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Investigation of Containerization Development and Volumetric Concentration in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 78 - 96, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1392401

Öz

Containerization has caused significant structural, operational, and strategic changes in ports. Ports, which have an important role in the development of a country, also have an impact on the regional distribution of development. Therefore, changes in port throughputs, market shares and regional concentrations seen under the influence of changes caused by containerization are key indicators for analyzing the effects of ports on the regional distribution of development. Thus, the effects of ports on regional recovery and development movements, trade patterns and cargo flow in the region can be revealed. This article examines the changes in container volume of port authorities in Türkiye between 2004 and 2022 and the concentration and spread trends of containerization. The aim of this study is to provide a perspective to decision makers in determining future development and investment strategies as a result of determining the current situation of Turkish ports. In this study, Gini Coefficient and Shift-Share analysis methods were used. The necessary data for this study was obtained from the official institutions of the Republic of Türkiye. The results show that state ports, due to their sluggish and less dynamic structures, are being replaced by private ports that can respond to demands quickly and offer efficient container operations thanks to their advanced technology infrastructures. The findings show that today Turkish container traffic is more evenly distributed among existing ports. Moreover, although container volumetric concentration is still more dominant in the Marmara region, significant increases in container volumetric concentration have been observed in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea regions.

Kaynakça

  • Alderton, P., Saieva, G., 2013. Port management and operations. Taylor & Francis.
  • Aregall, M.G., Bergqvist, R., Monios, J., 2018. A global review of the hinterland dimension of green port strategies. Transp Res D Transp Environ 59, 23–34.
  • Artige, L., Van Neuss, L., 2014. A new shift‐share method. Growth Change 45, 667–683.
  • Baik, J.S., 2017. The study on impacts of mega container ships on ports. Pan-Pacific Journal of Supply Chain Management: Applications and Practices 1, 22–40.
  • Berkoz, L., Tekba, D., 1999. The role of ports in the economic development of Turkey.
  • Bo, W., Karpathiotaki, P., Changzheng, D., 2018. The central role of the Mediterranean Sea in the BRI and the importance of Piraeus Port. J. WTO & China 8, 98.
  • Cariou, P., 2001. Vertical integration within the logistic chain: does" regulation" play rational? The case for dedicated container terminals.
  • Del Giudice, M., Di Vaio, A., Hassan, R., Palladino, R., 2022. Digitalization and new technologies for sustainable business models at the ship–port interface: A bibliometric analysis. Maritime Policy & Management 49, 410–446.
  • Ducruet, C., Guerrero, D., 2022. Inland cities, maritime gateways, and international trade. J Transp Geogr 104, 103433.
  • Dwarakish, G.S., Salim, A.M., 2015. Review on the Role of Ports in the Development of a Nation. Aquat Procedia 4, 295–301.
  • Ehlers, S., Asbjornslett, B.E., Rodseth, O.J., Berg, T.E., 2014. Maritime-port technology and development. Crc Press.
  • Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Yang, Z., Zheng, P., Martin-Mallofre, A., 2020. Visualization of container throughput evolution of the Yangtze River Delta multi-port system: the ternary diagram method. Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev 142, 102039.
  • Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Zheng, P., Martin-Mallofre, A., Murphy, F., Li, S., 2021. Evolution and container traffic prediction of Yangtze River Delta multi-port system (2001-2017). International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 13, 44–69.
  • Gasparotti, C., Mincu, G.M., Nitu, C., Raileanu, A., Turcanu, A., 2023. Ports Digitization—A Challenge for Sustainable Development. Rom. J. Econ. Forecast 2, 143–160.
  • Giorgi, G.M., Gigliarano, C., 2017. The Gini concentration index: a review of the inference literature. J Econ Surv 31, 1130–1148.
  • González Cancelas, N., Palomino Monzón, M.C., Soler Flores, F.J., Almazan Garate, J.L., 2013. Gini coefficient, dissimilarity index and Lorenz curve for the Spanish port system by type of goods.
  • Guerrero, D., Rodrigue, J.-P., 2014. The waves of containerization: shifts in global maritime transportation. J Transp Geogr 34, 151–164.
  • Haralambides, H.E., Cariou, P., Benacchio, M., 2002. Costs, benefits and pricing of dedicated container terminals. International Journal of Maritime Economics 4, 21–34.
  • Hsu, W.-K.K., Yu, H.-F., Huang, S.-H.S., 2015. Evaluating the service requirements of dedicated container terminals: a revised IPA model with fuzzy AHP. Maritime policy & management 42, 789–805.
  • İnce, M., Güngör, Ş., 2021. Lojistik Hinterlant ve Konteyner Limanları: İskenderun ve Mersin Limanları İncelemesi. Değişimden Dönüşüme Sosyal Bilimlerde 121.
  • Itoh, H., 2012. Structural changes in port cargo flow distribution in Asian container port systems, in: The Iame2012 Annual Conference. pp. 1–27.
  • Kon, W.K., Abdul Rahman, N.S.F., Md Hanafiah, R., Abdul Hamid, S., 2021. The global trends of automated container terminal: A systematic literature review. Maritime Business Review 6, 206–233.
  • Kosiek, J., Kaizer, A., Salomon, A., Sacharko, A., 2021. Analysis of modern port technologies based on literature review. TransNav: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 15.
  • Kurt, İ., 2023. Evaluation of the Green Port Concept for Decarbonized Maritime Industry, in: Decarbonization of Maritime Transport. Springer, pp. 157–176.
  • Kurt, I., Aymelek, M., 2024. Operational adaptation of ports with maritime autonomous surface ships. Transp Policy (Oxf) 145, 1–10.
  • Kurt, I., Aymelek, M., 2022. Operational and economic advantages of autonomous ships and their perceived impacts on port operations. Maritime Economics & Logistics 1–25.
  • Loo, B.P.Y., Hook, B., 2002a. Interplay of international, national and local factors in shaping container port development: a case study of Hong Kong. Transp Rev 22, 219–245.
  • Loo, B.P.Y., Hook, B., 2002b. Interplay of international, national and local factors in shaping container port development: a case study of Hong Kong. Transp Rev 22, 219–245.
  • McCalla, R.J., 1999. From St. John’s to Miami: Containerisation at eastern seaboard ports. GeoJournal 48, 21–28.
  • Monios, J., Wilmsmeier, G., 2014. The impact of container type diversification on regional British port development strategies. Transp Rev 34, 583–606.
  • Munim, Z.H., Schramm, H.-J., 2018. The impacts of port infrastructure and logistics performance on economic growth: the mediating role of seaborne trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade 3, 1–19.
  • Nguyen, P.N., Woo, S.-H., Beresford, A., Pettit, S., 2020. Competition, market concentration, and relative efficiency of major container ports in Southeast Asia. J Transp Geogr 83, 102653.
  • Notteboom, T.E., 1997. Concentration and load centre development in the European container port system. J Transp Geogr 5, 99–115.
  • Oztemiz, H., Vatansever, K., 2023. Türkiye Küresel Konteyner Liman Projeleri: 2035 Yılı Konteyner Trafik Hacmi ve Dış Ticaret. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 24, 261–298.
  • Rodrigue, J.-P., Notteboom, T., 2020. Ports and economic development. Port economics, management and policy.
  • Tae-Woo Lee, P., Flynn, M., 2011. Charting a new paradigm of container hub port development policy: The Asian doctrine. Transp Rev 31, 791–806.
  • TIM, 2023. Türkiye Export Figures [WWW Document]. Türkiye Exporters Assembly. URL https://tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-rakamlari (accessed 11.17.23).
  • TUIK, 2023. Population and Demography [WWW Document]. Turkish Statistical Institute. URL https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Nufus-ve-Demografi-109 (accessed 11.17.23).
  • Tunalı, H., Akarçay, N., 2022. Konteyner yük taşımacılığı, liman alt yapı yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: OECD ülkeleri örneği. Ekonomi ve Finansal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4, 102–118.
  • Türklim, 2023. Türklim Members [WWW Document]. Port Operators Association of Türkiye. URL https://www.turklim.org/en/turklim-members/ (accessed 11.17.23).
  • UAB, 2023. Regional Port Authorities [WWW Document]. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Türkiye. URL https://www.uab.gov.tr/bolge-liman-baskanliklari (accessed 1.19.23).
  • UAB, 2022. Cargo Statistics [WWW Document]. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Türkiye. URL https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/yuk-istatistikleri (accessed 1.18.23).
  • Vacca, I., Bierlaire, M., Salani, M., 2007. Optimization at container terminals: status, trends and perspectives, in: Swiss Transport Research Conference.
  • Van der Putten, F.-P., Montesano, F.S., van de Ven, J., Ham, P., 2016. The Geopolitical Relevance of Piraeus and China’s New Silk Road for Southeast Europe and Turkey. Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • van Duin, J.H.R., van Wee, G.P., 2007. Globalization and intermodal transportation: modeling terminal locations using a three-spatial scales framework, in: Globalization and Regional Economic Modeling. Springer, pp. 133–152.
  • Veenstra, A., Notteboom, T., 2011. The development of the Yangtze River container port system. J Transp Geogr 19, 772–781.
  • Wang, T.-F., Cullinane, K.P.B., Song, D.W., 2004. Industrial concentration in container ports, in: International Association of Maritime Economists Annual Conference, Izmir.
  • World Bank, 2023. GDP-Turkiye, World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data [WWW Document]. World Bank. URL https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?end=2022&locations=TR&start=1960&view =chart (accessed 11.17.23).
  • Yetkili, E., Doğan, E., Baltaoğlu, S., Salihoğlu, İ., 2016. Economic analysis of container transhipment in the Eastern Mediterranean region. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 3, 12–21.
  • Ziran, J., Chunfang, P., Huayou, Z., Chengjin, W., Shilin, Y., 2022. Temporal and spatial evolution and influencing factors of the port system in Yangtze River Delta Region from the perspective of dual circulation: Comparing port domestic trade throughput with port foreign trade throughput. Transp Policy (Oxf) 118, 79–90.

Türkiye'de Konteynerleşmenin Gelişimi ve Hacimsel Yoğunluğunun Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, , 78 - 96, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1392401

Öz

Konteynerleşme limanlarda önemli yapısal, operasyonel ve stratejik değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Bir ülkenin kalkınmasında önemli bir rolü olan limanların kalkınmanın bölgesel dağılımı üzerinde etkileri vardır. Dolayısıyla, konteynerleşmenin sebep olduğu değişiklerin etkisiyle görülen liman çıktıları, pazar payları ve bölgesel yoğunlaşmalardaki değişimler limanların kalkınmanın bölgesel dağılımına etkilerini analiz etmek için önemli göstergelerdir. Böylece limanların bölgesel toparlanma ve gelişme hareketlerine, bölgedeki ticaret kalıplarına ve kargo akışlarına olan etkileri ortaya konulabilir. Bu makale, 2004-2022 yılları arasındaki Türkiye'deki liman başkanlıklarının konteyner hacmindeki değişimlerini ve konteynerleşmenin yoğunlaşma ve yayılım trendlerini incelemektedir. Bunun amacı, Türk limanlarının mevcut durumlarının tespit edilmesi neticesinde geleceğe yönelik kalkınma ve yatırım stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde karar vericilere bir bakış açısı sunmaktır. Bu çalışma da Gini Katsayısı ve Shift-Share analiz yöntemlerine kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma için gerekli veriler Türkiye Cumhuriyeti resmî kurumlarından temin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, devlet limanları, ağır ve dinamik olmayan yapıları nedeniyle yerini taleplere hızlı cevap verebilen ve gelişmiş teknoloji altyapıları sayesinde verimli konteyner operasyonları sunabilen özel limanlara bırakmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular günümüzde Türk konteyner trafiğinin mevcut limanlar arasında daha dengeli dağıldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, konteyner hacimsel yoğunluğu Marmara bölgesinde hala daha baskın olsa da Akdeniz, Ege ve Karadeniz'de konteyner hacimsel yoğunluğunda önemli artışlar gözlemlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alderton, P., Saieva, G., 2013. Port management and operations. Taylor & Francis.
  • Aregall, M.G., Bergqvist, R., Monios, J., 2018. A global review of the hinterland dimension of green port strategies. Transp Res D Transp Environ 59, 23–34.
  • Artige, L., Van Neuss, L., 2014. A new shift‐share method. Growth Change 45, 667–683.
  • Baik, J.S., 2017. The study on impacts of mega container ships on ports. Pan-Pacific Journal of Supply Chain Management: Applications and Practices 1, 22–40.
  • Berkoz, L., Tekba, D., 1999. The role of ports in the economic development of Turkey.
  • Bo, W., Karpathiotaki, P., Changzheng, D., 2018. The central role of the Mediterranean Sea in the BRI and the importance of Piraeus Port. J. WTO & China 8, 98.
  • Cariou, P., 2001. Vertical integration within the logistic chain: does" regulation" play rational? The case for dedicated container terminals.
  • Del Giudice, M., Di Vaio, A., Hassan, R., Palladino, R., 2022. Digitalization and new technologies for sustainable business models at the ship–port interface: A bibliometric analysis. Maritime Policy & Management 49, 410–446.
  • Ducruet, C., Guerrero, D., 2022. Inland cities, maritime gateways, and international trade. J Transp Geogr 104, 103433.
  • Dwarakish, G.S., Salim, A.M., 2015. Review on the Role of Ports in the Development of a Nation. Aquat Procedia 4, 295–301.
  • Ehlers, S., Asbjornslett, B.E., Rodseth, O.J., Berg, T.E., 2014. Maritime-port technology and development. Crc Press.
  • Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Yang, Z., Zheng, P., Martin-Mallofre, A., 2020. Visualization of container throughput evolution of the Yangtze River Delta multi-port system: the ternary diagram method. Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev 142, 102039.
  • Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Zheng, P., Martin-Mallofre, A., Murphy, F., Li, S., 2021. Evolution and container traffic prediction of Yangtze River Delta multi-port system (2001-2017). International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 13, 44–69.
  • Gasparotti, C., Mincu, G.M., Nitu, C., Raileanu, A., Turcanu, A., 2023. Ports Digitization—A Challenge for Sustainable Development. Rom. J. Econ. Forecast 2, 143–160.
  • Giorgi, G.M., Gigliarano, C., 2017. The Gini concentration index: a review of the inference literature. J Econ Surv 31, 1130–1148.
  • González Cancelas, N., Palomino Monzón, M.C., Soler Flores, F.J., Almazan Garate, J.L., 2013. Gini coefficient, dissimilarity index and Lorenz curve for the Spanish port system by type of goods.
  • Guerrero, D., Rodrigue, J.-P., 2014. The waves of containerization: shifts in global maritime transportation. J Transp Geogr 34, 151–164.
  • Haralambides, H.E., Cariou, P., Benacchio, M., 2002. Costs, benefits and pricing of dedicated container terminals. International Journal of Maritime Economics 4, 21–34.
  • Hsu, W.-K.K., Yu, H.-F., Huang, S.-H.S., 2015. Evaluating the service requirements of dedicated container terminals: a revised IPA model with fuzzy AHP. Maritime policy & management 42, 789–805.
  • İnce, M., Güngör, Ş., 2021. Lojistik Hinterlant ve Konteyner Limanları: İskenderun ve Mersin Limanları İncelemesi. Değişimden Dönüşüme Sosyal Bilimlerde 121.
  • Itoh, H., 2012. Structural changes in port cargo flow distribution in Asian container port systems, in: The Iame2012 Annual Conference. pp. 1–27.
  • Kon, W.K., Abdul Rahman, N.S.F., Md Hanafiah, R., Abdul Hamid, S., 2021. The global trends of automated container terminal: A systematic literature review. Maritime Business Review 6, 206–233.
  • Kosiek, J., Kaizer, A., Salomon, A., Sacharko, A., 2021. Analysis of modern port technologies based on literature review. TransNav: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 15.
  • Kurt, İ., 2023. Evaluation of the Green Port Concept for Decarbonized Maritime Industry, in: Decarbonization of Maritime Transport. Springer, pp. 157–176.
  • Kurt, I., Aymelek, M., 2024. Operational adaptation of ports with maritime autonomous surface ships. Transp Policy (Oxf) 145, 1–10.
  • Kurt, I., Aymelek, M., 2022. Operational and economic advantages of autonomous ships and their perceived impacts on port operations. Maritime Economics & Logistics 1–25.
  • Loo, B.P.Y., Hook, B., 2002a. Interplay of international, national and local factors in shaping container port development: a case study of Hong Kong. Transp Rev 22, 219–245.
  • Loo, B.P.Y., Hook, B., 2002b. Interplay of international, national and local factors in shaping container port development: a case study of Hong Kong. Transp Rev 22, 219–245.
  • McCalla, R.J., 1999. From St. John’s to Miami: Containerisation at eastern seaboard ports. GeoJournal 48, 21–28.
  • Monios, J., Wilmsmeier, G., 2014. The impact of container type diversification on regional British port development strategies. Transp Rev 34, 583–606.
  • Munim, Z.H., Schramm, H.-J., 2018. The impacts of port infrastructure and logistics performance on economic growth: the mediating role of seaborne trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade 3, 1–19.
  • Nguyen, P.N., Woo, S.-H., Beresford, A., Pettit, S., 2020. Competition, market concentration, and relative efficiency of major container ports in Southeast Asia. J Transp Geogr 83, 102653.
  • Notteboom, T.E., 1997. Concentration and load centre development in the European container port system. J Transp Geogr 5, 99–115.
  • Oztemiz, H., Vatansever, K., 2023. Türkiye Küresel Konteyner Liman Projeleri: 2035 Yılı Konteyner Trafik Hacmi ve Dış Ticaret. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 24, 261–298.
  • Rodrigue, J.-P., Notteboom, T., 2020. Ports and economic development. Port economics, management and policy.
  • Tae-Woo Lee, P., Flynn, M., 2011. Charting a new paradigm of container hub port development policy: The Asian doctrine. Transp Rev 31, 791–806.
  • TIM, 2023. Türkiye Export Figures [WWW Document]. Türkiye Exporters Assembly. URL https://tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-rakamlari (accessed 11.17.23).
  • TUIK, 2023. Population and Demography [WWW Document]. Turkish Statistical Institute. URL https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Nufus-ve-Demografi-109 (accessed 11.17.23).
  • Tunalı, H., Akarçay, N., 2022. Konteyner yük taşımacılığı, liman alt yapı yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: OECD ülkeleri örneği. Ekonomi ve Finansal Araştırmalar Dergisi 4, 102–118.
  • Türklim, 2023. Türklim Members [WWW Document]. Port Operators Association of Türkiye. URL https://www.turklim.org/en/turklim-members/ (accessed 11.17.23).
  • UAB, 2023. Regional Port Authorities [WWW Document]. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Türkiye. URL https://www.uab.gov.tr/bolge-liman-baskanliklari (accessed 1.19.23).
  • UAB, 2022. Cargo Statistics [WWW Document]. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of the Republic of Türkiye. URL https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/yuk-istatistikleri (accessed 1.18.23).
  • Vacca, I., Bierlaire, M., Salani, M., 2007. Optimization at container terminals: status, trends and perspectives, in: Swiss Transport Research Conference.
  • Van der Putten, F.-P., Montesano, F.S., van de Ven, J., Ham, P., 2016. The Geopolitical Relevance of Piraeus and China’s New Silk Road for Southeast Europe and Turkey. Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • van Duin, J.H.R., van Wee, G.P., 2007. Globalization and intermodal transportation: modeling terminal locations using a three-spatial scales framework, in: Globalization and Regional Economic Modeling. Springer, pp. 133–152.
  • Veenstra, A., Notteboom, T., 2011. The development of the Yangtze River container port system. J Transp Geogr 19, 772–781.
  • Wang, T.-F., Cullinane, K.P.B., Song, D.W., 2004. Industrial concentration in container ports, in: International Association of Maritime Economists Annual Conference, Izmir.
  • World Bank, 2023. GDP-Turkiye, World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data [WWW Document]. World Bank. URL https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?end=2022&locations=TR&start=1960&view =chart (accessed 11.17.23).
  • Yetkili, E., Doğan, E., Baltaoğlu, S., Salihoğlu, İ., 2016. Economic analysis of container transhipment in the Eastern Mediterranean region. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 3, 12–21.
  • Ziran, J., Chunfang, P., Huayou, Z., Chengjin, W., Shilin, Y., 2022. Temporal and spatial evolution and influencing factors of the port system in Yangtze River Delta Region from the perspective of dual circulation: Comparing port domestic trade throughput with port foreign trade throughput. Transp Policy (Oxf) 118, 79–90.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deniz Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ismail Kurt 0000-0001-9252-8096

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, I. (2024). Investigation of Containerization Development and Volumetric Concentration in Türkiye. Gemi Ve Deniz Teknolojisi(224), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1392401