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NEW SEARCH FOR CYBERSECURITY IN THE LIGHT OF BLOCKCHAIN'S LITERATURE EXPANSION

Yıl 2021, 2. Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi Özel Sayısı, 175 - 194, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1016087

Öz

This study examines the nexus between blockchain technology and states' security policies in light of the bibliometric analysis of Web of Science data and official documents. The data reveals that China pioneers publications on blockchain technology, which amounts to 30% of the works. The U.S.A. follows China with 19%. The rising attention to blockchain technology is reflected in the states' policies. Great powers regarded blockchain technology as a factor that can give the upper hand in the power competition. Thus, this study focuses on the American, Chinese and Russian policies on the utility of blockchain. Based on the political discourses, official documents, academic reports, and articles, it is aimed to be analyzed the new security dimensions appearing with the rise of blockchain. The U.S. policy on the blockchain is mainly shaped by the use of terror groups for fundraising, decreasing military logistics costs, and reinforcing its place in the international system. China's policies aim to improve the digital central banking system, surveillance, and innovate its military. Concerns over cyber security mold Russian researches and policies regarding blockchain.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Victoria (2019). Why Military Blockchain is Critical in the Age of Cyber Warfare, ConsenSys. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2021, https://media.consensys.net/why-military-blockchain-is-critical-in-the-age-of-cyber-warfare-93bea0be7619.
  • Bank of Canada (2019). The road to digital money. Ottawa, ON: Bank of Canada. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2019/04/the-road-to-digital-money/.
  • Bilgin, Pınar (2010). “Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Açılımlar: Yeni Güvenlik Çalışmaları.” Stratejik Araştırmalar, Cilt 8, No 14.
  • Buzan, Barry (1983). People, States, and Fear: National Security Problem in International Relations, Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • CNC Editor, (2020). “State media sheds light on China’s central bank digital currency.” China Banking News. Erişim tarihi, 01.11.2021, http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/04/24/state-media-highlights-regtech-functions-controlled-anonymity-of-chinas-central-bank-digital-currency/.
  • Cornella, Alessia et al. (2020). "Blockchain in defence: a breakthrough?". European Army Interoperability Center, Erişim tarihi, 20.11.2021, https://finabel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FFT-Blockchain.pdf.
  • Culbertson, Matt (2018). Blockchain, Nuclear War, and Artificial Intelligence: 2018’s Most Extreme Cybersecurity Forecasts. Erişim tarihi, 15.09.2021, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-nuclear-war-artificial-intelligence-2018s-most-culbertson/.
  • Çin'de Blockchain Tabanlı Servis Ağı Faaliyete Geçiyor, Bloomberg HT, 2020. Erişim tarihi, 17.11.2021, https://www.bloomberght.com/cin-de-blockchain-tabanli-servis-agi-faaliyete-geciyor-2253229.
  • Dion-Schwarz, Cynthia et al, (2019). "Terrorist Use of Cryptocurrencies Technical and Organizational Barriers and Future Threats" 2019 RAND Corporation, Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR3000/RR3026/RAND_RR3026.pdf.
  • Doğrul, Mürsel & Korkut, Cem (2020). "Bilişim Teknolojilerindeki Gelişmeler Işığında Kripto Paraların Finansal Sisteme Entegrasyonu", Bilişim Teknolojileri ve İletişim: Birey ve Toplum Güvenliği, Ed. Muzaffer Şeker, Yasin Bulduklu, Cem Korkut, Mürsel Doğrul, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, ISBN: 978-605-2249-48-2, Ankara, ss. 279-280.
  • Ekman, Alice (2021). "China’s Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Ambitions; The first-mover advantage." European Union Institute for Security Studies, BRIEF 15, Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_15_2021.pdf
  • European Commission (2017). "Recommendations for the European Commission on a European Strategic Framework and Potential Future Legislative Acts for the Energy Sector", EECSP Report: Cyber Security in the Energy Sector. Erişim tarihi, 16.11.2021, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/eecsp_report_final.pdf.
  • Financial Services Agency (2019). “Research on Privacy and Traceability of Emerging Blockchain-Based Financial Transactions”, The Japanese Government. Erişim tarihi, 09.09.2021, https://www.fsa.go.jp/policy/bgin/ResearchPaper_MRI_en.pdf.
  • General Office of Fujian Provincial People's Government (2021). "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China". Erişim tarihi, 10.09.2021, https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/news/202108/t20210809_5665713.htm.
  • Ghanea-Hercock, Robert (2012). “Why Cyber Security Is Hard.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, pp. 81–89. Global Times (2021). "China takes steps to boost blockchain industry into world-leading position by 2025". Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225636.shtml. Journal of International Affairs, pp. 81–89.
  • Global Times (2021). "China takes steps to boost blockchain industry into world-leading position by 2025". Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225636.shtml. Gray, Mark (2018). "Blockchain and Suitability for Government Applications". Public-Private Analytic Exchange Program, Erişim tarihi, 21.11.2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2018_AEP_Blockchain_and_Suitability_for_Government_Applications.pdf.
  • Hong, Iris (2021). "China sets goal to be blockchain world leader by 2025", Asia Financial. Erişim tarihi, 18.11.2021, https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-sets-goal-to-be-blockchain-world-leader-by-2025.
  • House Hearing (September 7, 2018). "Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance of the Committee on Financial Services” U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session", Erişim tarihi, 08.09.2021, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg31576/html/CHRG-115hhrg31576.htm.
  • Hsu, Sara & Green, Gabrielle (2021). "Blockchain in China". Stimson Center. Erişim tarihi, 19.10.2021, https://www.stimson.org/2021/blockchain-in-china/.
  • IBM (2021). What is blockchain security? Erişim tarihi, 12.08.2021, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain-security.
  • Jens Ducrée et al. (2021). “Unchaining Collective Intelligence for Science, Research, and Technology Development by Blockchain-Boosted Community Participation,” Frontiers in Blockchain, cilt 4, no 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.631648.
  • Lin, Lian, Qichao, Zhu & Yu, Zhao (2016). "Blockchain technology and its potential military value[J]. National Defense Science and Technology, 37(02): pp. 30-34. / 廉蔺,朱启超,赵炤.区块链技术及其潜在的军事价值[J].国防科. Erişim tarihi, 13.11.2021, https://global.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=GFCK201602007&dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2016&v=.
  • Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68, No 2.
  • Matisek, Jahara (2019). China Weaponizing Blockchain Technology For Gray Zone Warfare?, Global Security Review. Erişim tarihi, 17.11.2021, https://globalsecurityreview.com/china-weaponizing-blockchain-technology-gray-zone-warfare/.
  • Metry, Mark (2017). “Blockchain Technology is the Most Significant Invention since the Internet and Electricity”. Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://markmetry.medium.com/blockchain-technology-is-the-most-significant-invention-since-the-internet-and-electricity-f2d44a631ef6.
  • Moran, Theodore (1990). “International Economics and National Security”. Foreign Affairs, Citl 69, No 5.
  • Nabben, Kelsie (2020). “Trustless approaches to digital infrastructure in the crisis of COVID-19 Australia’s newest COVID app. Home-grown surveillance technologies and what to do about it,” social science research network. Rochester, NY. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3579220SSRN.
  • Nabben, Kelsie (2021). “Blockchain Security as ‘People Security’: Applying Sociotechnical Security to Blockchain Technology,” Frontiers in Computer Science, cilt 2, no 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.599406.
  • Pan, David (2019). From Banking Giants to Tech Darlings, China Reveals Over 500 Enterprise Blockchain Projects, Coindesk. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2019/10/28/from-banking-giants-to-tech-darlings-china-reveals-over-500-enterprise-blockchain-projects/. President of Russia (June 2, 2017). "Meeting with founder of Ethereum project Vitalik Buterin". Erişim tarihi, 28.11.2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54677.
  • Ratcliffe, Susan (2016). "Roy Amara 1925–2007, American futurologist". Oxford Essential Quotations. 1 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001.
  • Reserve Bank of Australia (2019). Submission to the senate select committee on financial technology and regulatory technology. Erişim tarihi, 09.11.2021, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/submissions/payments-system/financial-and-regulatory-technology/index.html.
  • Reisman, R. J. (2019). Air traffic management blockchain infrastructure for security, authentication, and privacy. NASA Ames Research Center.
  • Roberts, Brad (1990). “Human Rights and International Security”, Washington Quarterly, Cilt 13.
  • Sagolj, Damir (2019). China goes bullish on blockchain, Insider. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.businessinsider.com/china-bullish-on-blockchain-xi-jinping-2019-10.
  • Singh, S., & Singh, N. (2016). “Blockchain: future of financial and cyber security,” in 2016 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and informatics IC3I, pp. 463–467. doi:10.1109/IC3I.2016.7918009.
  • Shen, Muyao (2018).” The Russian Military Is Building a Blockchain Research Lab”, Coindesk. Erişim tarihi, 01.09.2021, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2018/07/02/the-russian-military-is-building-a-blockchain-research-lab/.
  • Ullman, Richard H. (1983). “Redefining Security”, International Security, Cilt 8, No 1. pp. 129-53.
  • Underwood, S. (2016). Blockchain beyond bitcoin. Commun. ACM. 59 (11), pp. 15–17. doi: 10.1145/2994581.
  • UNICEF Office of Innovation (2020). UNICEF funding opportunity for blockchain startups. Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.unicef.org/innovation/applyBlockchainCrypto.
  • U.S. Department of Defense (2020). “Report on Potential Uses of Blockchain by the U.S. Department of Defense”, Value Technology Foundation. Erişim tarihi, 11.11.2021, https://www.crowell.com/files/Potential-Uses-of-Blockchain-Technology-In-DoD.pdf.
  • U.S. Department of Justice (2020). " Global Disruption of Three Terror Finance Cyber-Enabled Campaigns" Erişim tarihi, 10.07.2021, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/global-disruption-three-terror-finance-cyber-enabled-campaigns.
  • Vigna, Paul & Ostroff, Caitlin (2020). "Why Hackers Use Bitcoin and Why It Is So Difficult to Trace", The Wall Street Journal. Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-hackers-use-bitcoin-and-why-it-is-so-difficult-to-trace-11594931595.
  • Wallace, Ed (2016). “We need to talk about blockchain”, The Economist. Erişim tarihi, 20.09.2021, https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/technology-innovation/we-need-talk-about-blockchain.
  • Xinhua (2019). "Xi stresses development, application of blockchain technology" Erişim tarihi, 11.10.2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/25/c_138503254.htm.
  • Xuanzun, Liu (2019), "Chinese military could deploy blockchain management." Global Times, Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1170370.shtml

BLOK ZİNCİRİNİN (BLOCKCHAIN) LİTERATÜR BÜYÜMESİ IŞIĞINDA YENİ SİBER GÜVENLİK ARAYIŞLARI

Yıl 2021, 2. Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi Özel Sayısı, 175 - 194, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1016087

Öz

Bu çalışma, blockchain teknolojisi ve devletlerin güvenlik politikaları arasındaki ilişkiyi Web of Science verilerinin bibliometrik analizi ışığında incelemektedir. Verilere göre Çin, blockchain üzrine yapılan çalışmaların %30'unu üreterek başı çekmiştir. ABD, Çini %19 ile izlemektedir. Blockchain teknolojisine artan ilgi, devletlerin güvenlik politikalarına da yansımaktadır. Büyük güçler blockchain teknolojisini aralarındaki rekabette üstünlük sağlayacak unsur olarak kabul etmektedirler. Nitekim, bu çalışma, blokchain kullanımına ilişkin Amerikan, Çin ve Rus politikalarına odaklanmaktadır. Politik söylemlere, resmi belgeler, akademik rapor ve makalelere dayanarak blockchainin yükselişiyle ortaya çıkan yeni güvenlik boyutları analiz etmeye çalışılmaktadır. ABD'nin blockchain politikası, temel olarak terör gruplarını bağış toplama kampanyaları, askeri lojistik maliyetlerini düşürmek ve uluslararası sistemdeki başat pozisyonunu güçlendirme üzerine şekillenmektedir. Çin'in politikaları, dijital merkez bankacılığı sistemini kurmaya, gözetleme ve ordusunu yenilemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Rusya ise siber güvenlik konusundaki endişeleri blockchain üzerine araştırma ve politikalarını şekillendiriyor.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Victoria (2019). Why Military Blockchain is Critical in the Age of Cyber Warfare, ConsenSys. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2021, https://media.consensys.net/why-military-blockchain-is-critical-in-the-age-of-cyber-warfare-93bea0be7619.
  • Bank of Canada (2019). The road to digital money. Ottawa, ON: Bank of Canada. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2019/04/the-road-to-digital-money/.
  • Bilgin, Pınar (2010). “Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Açılımlar: Yeni Güvenlik Çalışmaları.” Stratejik Araştırmalar, Cilt 8, No 14.
  • Buzan, Barry (1983). People, States, and Fear: National Security Problem in International Relations, Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • CNC Editor, (2020). “State media sheds light on China’s central bank digital currency.” China Banking News. Erişim tarihi, 01.11.2021, http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/04/24/state-media-highlights-regtech-functions-controlled-anonymity-of-chinas-central-bank-digital-currency/.
  • Cornella, Alessia et al. (2020). "Blockchain in defence: a breakthrough?". European Army Interoperability Center, Erişim tarihi, 20.11.2021, https://finabel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FFT-Blockchain.pdf.
  • Culbertson, Matt (2018). Blockchain, Nuclear War, and Artificial Intelligence: 2018’s Most Extreme Cybersecurity Forecasts. Erişim tarihi, 15.09.2021, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-nuclear-war-artificial-intelligence-2018s-most-culbertson/.
  • Çin'de Blockchain Tabanlı Servis Ağı Faaliyete Geçiyor, Bloomberg HT, 2020. Erişim tarihi, 17.11.2021, https://www.bloomberght.com/cin-de-blockchain-tabanli-servis-agi-faaliyete-geciyor-2253229.
  • Dion-Schwarz, Cynthia et al, (2019). "Terrorist Use of Cryptocurrencies Technical and Organizational Barriers and Future Threats" 2019 RAND Corporation, Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR3000/RR3026/RAND_RR3026.pdf.
  • Doğrul, Mürsel & Korkut, Cem (2020). "Bilişim Teknolojilerindeki Gelişmeler Işığında Kripto Paraların Finansal Sisteme Entegrasyonu", Bilişim Teknolojileri ve İletişim: Birey ve Toplum Güvenliği, Ed. Muzaffer Şeker, Yasin Bulduklu, Cem Korkut, Mürsel Doğrul, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, ISBN: 978-605-2249-48-2, Ankara, ss. 279-280.
  • Ekman, Alice (2021). "China’s Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Ambitions; The first-mover advantage." European Union Institute for Security Studies, BRIEF 15, Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_15_2021.pdf
  • European Commission (2017). "Recommendations for the European Commission on a European Strategic Framework and Potential Future Legislative Acts for the Energy Sector", EECSP Report: Cyber Security in the Energy Sector. Erişim tarihi, 16.11.2021, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/eecsp_report_final.pdf.
  • Financial Services Agency (2019). “Research on Privacy and Traceability of Emerging Blockchain-Based Financial Transactions”, The Japanese Government. Erişim tarihi, 09.09.2021, https://www.fsa.go.jp/policy/bgin/ResearchPaper_MRI_en.pdf.
  • General Office of Fujian Provincial People's Government (2021). "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China". Erişim tarihi, 10.09.2021, https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/news/202108/t20210809_5665713.htm.
  • Ghanea-Hercock, Robert (2012). “Why Cyber Security Is Hard.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, pp. 81–89. Global Times (2021). "China takes steps to boost blockchain industry into world-leading position by 2025". Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225636.shtml. Journal of International Affairs, pp. 81–89.
  • Global Times (2021). "China takes steps to boost blockchain industry into world-leading position by 2025". Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225636.shtml. Gray, Mark (2018). "Blockchain and Suitability for Government Applications". Public-Private Analytic Exchange Program, Erişim tarihi, 21.11.2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2018_AEP_Blockchain_and_Suitability_for_Government_Applications.pdf.
  • Hong, Iris (2021). "China sets goal to be blockchain world leader by 2025", Asia Financial. Erişim tarihi, 18.11.2021, https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-sets-goal-to-be-blockchain-world-leader-by-2025.
  • House Hearing (September 7, 2018). "Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance of the Committee on Financial Services” U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session", Erişim tarihi, 08.09.2021, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg31576/html/CHRG-115hhrg31576.htm.
  • Hsu, Sara & Green, Gabrielle (2021). "Blockchain in China". Stimson Center. Erişim tarihi, 19.10.2021, https://www.stimson.org/2021/blockchain-in-china/.
  • IBM (2021). What is blockchain security? Erişim tarihi, 12.08.2021, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain-security.
  • Jens Ducrée et al. (2021). “Unchaining Collective Intelligence for Science, Research, and Technology Development by Blockchain-Boosted Community Participation,” Frontiers in Blockchain, cilt 4, no 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.631648.
  • Lin, Lian, Qichao, Zhu & Yu, Zhao (2016). "Blockchain technology and its potential military value[J]. National Defense Science and Technology, 37(02): pp. 30-34. / 廉蔺,朱启超,赵炤.区块链技术及其潜在的军事价值[J].国防科. Erişim tarihi, 13.11.2021, https://global.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=GFCK201602007&dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2016&v=.
  • Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68, No 2.
  • Matisek, Jahara (2019). China Weaponizing Blockchain Technology For Gray Zone Warfare?, Global Security Review. Erişim tarihi, 17.11.2021, https://globalsecurityreview.com/china-weaponizing-blockchain-technology-gray-zone-warfare/.
  • Metry, Mark (2017). “Blockchain Technology is the Most Significant Invention since the Internet and Electricity”. Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://markmetry.medium.com/blockchain-technology-is-the-most-significant-invention-since-the-internet-and-electricity-f2d44a631ef6.
  • Moran, Theodore (1990). “International Economics and National Security”. Foreign Affairs, Citl 69, No 5.
  • Nabben, Kelsie (2020). “Trustless approaches to digital infrastructure in the crisis of COVID-19 Australia’s newest COVID app. Home-grown surveillance technologies and what to do about it,” social science research network. Rochester, NY. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3579220SSRN.
  • Nabben, Kelsie (2021). “Blockchain Security as ‘People Security’: Applying Sociotechnical Security to Blockchain Technology,” Frontiers in Computer Science, cilt 2, no 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.599406.
  • Pan, David (2019). From Banking Giants to Tech Darlings, China Reveals Over 500 Enterprise Blockchain Projects, Coindesk. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2019/10/28/from-banking-giants-to-tech-darlings-china-reveals-over-500-enterprise-blockchain-projects/. President of Russia (June 2, 2017). "Meeting with founder of Ethereum project Vitalik Buterin". Erişim tarihi, 28.11.2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54677.
  • Ratcliffe, Susan (2016). "Roy Amara 1925–2007, American futurologist". Oxford Essential Quotations. 1 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001.
  • Reserve Bank of Australia (2019). Submission to the senate select committee on financial technology and regulatory technology. Erişim tarihi, 09.11.2021, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/submissions/payments-system/financial-and-regulatory-technology/index.html.
  • Reisman, R. J. (2019). Air traffic management blockchain infrastructure for security, authentication, and privacy. NASA Ames Research Center.
  • Roberts, Brad (1990). “Human Rights and International Security”, Washington Quarterly, Cilt 13.
  • Sagolj, Damir (2019). China goes bullish on blockchain, Insider. Erişim tarihi, 08.11.2021, https://www.businessinsider.com/china-bullish-on-blockchain-xi-jinping-2019-10.
  • Singh, S., & Singh, N. (2016). “Blockchain: future of financial and cyber security,” in 2016 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and informatics IC3I, pp. 463–467. doi:10.1109/IC3I.2016.7918009.
  • Shen, Muyao (2018).” The Russian Military Is Building a Blockchain Research Lab”, Coindesk. Erişim tarihi, 01.09.2021, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2018/07/02/the-russian-military-is-building-a-blockchain-research-lab/.
  • Ullman, Richard H. (1983). “Redefining Security”, International Security, Cilt 8, No 1. pp. 129-53.
  • Underwood, S. (2016). Blockchain beyond bitcoin. Commun. ACM. 59 (11), pp. 15–17. doi: 10.1145/2994581.
  • UNICEF Office of Innovation (2020). UNICEF funding opportunity for blockchain startups. Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.unicef.org/innovation/applyBlockchainCrypto.
  • U.S. Department of Defense (2020). “Report on Potential Uses of Blockchain by the U.S. Department of Defense”, Value Technology Foundation. Erişim tarihi, 11.11.2021, https://www.crowell.com/files/Potential-Uses-of-Blockchain-Technology-In-DoD.pdf.
  • U.S. Department of Justice (2020). " Global Disruption of Three Terror Finance Cyber-Enabled Campaigns" Erişim tarihi, 10.07.2021, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/global-disruption-three-terror-finance-cyber-enabled-campaigns.
  • Vigna, Paul & Ostroff, Caitlin (2020). "Why Hackers Use Bitcoin and Why It Is So Difficult to Trace", The Wall Street Journal. Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-hackers-use-bitcoin-and-why-it-is-so-difficult-to-trace-11594931595.
  • Wallace, Ed (2016). “We need to talk about blockchain”, The Economist. Erişim tarihi, 20.09.2021, https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/technology-innovation/we-need-talk-about-blockchain.
  • Xinhua (2019). "Xi stresses development, application of blockchain technology" Erişim tarihi, 11.10.2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/25/c_138503254.htm.
  • Xuanzun, Liu (2019), "Chinese military could deploy blockchain management." Global Times, Erişim tarihi, 12.11.2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1170370.shtml
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mürsel Doğrul 0000-0002-0637-843X

Ahmet Erğurum 0000-0003-2995-4927

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 2. Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğrul, M., & Erğurum, A. (2021). BLOK ZİNCİRİNİN (BLOCKCHAIN) LİTERATÜR BÜYÜMESİ IŞIĞINDA YENİ SİBER GÜVENLİK ARAYIŞLARI. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1016087

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Bu dergi creative commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.   29846