinburgh]. Edinburg Research Archive. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/22950
• Gurney, K. (2014). In First Guyana Finds ‘Narco’ Submarine. Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2021, https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/guyana-discovers-narco-submarine-highlighting-growing-drug-trafficking-problem/.
• Harney, S. M. (2017). By Land, Sea, or Air A Comparative Analysis of Cartel Smuggling Strategies. [Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]. Defence Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1046400
• Isacson, A., & Meyer, M. (2012). Beyond the border buildup. Security and Migrants Along the US Mexico Border. WOLA, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte.
• Ismail, S., & Jaafar, N. (2015). Drug Smuggling in Malaysia-Our Recent Case Files. Malaysian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 5(1), 44-47.
• Lancashire, M. J. R., Legg, P. K., Lowe, M., Davidson, S. M., & Ellis, B. W. (1988). Surgical aspects of international drug smuggling. British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed), 296(6628), 1035-1037. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6628.1035
• McNicholas, M. A. & Draughon, G. R. (2016). Drug Smuggling via Maritime Cargo, Containers, and Vessels. In McNicholas, M. A. (Ed.), Maritime security: an introduction (2nd. ed., pp. 207-260). Butterworth-Heinemann. ScienceDirect. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803672-3.00007-8
• Molinski, D. (2011, February 14). Colombia Captures Smugglers' Submarine. The Wall Street Journal. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2021. https://www.wsj.com /articles/SB10001424052748703703804576144752329031500.
• Moore, T. K. (2001). The submarine in the Andes: Rise of a Non-State Navy?. Center for the study of terrorism and irregular warfare. United States Naval Postgraduate School Technical Report, Monterey, CA. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/25625
• Narco Submarines, Torpedoes and Semi-submersibles. (2010, June 24). Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2021. http://covertshores.blogspot.com/2010/06/narco-submarines-torpedoes-and-semi.html.
• Ondráček, J. (2018). Extending game-theoretic models to account for subrational adaptive behavior [Master’s Thesis, Czech Technical University in Prague].
• Parrish, T. (2004). The Submarine: A History, New York, NY: Penguin Books.
• Pfeiff, D. M. (2009). Optimizing Employment of Search Platforms to Counter Self-Propelled Semi Submersibles. [Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]. Defence Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA501557
• Phillips, M., & Kuhns, J. (2018). Illicit Drug Trafficking. In Reichel, P. & Randa, R.(Eds.). Transnational Crime And Global Security (pp. 3-22). [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO.
• Ramirez, B. (2014a). Narco-Submarines: Applying Advanced Technologies to Drug Smuggling. Small Wars Journal. Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/narco-submarines-applying-advanced-technologies-to-drug-smuggling
• Ramirez, B. (2014b). The Evolution of ‘Narco-Submarines’ Engineering. In Ramirez, B., & Bunker, R. J.(Eds.), Narco-submarines. Specially fabricated vessels used for drug smuggling purposes (pp.29-32). Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. 1-164.
• Ramirez, B., & Bunker, R. J. (2015). Narco-Submarines. Specially Fabricated Vessels Used For Drug Smuggling Purposes. Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. 1-164.
• Rivolta, P. (2012). Drug trade: source, destination, and transit countries. In M. E. Beare (Ed.), Encyclopedia of transnational crime & justice (pp. 114-118). SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781452218588.n47
• Rojas-Sanchez, D., Rivera-Paez, S. & Afanador, G. (2020). Submersibles and Drug Trafficking. In Lucas, E. R., Rivera-Paez, S., Crosbie, T. & Jensen, F. F. (Eds.), Maritime Security: Counter-Terrorism Lessons from Maritime Piracy and Narcotics Interdiction (Vol. 150, pp.47-57). IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/NHSDP200051
• Sharkey, N., Goodman, M., & Ros, N. (2010). The Coming Robot Crime Wave. Computer, 43(8), 116–115. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.242
• Sherman, C. (2009, August 25). Feds seek crackdown on drug smuggling train. NBC News. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32555933.
• Spanish Police Seize Narco-submarine in Malaga Raid. (2021, March 13), Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56382615
• Stone, H. (2011). Rawfeed: The evolution Of The Drug Submarine. In Ramirez, B., & Bunker, R. J.(Eds.), Narco-submarines. Specially fabricated vessels used for drug smuggling purposes (pp.25-26). Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. 1-164.
• Sutton, H. I. (2020a, Feb 27). Narco Submarines At All-Time High. Forbes. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/02/27/drug-submarines-at-all-time-high-around-180-last-year/?sh=8006e002c3fd.
• Sutton, H. I. (2020b, Aug 17). New Narco Submarine Challenge In Atlantic Ocean. Forbes. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/08/17/atlantic-ocean-is-no-barrier-for-homemade-narco-submarines/?sh=5d8d0e564165.
• Traub, S. J., Hoffman, R. S., & Nelson, L. S. (2003). Body packing—the internal concealment of illicit drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(26), 2519-2526. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022719.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), (2020). World Drug Report, Impact of Covid-19 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.20.XI.6) https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/field/WDR20_BOOKLET_1.pdf
• Van Der Kruit, P. J. (2007). Maritime drug interdiction in international law [Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University]. Utrecht University Repository. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/21871
• Watkins, L. J. (2011). Self-Propelled Semi-Submersibles: The Next Great Threat to Regional Security and Stability. [Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]. Defence Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA547788
• World Customs Organization (WCO) (2019). Enforcement and Compliance. Illıcit Trade Report 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2021 http://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/enforcement-and-compliance/activities-and-programmes/illicit-trade-report/itr_2019_en.pdf?db=web
• Wilson, B. (2011). Submersibles and Transnational Criminal Organizations. Ocean & Coastal Law Journal, 17(1), 35-63. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2019496
• Yılmaz, F., & Önaçan, M. B. K. (2019). Otonom Gemi Teknolojisine Dair Gelişmeler İle Türk Denizcilik ve Gemi İnşa Sektörüne Etkileri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 57-86. doi:10.18613/deudfd.614836