Relationship Between Empathic Skills of Field Hockey Players and their Prosocial Behaviors

Abstract

It is the aim of this study to examine the relationship between empathic skills of field hockey players and their behaviors towards their opponent and teammates. The participants who voluntarily took part in the study were 150 players (75 females and 75 males) in the Super League of Field Hockey in the 2015-2016 season. The data which were collected via Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale (PABSS) were analyzed using the Spearman Rank Correlation and Mann Whitney U test. The findings indicate that female players are more empathic than males, there is no difference in prosocial behaviors in terms of gender and empathic skills promote prosocial behaviors in sport. Thus, it can be concluded that empathic skills such as empathic concern, fantasy and perspective taking enhance and support prosocial behaviors towards their opponent and teammates in sport.

Keywords

• Field hockey,Empathy,Prosocial behavior

Elit Salon Hokeyi Oyuncularında Empatik Beceri ile Prososyal Davranışlar Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, salon hokeycilerinin empatik beceri düzeyleri ile takımdaşına ve rakibe yönelik prososyal davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada araştırma grubunu 2015-2016 yılı Salon Hokeyi Süper Ligi’nde yer alan ve araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 150 sporcu (75 kadın, 75 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Kişilerarası Tepkisellik İndeksi (Interpersonal Reactivity Index: IRI) ile Sporda Prososyal ve Antisosyal Davranış Ölçeği (PABSS) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ise, Mann Whitney U Testi ile Korelasyon analizinden (Spearman sıra korelasyonu) yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular; kadın sporcuların erkelere oranla daha empatik olduğu, prososyal davranışlarda cinsiyet açısından bir fark bulunmadığı ve empatik beceriler ile sporda prososyal davranış arasında ilişki olduğu yönündedir. Sonuç olarak, sporcularda empatik düşünce, fantezi ve perspektif alma gibi empatik becerilerin sporda takımdaşına ve rakibe yönelik prososyal davranışları artırdığı ve desteklediği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Salon hokeyi,Empati,Prososyal davranış

References

1. Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74, 769 -783.
2. Barret-Lenard G.T. (1981). The empathy cycle: refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(2), 91-100.
3. Bolter, N. D., & Kipp, L. E. (2016). Sportspersonship coaching behaviours, relatedness need satisfaction, and early adolescent athletes' prosocial and antisocial behaviour. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-16.
4. Chen, Z., Wang, D., Wang, K., Ronkainen, N. J., & Huang, T. (2016). Effects of coaching style on prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 44(11), 1889-1900.
5. Davis, HM. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catolog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10.
6. Davis, HM. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
7. Davis, H. M. (1996). Empathy: a social psychological approach (2.ed.) Westviewpress, USA.
8. Davis, C. M. (2005). Empati nedir, empati öğretilebilir mi? (Ö. Sezer, S. Damar, Çev.). İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(9), 77-88.

9. Dökmen, Ü. (1990). Yeni bir empati modeli ve empatik becerinin iki farklı yaklaşımla ölçülmesi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(24), 42-50.
10. Greif, B. E., Hogan, R. (1973). The theory and measurement of empathy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20(3), 280-284.
11. Engeler, A. (2005). Psikopati ve antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
12. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 131-149.
13. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological bulletin, 101(1), 91.
14. Hodge, K., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). Prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport: the role of coaching style, autonomous vs. controlled motivation, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(4), 527-547.
15. Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press.
16. Kalliopuska M. (1987). Relation of Empathy and Self-esteem to Active Participation in Finnish Baseball. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(1), 107-113.
17. Kavussanu, M., & Roberts, G. C. (2001). Moral functioning in sport: an achievement goal perspective. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23(1), 37-54.
18. Kavussanu, M. (2006). Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(6), 575-588.
19. Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009). The prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 97-117.
20. Kavussanu, M., Stamp, R., Slade, G., & Ring, C. (2009). Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male and female soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 62-76.
21. Roberts, W., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child development, 67(2), 449-470.
22. Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: an unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2-10.
23. Rutten, E. A., Schuengel, C., Dirks, E., Stams, G. J. J., Biesta, G. J., & Hoeksma, J. B. (2011). Predictors of antisocial and prosocial behavior in an adolescent sports context. Social Development, 20(2), 294-315.
24. Rutten, E. A., Deković, M., Stams, G. J. J., Schuengel, C., Hoeksma, J. B., & Biesta, G. J. (2008). On-and off-field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: a multilevel study. Journal of Adolescence, 31(3), 371-387.
25. Rutten, E. A., Stams, G. J. J. M., Biesta G. J. J., Schuengel, C., Dirks, E., & Hoeksma, J. B. (2007). The contribution of organized youth sport to antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent athletes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 255-264.
26. Sage L., Kavussanu M., Duda J. (2005). Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male Association Football Players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(5), 455-466.
27. Sage, L., Kavussanu, M. (2007). The effects of goal involvement on moral behavior in an experimentally manipulated competitive setting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 190-207.
28. Shields, D. L., LaVoi, N. M., Bredemeier, B. L., & Power, F. C. (2007). Predictors of poor sportspersonship in youth sports: personal attitudes and social influences. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 747-762.
29. Sevdalis, V., & Raab, M. (2014). Empathy in sports, exercise, and the performing arts. Psychology of sport and Exercise, 15(2), 173-179.
30. Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G. (2009a). Profesyonel Futbolcuların Fair Play'e Yönelik Davranışları İle Empatik Eğilim Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor ABD, Ankara.
31. Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G. (2009b). Fair play and empathy: a research study with student teachers. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 6(4), 79-84.
32. Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G. & Yıldıran, İ. (2012). Sportspersonship orientation and empathy: a study of professional football players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 12(1), 18-24.
33. Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G. (2013). The Turkish adaptation of the prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport scale (PABSS). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(18), 271-276.
34. Sezen-Balçıkanlı, G. (2014). Fair play in professional sports: sportspersonship orientations of futsal players. Fair Play: Journal of Philosophy, Ethics and Law, 2(1), 33-49.
35. Shields, L. L. D., Bredemeier, L. J. B. (1994). Character development and physical activity. USA: Human Kinetics.