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The Role of National Security Culture in the Activities of Intelligence Institutions: The Case of the USA

Yıl 2024, , 4 - 37, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1427072

Öz

This study seeks to shed light on the importance of national security culture in influencing the activities carried out by intelligence organizations. In this particular context, the initial deliberation revolves around the appropriate approach to ascertain the national security culture. Subsequently, it is deduced that a comprehensive examination of the political, military, and economic cultures of the state under investigation is imperative. To assess the effectiveness of this approach, an analysis is conducted on the national security culture of the United States. The findings reveals that the USA exhibits four distinct characteristics in its national security culture. Firstly, from the time of its independence until the Cold War era, the nation prioritized freedom and economic interests. Secondly, during the Cold War, the containment policy was adopted, aligning with the concept of the new world order. Thirdly, in the post-Cold War period leading up to the September 11 attacks, the USA embraced a cooperative and integrative approach, assuming a leadership role within the system while also displaying authoritarian features. Lastly, after the September 11 attacks, the focus has shifted towards combating terrorism. Based on these characteristics, this study analyzes the manifestations of national security culture in the intelligence activities of the US. This methodical investigation yields a conclusive outcome, affirming that the national security culture of a state is a defining factor in determining the course of its intelligence activities.

Kaynakça

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İstihbarat Kurumlarının Faaliyetlerinde Ulusal Güvenlik Kültürünün Rolü: ABD Örneği

Yıl 2024, , 4 - 37, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1427072

Öz

Bu çalışmada istihbarat kurumlarının faaliyetlerinde ulusal güvenlik kültürünün rolünü ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle ulusal güvenlik kültürünü tespit etmek için nasıl bir yol izlenmesi gerektiği tartışılarak araştırmaya konu devletin siyasi, askeri ve ekonomi kültürlerine bakılması gerektiği çıkarımına ulaşılmıştır. Bu yöntemin işlevselliğini irdelemek maksadıyla ise Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin ulusal güvenlik kültürü incelenmiştir ve neticesi itibarıyla (1)Bağımsızlıktan Soğuk Savaş dönemine kadar özgürlük ve ekonomik çıkar arayışı, (2)Soğuk Savaş dönemi boyunca çevreleme politikası, (3)Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde 11 Eylül saldırılarına kadar işbirliğine açık, bütünleştirici ve sistemin lideri olarak otoriter özelliklerini barındıran yeni dünya düzeni ve (4)11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında terörizmle mücadele olmak üzere ABD’nin dört farklı ulusal güvenlik kültürü karakteristiğinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu noktadan sonra ise söz konusu ulusal güvenlik kültürü karakteristiklerinin ABD’nin istihbarat raporlarındaki yansımaları incelenerek istihbarat faaliyetleri üzerindeki etkisi görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

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  • Lee, Hyun Wu. (2008). Living with the Redcoats:Anglo-American Opposition to the Quartering Act 1756- 1776. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Virginia Üniversitesi Polytechnic Entitüsü, Virginia.
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  • Maurois, Andre. (1945). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarihi, (Çev.Fuat Gökbudak), İstanbul.
  • Maxey, Mike. (2018). The Phoenix Program: From Vietnam to Black Sites- A Legacy of Torture, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Central Oklahoma Üniversitesi.
  • McCullough, Stephen. (2016). “Imperial and Expansionism in American History”, A Social, Political and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection, Chris J. Magoc ve David Bernstein(Ed.) California.
  • McSherry, J. Patrice. (1999). "Operation Condor: Clandestine Inter-American System." Social Justice, C.26 S.4, s.149-151.
  • Michaels, Jon D. (2008). All the President's Spies: Private-Public Intelligence Partnerships in the War on Terror, California Law Review C.96, S.901, s.914-91
  • Miller, Scott Christopher. (2018). “Never Did I see So Universal a Frenzy:The Panic of 1791 and the Republicanization of Philadelphia”, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, C.142, S. 1, s.7-48.
  • Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı, Tarihçe, https://www.mit.gov.tr/tarihce/giris.html Erişim: 30.08.2022
  • Moen, Jon R. ve Tallman, Ellis W. “The Panic of 1907”, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/panic_of_1907 Erişim:15.05.2020
  • NATO, “Towards the New Strategic Concept”, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120412_Towards_the_new_str ategic_concept-eng.pdf Erişim:30.10.2020
  • NATO, “Üye Ülkeler”, https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html Erişim:29.10.2020
  • Noyes, Alexander D. (1894). The Banks and the Panic of 1893. Political Science Quarterly, C. 9, S.1, s.12-3
  • Oğuzlu, Tarık. (2015). Güvenlik Kültürü ve Türk Dış Politikası. bilig, S.72 s.223-250
  • Özdal, Barış, ve Karaca, Kutay. (2018). Diplomasi Tarihi 1, Bursa
  • Özgür, Gizem. (2019) Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Doğu-Batı Blokları Arasındaki Mücadelede Propaganda. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Özübek, Emre. (2018). Türk Basınında Vietnam Savaşı Tartışmaları(1960-1975). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük.
  • Poteat, George Howard. (1973). Strategic Intelligence and National Security: A Case Study of the Korean Crisis (June 25-November 24, 1950). (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Washington Üniversitesi, Missouri,
  • Quınn, John C. (2012). Panics:A History of American Financial Crises 1837-1907, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), South Dakota Üniversitesi, South Dakota.
  • Ramirez, Marie Antoinette Merrill. (1990). The Other Side of Colonialism: COINTELPRO Activities in Puerto Rico in the 1960’s. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Teksas Üniversitesi, Austin.
  • Rollins, Tyler Russell. (2016). Domestic Surveillance in the United States: World War II to Vietnam. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Kolorado Üniversitesi.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Dış İstihbarat Servisi, “Today SVR” http://svr.gov.ru/svr_today/celi.htm Erişim:29.04.2020
  • Salahlı, Şefigehanım. (2017). 11 Eylül Saldırıları Sonrasında ABD’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Politikası. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Ankara.
  • Savaş, Özlem. (2008). The Role of National Security Culture in Crisis Management: The Case of Kardak Crisis. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bilkent Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Schumann, Matt ve Schweizer, Karl W. (2008). The Seven Years War:A Transatlantic History, New York.
  • Scott, Harold Asbury. (1999). Covert Operations as an Instrument of Foreing Policy: U.S. Intervention in Iran and Guatemala. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Carnegie Mellon Üniversitesi.
  • Secret İntelligence Service, “About Us” https://www.sis.gov.uk/about-us.html Erişim:29.04.2020
  • T.C. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı, Egmont Grubu, https://www.hmb.gov.tr/egmont-grubu Erişim:11.01.202
  • Tabar, Ümit. (2016). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Kollektif Savunmadan Küresel Güvenliğe Geçiş Kapsamında Anzus Paktının Yeri. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çanakkale On sekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
  • Temiz, Süleyman. (2019). Kağıt Kaplan-Zayıf Bir Pakt Olarak Güneydoğu Asya Antlaşması Teşkilatı(SEATO) ve Bölgesel Siyasi Etkileri. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, s.285-302.
  • The Guardian, “Inside the CIA’s Black Site Torture Room”, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/usnews/ng-interactive/2017/oct/09/cia-torture-black-site-enhanced-interrogation Erişim: 06.11.2020
  • The National Counterterrorism Center, Who We Are, https://www.dni.gov/index.php/nctc-home Erişim:11.01.2021
  • The White House, “Fact Sheet on Terrorist Financing Executive Order”,https://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010924-2.html Erişim: 01.11.2020
  • Top Secret Codeword Supplement to Report of Ad Hoc Committee of the U.S. Intelligence Board, The Military Buildup in Cuba: A Chronology of Significant Events Since January 20, 1961 and Major Bloc Arms Shipments to Cuba, July 11, 1961,
  • Top Secret Dinar. http://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/cold-war-intelligence/top-secret-codeword-supplementto-report-of-ad-hoc-committee-of-the-us-intelligence-board-the-military-buildup-in-cuba-achronology-of-significant-events-since-january-20-1961-and-major-bloc-arms-shipments-to-cubajuly-11-1961-top-secret-dinar;b05162 Erişim: 21.11.2019
  • Trethewey, Richard J. (1969). The Economic Burden of the Sugar Act, SAGE journals, C.13, S.1, s.63-71.
  • Turner, Stansfield. (1991). Intelligence for a New World Order. Foreing Affairs, C.70, S.4, s.150-166
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, “istihbarat” https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim: 30.08.202
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, Kültür, https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr Erişim Tarihi:13.02.2020
  • U.S Congress, “Authorization for Use of Military Force”, https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ40/PLAW-107publ40.pdf Erişim:31.10.2020
  • U.S Congress, “Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act”, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-108publ458/pdf/PLAW-108publ458.pdf Erişim:01.11.2020
  • U.S Department of State,Country Report onTerrorism 2019, https://www.state.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2020/06/Country-Reports-on-Terrorism-2019-2.pdf Erişim: 04.01.2021
  • United State Senate, “Burning of Washington, 1814” https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/August_Burning_Washington.htm Erişim:19.05.2020
  • United State Senate, “Constitution of United State”, https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm Erişim Tarihi:15.05.2020
  • US. Congress, “Freedom Support Act”, https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senatebill/2532/text Erişim:30.10.202
  • Usa Gov, About the Website USA.gov, https://www.usa.gov/history-of-website Erişim:10.01.2021
  • Weinrod, W. Bruce. (1996). U.S. intelligence priorities in the post-cold war era. World Affairs, C.159 S.1, s.3-11.
  • Weldes, Jutta. (1999). Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, Minnesota.
  • Wilson, Woodrow. (1915). Proclamation of Neutrality by the President of the United States of America, The American Journal of International Law, C.9, S.1, s. 110-114. Wolfers. Arnold. (1952 ). National Security’ as an Ambiguous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly, C. 67, S. 4, s. 481-502.
  • Wong, John, “China's Economic Reform and Open-Door Policy Viewed from Southeast Asia”, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, C. 11, S. 3, 1995, s.269-279.
  • Yale Law School, “Great Britain:Parliament-The Townshend Act”, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/townsend_act_1767.asp Erişim:15.05.2020
  • Yockelson, Mitchell, “America Enters the Great War” https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/spring/wwi-america-enters Erişim 20.05.2020
Toplam 127 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İsmet Nacaroğlu 0000-0002-8745-6224

Buğra Sarı 0000-0001-6428-1292

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Nacaroğlu, İ., & Sarı, B. (2024). İstihbarat Kurumlarının Faaliyetlerinde Ulusal Güvenlik Kültürünün Rolü: ABD Örneği. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 26(1), 4-37. https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1427072