Araştırma Makalesi
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POST-COVID SECURITY APPROACH

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 467 - 492, 24.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1028686

Öz

Covid-19, as well as changing perceptions and attitudes, seems to change or force to change economic, politic, and organizational structures beyond what is predicted. Those states which keep pace with those change waves in time without losing control will gain positive momentum, while those resisting change or falling behind it, will lose speed. In this paper, among those policies, which the pandemic forces to change, Homeland Security Management will be focused. Post-Covid Security perspective refers to a novel and comprehensive paradigm, which incorporates radical changes in security norms. Just as the shock of 9/11 revealed a new understanding of homeland security, the experience with Covid-19 also necessitates radical changes in existing security approaches. Those countries, which apprehend and successfully implement the necessity of this new internal security paradigm that the reality of pandemic created, will gain a sound foundation for similar threats, which are likely to be experienced in the future.

Kaynakça

  • Adger, W. N., Pulhin, J. M., Barnett J., Dabelko, G. D., Hovelsrud, G. K., Levy, M., Spring, Ú. O. ve Vogel, C. H. (2014). Human security. C. B. Field, V. R.
  • Barros, D. J. Dokken vd. (Ed.), Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (755–791). Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
  • Aunan, K. ve Pan, X. C. (2004). Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 329, 3–16.
  • Brody, M. (2020). Enhancing the Organization of the United States Department of Homeland Security to Account for Risk. Homeland Security Affairs, 16(3), (April 2020). https://www.hsaj.org/articles/ 15847
  • Brundtland, G. H. (2003). Global Health and International Security. Global Governance, Oct.–Dec. 2003, 9(4), 417-423.
  • Byrne, A. ve Nichol, B. (2020). A community-centred approach to global health security: implementation experience of community-based surveillance (CBS) for epidemic preparedness. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, 5(1), 71-84.
  • Clark, M., Cordes, J. ve Roberts, B. (2006). Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association, Vol. 99, 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18, 2006), pp. 156-162.
  • Comiskey, J. ve Larrañaga, M. (2019). Climate Security: A Premortem Approach to a Sustainable Global Future. Homeland Security Affairs, 15, Article 8.
  • Crowe, A. (2008). National Strike Teams: An Alternate Approach to Low Probability, High Consequence Events. Homeland Security Affairs, 4(2), 1-5.
  • Dahl, E. J. (2015). A Homeland Security Net Assessment Needed Now. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9(4), 62-86.
  • Dhrifi, A. (2019). Does Environmental Degradation, Institutional Quality, and Economic Development Matter for Health? Evidence from African Countries. Journal of Knowledge Economy, 10: 1098–1113.
  • DHS (2002). National Strategy for homeland security. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020,https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nat-strat-hls-2002.pdf.
  • DHS (2004). Planning Scenarios, Executive Summaries, July 2004. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://cryptome.org/15-attacks.htm.
  • DHS (2006). A Performance Review of FEMA’s Disaster Management Activities in Response to Hurricane Katrina, OIG-06-32. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/OIG_06-32_Mar06.pdf.
  • DHS (2006a). Pandemic Influenza Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Guide for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources. Erişim tarihi: 06 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/cikrpandemicinfluenzaguide.pdf.
  • DHS (2007). National Preparedness Guidelines. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/National_Preparedness_Guidelines.pdf.
  • DHS (2010). Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR). Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/publication/2010-quadrennial-homeland-security-review-qhsr.
  • DHS (2011a). Homeland Security Presidential Policy Directive 8. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness.
  • DHS (2011b). The Strategic National Risk Assessment in Support of PPD 8: A Comprehensive Risk-Based Approach toward a Secure and Resilient Nation. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/rma-strategic-national-risk-assessment-ppd8.pdf.
  • DHS (2012). Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Appendix%20A%20DHS%20FY2012%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation%20Plan_0.pdf.
  • DHS (2013). Climate Change Action Plan. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf.
  • DHS (2014). 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/qhsr/2014-QHSR.pdf.
  • DHS (2020a). Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/plum-island-animal-disease-center.
  • DHS (2020b). National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/national-bio-and-agro-defense-facility.
  • Elbe, S. (2010). Security and global health. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Feldbaum, H. ve Lee, K. (2004). Public Health and Security. A. Ingram (Ed.), Health, Foreign Policy and Security: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy. (pp. 19–28). London: Nuffield Trust.
  • FEMA (2003). National Planning Scenarios. Erişim tarihi: 28 Nisan 2020, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683091.
  • FEMA (2011). Strategic Foresight Initiative. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1836-25045-4146/findings_051111.pdf.
  • FEMA (2013). Toward More Resilient Futures: Putting Foresight into Practice Highlights from the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI). Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1915-25045-6916/fema.sfi_resilient_futures_may2013.pdf.
  • Femia, F. ve Werrell, C. E. (2017). Climate Change, the erosion of state sovereignty, and World order. Werrell, Caitlin E. & Femia, F. (Eds.) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of The Anthropocene (pp.11-19). Washington, DC: The Center for Climate and Security.
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience. The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis. Global Environmental Change, 16 (3), 253–267.
  • Ford, R. C., ve Randolph, W. A. (1992). Cross‐Functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix Organization and Project Management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 267–94.
  • Frank, M. C. (2015). At War with the Unknown: Hollywood, Homeland Security, and the Cultural Imaginary of Terrorism after 9/11. American Studies, 60(4), 485-504.
  • Friedman, B. (2005). Homeland Security. Foreign Policy, 149, 22-29. Grad, F. P. (2002). The preamble of the constitution of the World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(12), 981-4, 98.
  • Heyman, D. ve Durkovich, C. (2014). Extreme Weather Events: The Cost of Not Being Prepared. Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/testimony-heyman-and-durkovich-2014-02-12.pdf.
  • Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (IMNRC) (2006). Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
  • Kenney, C. (2017). How Climate Change and Water and Food Insecurity Drive Instability, Center for American Progress. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2017/11/30/443465/climate-change-water-food-insecurity-drive-instability.
  • Kettl, D. F. (2005). The Worst is yet to come: Lessons from September 11 and hurricane Katrina (Report No. 05-01). Fels Institute of Government. Kiltz, L. ve Ramsay, J. D. (2012). Perceptual Framing of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Affairs, 8, 1-27.
  • Koblentz, G. D. (2010). Biosecurity Reconsidered. International Security, 34(4), 96–132.
  • Lewis, K. (2014). Climate science in climate security scenarios. Climatic Change, 23:11–22.
  • Lundberg, R. ve Willis, H. (2015). Assessing Homeland Security Risks: A Comparative Risk Assessment of 10 Hazards. Homeland Security Affairs, 11, 1-24.
  • Massey, P. J. (2007). Generational Hazards. Homeland Security Affairs, 3(3), 1-12.
  • Morse, S. S. (2003). Biological and chemical terrorism. Technology in Society, 25, 557–563.
  • Mourad, B. ve Luers, A. (2017). Tools for understanding systemic risks like climate change. Caitlin E. Werrell ve Francesco Femia (Eds.), Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of The Anthropocene (pp.109-114). Washington, DC: The Center for Climate and Security.
  • National Intelligence Council (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. Erişim tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/GlobalTrends_2030.pdf.
  • Pearce, D. W. ve Warford, J. J. (1993). World without end: Economics, environment and sustainable development (pp. 163–175). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pimentel, D., Cooperstein, S., Randell, H., Filiberto, D., Sorrentino, S., Kaye, B., Nicklin, C., Yagi, J., Brian, J., O’Hern, J., Habas, A. ve Weinstein, C. (2007). Ecology of Increasing Diseases: Population Growth and Environmental Degradation. Human Ecology, 35, 653–668.
  • Ramsay, J. D. ve O’Sullivan, T. M. (2013). There’s a Pattern Here: The Case to Integrate Environmental Security into Homeland Security Strategy. Homeland Security Affairs, 9, 1-21.
  • Rushton, S. (2011). Global Health Security: Security for Whom? Security from What?. Political Studies, 59, 779–796.
  • Sidel, V. W. ve Levy, B. S. (2002). Security and Public Health, Social Justice. Global Threats to Security, 29(3), 108-119.
  • Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R., Matson, P, McCarthy, J., Corell, R., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J., Luers, A., Martello, M., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A. ve Schiller, A. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14), 8074-8079.
  • UK (2017). National Risk Register, 2017 edition. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-risk-register-of-civil-emergencies-2017-edition.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2007). Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, (BMBL). 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2009). National Health Security Strategy of the United States of America. US Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Walsh, P. F. (2016). Managing Emerging Health Security Threats Since 9/11: The Role of Intelligence. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 29(2), 341-367.
  • White House (2010). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=24251.
  • White House (2015). National Security Strategy. Erişim tarihi: 20 Kasım 2020, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2007). World Health Report 2007 - A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim tarihi: 9 Kasım 2021, https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2012). Terörle Mücadelede Yeni İç Güvenlik Yönetimi, Detay Yayınları, 1.Baskı, Ankara.

COVİD SONRASI GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 467 - 492, 24.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1028686

Öz

Covid-19 salgını, algılamaları ve davranışları değiştirdiği kadar, ekonomik, siyasi ve yönetsel yapıları da tahmin edilenin ötesinde değiştirecek ya da değişime mecbur edecek gibi görünmektedir. Bu değişim dalgasına kontrolü elden bırakmadan zamanında ayak uydurabilen devletler pozitif ivme yakalarken, değişime direnen veya değişimin gerisinde kalan ülkeler, hız kaybedecektir. Bu makalede, salgının değişime zorladığı politika alanlarından İç Güvenlik Yönetimi ele alınacaktır. Covid Sonrası (Post-Covid) Güvenlik Anlayışı, güvenlik normlarında radikal değişimleri ihtiva eden yeni ve kapsamlı bir paradigmaya atıfta bulunmaktadır. 9/11 ile yaşanan şok nasıl ki yeni bir iç güvenlik anlayışını ortaya çıkardıysa, Covid-19 ile yaşanan tecrübeler de mevcut güvenlik yaklaşımlarında radikal bir değişimi zorunlu kılmaktadır. Salgın gerçeğinin yarattığı bu yeni iç güvenlik paradigmasının gerekliliğini kavrayan ve başarılı bir şekilde tatbik eden ülkeler, gelecekte yaşanması kuvvetle muhtemel benzeri tehditlere karşı ciddi bir altyapı sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Adger, W. N., Pulhin, J. M., Barnett J., Dabelko, G. D., Hovelsrud, G. K., Levy, M., Spring, Ú. O. ve Vogel, C. H. (2014). Human security. C. B. Field, V. R.
  • Barros, D. J. Dokken vd. (Ed.), Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (755–791). Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
  • Aunan, K. ve Pan, X. C. (2004). Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 329, 3–16.
  • Brody, M. (2020). Enhancing the Organization of the United States Department of Homeland Security to Account for Risk. Homeland Security Affairs, 16(3), (April 2020). https://www.hsaj.org/articles/ 15847
  • Brundtland, G. H. (2003). Global Health and International Security. Global Governance, Oct.–Dec. 2003, 9(4), 417-423.
  • Byrne, A. ve Nichol, B. (2020). A community-centred approach to global health security: implementation experience of community-based surveillance (CBS) for epidemic preparedness. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, 5(1), 71-84.
  • Clark, M., Cordes, J. ve Roberts, B. (2006). Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association, Vol. 99, 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18, 2006), pp. 156-162.
  • Comiskey, J. ve Larrañaga, M. (2019). Climate Security: A Premortem Approach to a Sustainable Global Future. Homeland Security Affairs, 15, Article 8.
  • Crowe, A. (2008). National Strike Teams: An Alternate Approach to Low Probability, High Consequence Events. Homeland Security Affairs, 4(2), 1-5.
  • Dahl, E. J. (2015). A Homeland Security Net Assessment Needed Now. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9(4), 62-86.
  • Dhrifi, A. (2019). Does Environmental Degradation, Institutional Quality, and Economic Development Matter for Health? Evidence from African Countries. Journal of Knowledge Economy, 10: 1098–1113.
  • DHS (2002). National Strategy for homeland security. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020,https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nat-strat-hls-2002.pdf.
  • DHS (2004). Planning Scenarios, Executive Summaries, July 2004. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://cryptome.org/15-attacks.htm.
  • DHS (2006). A Performance Review of FEMA’s Disaster Management Activities in Response to Hurricane Katrina, OIG-06-32. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/OIG_06-32_Mar06.pdf.
  • DHS (2006a). Pandemic Influenza Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Guide for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources. Erişim tarihi: 06 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/cikrpandemicinfluenzaguide.pdf.
  • DHS (2007). National Preparedness Guidelines. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/National_Preparedness_Guidelines.pdf.
  • DHS (2010). Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR). Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/publication/2010-quadrennial-homeland-security-review-qhsr.
  • DHS (2011a). Homeland Security Presidential Policy Directive 8. Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness.
  • DHS (2011b). The Strategic National Risk Assessment in Support of PPD 8: A Comprehensive Risk-Based Approach toward a Secure and Resilient Nation. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/rma-strategic-national-risk-assessment-ppd8.pdf.
  • DHS (2012). Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Appendix%20A%20DHS%20FY2012%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation%20Plan_0.pdf.
  • DHS (2013). Climate Change Action Plan. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf.
  • DHS (2014). 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/qhsr/2014-QHSR.pdf.
  • DHS (2020a). Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/plum-island-animal-disease-center.
  • DHS (2020b). National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/national-bio-and-agro-defense-facility.
  • Elbe, S. (2010). Security and global health. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Feldbaum, H. ve Lee, K. (2004). Public Health and Security. A. Ingram (Ed.), Health, Foreign Policy and Security: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy. (pp. 19–28). London: Nuffield Trust.
  • FEMA (2003). National Planning Scenarios. Erişim tarihi: 28 Nisan 2020, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=683091.
  • FEMA (2011). Strategic Foresight Initiative. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1836-25045-4146/findings_051111.pdf.
  • FEMA (2013). Toward More Resilient Futures: Putting Foresight into Practice Highlights from the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI). Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1915-25045-6916/fema.sfi_resilient_futures_may2013.pdf.
  • Femia, F. ve Werrell, C. E. (2017). Climate Change, the erosion of state sovereignty, and World order. Werrell, Caitlin E. & Femia, F. (Eds.) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of The Anthropocene (pp.11-19). Washington, DC: The Center for Climate and Security.
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience. The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis. Global Environmental Change, 16 (3), 253–267.
  • Ford, R. C., ve Randolph, W. A. (1992). Cross‐Functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix Organization and Project Management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 267–94.
  • Frank, M. C. (2015). At War with the Unknown: Hollywood, Homeland Security, and the Cultural Imaginary of Terrorism after 9/11. American Studies, 60(4), 485-504.
  • Friedman, B. (2005). Homeland Security. Foreign Policy, 149, 22-29. Grad, F. P. (2002). The preamble of the constitution of the World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(12), 981-4, 98.
  • Heyman, D. ve Durkovich, C. (2014). Extreme Weather Events: The Cost of Not Being Prepared. Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/testimony-heyman-and-durkovich-2014-02-12.pdf.
  • Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (IMNRC) (2006). Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
  • Kenney, C. (2017). How Climate Change and Water and Food Insecurity Drive Instability, Center for American Progress. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2017/11/30/443465/climate-change-water-food-insecurity-drive-instability.
  • Kettl, D. F. (2005). The Worst is yet to come: Lessons from September 11 and hurricane Katrina (Report No. 05-01). Fels Institute of Government. Kiltz, L. ve Ramsay, J. D. (2012). Perceptual Framing of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Affairs, 8, 1-27.
  • Koblentz, G. D. (2010). Biosecurity Reconsidered. International Security, 34(4), 96–132.
  • Lewis, K. (2014). Climate science in climate security scenarios. Climatic Change, 23:11–22.
  • Lundberg, R. ve Willis, H. (2015). Assessing Homeland Security Risks: A Comparative Risk Assessment of 10 Hazards. Homeland Security Affairs, 11, 1-24.
  • Massey, P. J. (2007). Generational Hazards. Homeland Security Affairs, 3(3), 1-12.
  • Morse, S. S. (2003). Biological and chemical terrorism. Technology in Society, 25, 557–563.
  • Mourad, B. ve Luers, A. (2017). Tools for understanding systemic risks like climate change. Caitlin E. Werrell ve Francesco Femia (Eds.), Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of The Anthropocene (pp.109-114). Washington, DC: The Center for Climate and Security.
  • National Intelligence Council (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. Erişim tarihi: 01 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/GlobalTrends_2030.pdf.
  • Pearce, D. W. ve Warford, J. J. (1993). World without end: Economics, environment and sustainable development (pp. 163–175). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pimentel, D., Cooperstein, S., Randell, H., Filiberto, D., Sorrentino, S., Kaye, B., Nicklin, C., Yagi, J., Brian, J., O’Hern, J., Habas, A. ve Weinstein, C. (2007). Ecology of Increasing Diseases: Population Growth and Environmental Degradation. Human Ecology, 35, 653–668.
  • Ramsay, J. D. ve O’Sullivan, T. M. (2013). There’s a Pattern Here: The Case to Integrate Environmental Security into Homeland Security Strategy. Homeland Security Affairs, 9, 1-21.
  • Rushton, S. (2011). Global Health Security: Security for Whom? Security from What?. Political Studies, 59, 779–796.
  • Sidel, V. W. ve Levy, B. S. (2002). Security and Public Health, Social Justice. Global Threats to Security, 29(3), 108-119.
  • Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R., Matson, P, McCarthy, J., Corell, R., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J., Luers, A., Martello, M., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A. ve Schiller, A. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14), 8074-8079.
  • UK (2017). National Risk Register, 2017 edition. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-risk-register-of-civil-emergencies-2017-edition.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2007). Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, (BMBL). 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
  • US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (2009). National Health Security Strategy of the United States of America. US Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Walsh, P. F. (2016). Managing Emerging Health Security Threats Since 9/11: The Role of Intelligence. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 29(2), 341-367.
  • White House (2010). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2020, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=24251.
  • White House (2015). National Security Strategy. Erişim tarihi: 20 Kasım 2020, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2007). World Health Report 2007 - A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2020, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim tarihi: 9 Kasım 2021, https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2012). Terörle Mücadelede Yeni İç Güvenlik Yönetimi, Detay Yayınları, 1.Baskı, Ankara.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sefer Yılmaz 0000-0001-8784-2777

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S. (2021). COVİD SONRASI GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMI. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 467-492. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1028686

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