Paradigm Shift in Ship Design: Ballastless Ship

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 222, 76 - 96, 13.01.2023

Ceren Bilgin Güney

https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1168354

Öz

As an indispensable component of the traditional shipbuilding approach, ships carry billions of tons of ballast water each year, as well as commercial products. Species translocated between the world's biogeographic regions during this transport cause important ecological, economic, and health problems.
Ballast water, unlike other pollutants, is considered to be the most important pollutant among ship-borne pollutants due to potential increase in its harm over time. Both the IMO International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, which entered into force in 2017, and the US Legislation (Final Rule), which entered into force in 2012, have introduced standards that limit the organisms that can be found in the ballast water to be discharged. In current practice, ships must be equipped with a ballast water treatment system to meet these standards.
Even if the systems, whose efficiency depends on various factors, but whose installation and operating costs are in the millions of dollars, are installed on ships, there are still concerns that environmental risks will continue, legal obligations may not be met, and therefore ship owners may face sanctions. These concerns have accelerated the efforts to produce different solutions that can be applied instead of ballast water treatment. The design and construction of ships with alternative approaches to the standard ballasted ship approach have been in search of different solutions since the 2000s. With the launch of the first non-ballast LNG bunkering ship in 2018, a new competitive field has been opened in the shipbuilding industry.
In this study, attention is drawn to the paradigm shift in the current understanding of shipbuilding, in which ballast water is considered indispensable; The research and development activities for the production of ballastless ships and the current situation are summarized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ballast-free ship, Ballast water, Invasive species, Zero ballast ship

Gemi Tasarımında Paradigma Değişikliği: Balastsız Gemi

Öz

Geleneksel gemi inşa yaklaşımının vazgeçilmez bir bileşeni olması nedeniyle gemiler her yıl, ticari ürünlerin yanı sıra milyarlarca ton balast suyu taşımaktadır. Bu taşınım esnasında dünyanın biyocoğrafik bölgeleri arasında yer değiştiren türler oldukça önemli ekolojik, ekonomik ve sağlık sorunlarının yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır.
Balast suyu, diğer kirleticilerin aksine, zararlarının zamanla artma potansiyeli nedeniyle gemi kökenli kirleticiler arasında en büyük öneme sahip kirletici olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Gerek 2017 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren IMO Gemilerin Balast Suyu ve Sedimanlarının Kontrolü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi gerekse 2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren ABD Mevzuatı (Final Rule), deşarj edilecek balast suyunda beher hacimde bulunabilecek organizmaları sınırlandıran standartlar getirmiştir. Mevcut uygulamada bu şartların sağlanması için gemilerin balast suyu arıtma sistemi ile donatılması gerekmektedir.
Verimliliği çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olan ancak kurulum ve işletim maliyeti milyon dolar mertebelerinde olan sistemler gemilere kurulsa da çevresel risklerin devam edeceğine, yasal yükümlüklerin karşılanamayabileceğine ve dolayısıyla gemi sahiplerinin yaptırımlarla karşılaşabileceğine dair endişeler devam etmektedir. Bu endişeler balast suyu arıtımı yerine uygulanabilecek daha farklı çözümler üretmeye yönelik çalışmalara hız kazandırmıştır. Gemilerin Standart balastlı gemi yaklaşımına alternatif yaklaşımlarla tasarlanarak inşa edilmesi 2000’li yıllardan beri farklı çözüm arayışları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Balastız ilk LNG tedarik gemisinin 2018’de denize indirilmesiyle gemi inşa sanayinde yeni bir rekabet alanı açılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, balast suyunun vazgeçilmez olarak kabul edildiği mevcut gemi inşa anlayışında yaşanmakta olan paradigma değişikliğine dikkat çekilmekte; balastsız gemi üretilmesi için yapılan araştırma ve geliştirme faaliyetleri ve de gelinen mevcut durum özetlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Balastsız gemi, Balast suyu, İstilacı türler, Sıfır balastlı gemi

Kaynakça

• Afif, Hairil, Norul Hidayah, Mohd Zamani Ahmad, Mohd Afifi, Abdul Mukti, Adi Maimun, Abd Malek, and Agoes Priyanto. 2012. “The Concept of Hybrid Ballast Free System.” in The 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodynamics-APHydro2012. Malaysia.
• Albert, Ryan J., Edward Viveiros, Debra S. Falatko, and Mario N. Tamburri. 2017. “Feasibility of Potable Water Generators to Meet Vessel Numeric Ballast Water Discharge Limits.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 120(1–2):82–89. doi: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2017.04.055.
• Arslan, Osman, Murat Selçuk Solmaz, and Hasan Bora Usluer. 2022. “Determination of the Perception of Ship Management towards Environmental Pollion Caused by Routine Operations of Ships.” Aquatic Research 5(1):39–52. doi: 10.3153/ar22005.
• Bailey, Sarah A. 2015. “An Overview of Thirty Years of Research on Ballast Water as a Vector for Aquatic Invasive Species to Freshwater and Marine Environments.” Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 18(3):261–68. doi: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1027129.
• Bailey, Sarah A., Torben Brydges, Oscar Casas-Monroy, Jocelyn Kydd, R. Dallas Linley, Robin M. Rozon, and John A. Darling. 2022. “First Evaluation of Ballast Water Management Systems on Operational Ships for Minimizing Introductions of Nonindigenous Zooplankton.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 182:113947. doi: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2022.113947.
• Bax, Nicholas, Angela Williamson, Max Aguero, Exequiel Gonzalez, and Warren Geeves. 2003. “Marine Invasive Alien Species: A Threat to Global Biodiversity.” Marine Policy 27(4):313–23. doi: 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00041-1.
• Bilgin Güney, Ceren. 2017. BALAST SUYU ARITIM SİSTEMLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. İstanbul.
• Bilgin Güney, Ceren. 2018. “IMO BALAST SUYU SÖZLEŞMESİ’NE GÖRE BALAST SUYU YÖNETİMİ VE GÜNCEL DEĞİŞİKLİKLER.” GiDB | DERGi (12):21–36.
• Campara, Leo, Vlado Francic, Lovro Maglic, and Nermin Hasanspahic. 2019. “Overview and Comparison of the IMO and the US Maritime Administration Ballast Water Management Regulations.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7(9).
• Caprace, J. D., F. Bair, and P. Rigo. 2010. “Scantling Multi-Objective Optimisation of a LNG Carrier.” Marine Structures 23(3):288–302. doi: 10.1016/J.MARSTRUC.2010.07.003.
• Carlton, JAMES THEODORE. 1979. “History, Biogeography, and Ecology of the Introduced Marine and Estuarine Invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North Americatle.” University of California.
• Chu, K. H., P. E Tam, C. H. Fung, and Q. C. Chen. 1997. “A Biological Survey of Ballast Water in Container Ships Entering Hong Kong.” Hydrobiologia 352:201–6. doi: 10.1023/A:1003067105577.
• Claes, L., and J. L. Guillaume-Combecave. 2009. “An Innovative LNG Carrier.” Pp. 87–89 in EU FP6 project IMPROVE-Final Conference IMPROVE 2009, Conference Papers Vol 1, edited by V. Žanić and J. Andrić. Zagreb.
• Constantinescu, A., P. Rigo, and J. L. Guillaume-Combecave. 2009. “LNG Carrier – New Innovative Product.” Pp. 96–99 in EU FP6 project IMPROVE-Final Conference IMPROVE 2009, Conference Papers Vol 1, edited by V. Žanić and J. Andrić. Zagreb.
• Davidson, Ian C., and Christina Simkanin. 2012. “The Biology of Ballast Water 25 Years Later.” Biological Invasions 14(1):9–13. doi: 10.1007/s10530-011-0056-1.
• Elkady, Hesham, Duan Feng Han, and Liang Gao Gao. 2014a. “The Effect of Rise Angle of V-Hull Non Ballast Ship on Resistance Performance.” Applied Mechanics and Materials 619:110–14. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.619.110.
• Elkady, Hesham, Duan Feng Han, and Liang Gao Gao. 2014b. “The Resistance Performance Influences from Hull Line Variation of V-Shaped Non-Ballast Ship (NOBS).” Advanced Materials Research 936:2109–13. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.936.2109.
• Gerhard, William A., Kim Lundgreen, Guillaume Drillet, Raphael Baumler, Henrik Holbech, and Claudia K. Gunsch. 2019. “Installation and Use of Ballast Water Treatment Systems – Implications for Compliance and Enforcement.” Ocean & Coastal Management 181:104907. doi: 10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2019.104907.
• GESAMP. 2011. Establishing Equivalency in the Performance Testing and Compliance Monitoring of Emerging Alternative Ballast Water Management Systems: GloBallast Monographs No. 20. London.
• Godey, Avinash, S. C. Misra, and O. P. Sha. 2012. “Development Of A Ballast Free Ship Design.” International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 1(10):567–81.
• Godey, Avinash, S. C. Misra, and O. P. Sha. 2014. “CFD Analysis for a Ballast Free Ship Design.” Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43(11):2053–59.
• Gollasch, Stephan, Dan Minchin, and Matej David. 2015. “The Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens with Ballast Water and Their Impacts.” Pp. 35–58 in Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management: Issues and Solutions.
• Gonçalves, Alex Augusto. 2013. “Bioinvasion Through Ballast Water : A Global Concern.” The Journal of Ocean Technology 8(89):89–119.
• Grigorovich, Igor A., Robert I. Colautti, Edward L. Mills, Kristen Holeck, Albert G. Ballert, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. 2003. “Ballast-Mediated Animal Introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Retrospective and Prospective Analyses.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60(6):740–56. doi: 10.1139/f03-053.
• GTT. 2022. “GTT Receives an Approval in Principle from Bureau Veritas for ‘Shear-Water’, a New Concept for a Ballast-Free LNG Bunker & Feeder Vessel.” News. Retrieved (https://gtt.fr/news/gtt-receives-approval-principle-bureau-veritas-shear-water-new-concept-ballast-free-lng-bunker).
• Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M. 2015. “Transport of Harmful Marine Microalgae via Ship’s Ballast Water: Management and Mitigation with Special Reference to the Arabian Gulf Region.” Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 18(3):290–98. doi: 10.1080/14634988.2015.1027138.
• Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M., and Christopher J. Bolch. 1991. “Transport of Toxic Dinoflagellate Cysts via Ships’ Ballast Water.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 22(1):27–30. doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90441-T.
• He, Ngo Van, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2013. “Optimization of Bow Shape for a Non Ballast Water Ship.” Journal of Marine Science and Application 12(3):251–60. doi: 10.1007/s11804-013-1196-8.
• He, Ngo Van, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2014. “Added Resistance Acting on Hull of a Non Ballast Water Ship.” Journal of Marine Science and Application 13(1):11–22. doi: 10.1007/s11804-014-1225-2.
• Van He, Ngo, Yasunori Nihei, and Y. Ikeda. 2012. “A Study on Application of a Commercial CFD Code to Reduce Resistance Acting on a Non Ballast Tanker ( Part 1 ).” Conference Proceedings, the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers 14(Part 1):415–18.
• Hess-Erga, Ole Kristian, Javier Moreno-Andrés, Øivind Enger, and Olav Vadstein. 2019. “Microorganisms in Ballast Water: Disinfection, Community Dynamics, and Implications for Management.” Science of The Total Environment 657:704–16. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.12.004.
• HMD. 2018. “HMD Builds Ballast-Free Eco-Friendly Ship.” Press Releases. Retrieved August 24, 2022 (https://www.hmd.co.kr/english/ad/news_view.jsp?news_num=549&crp=3).
• Hong, Wang, and Li Huabin. 2018. “Comment on Ballast Free Ship.” International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) 5(12):20–22. doi: 10.31873/ijeas.5.12.05.
• IMO. 2004. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. International Maritime Organization.
• IMO. 2021. “List of Type Approvals for Ballast Water Management Systems That Are in Accordance with the 2016 Guidelines (G8) or the BWMS Code (Resolution MEPC.279(70) or MEPC.300(72)).” Retrieved (https://www.imo.org/en).
• Kadir, Norul Hidayah, Adi Maimun Abdul Malik, and Arifah Ali. 2022. “Experimental of Ballast Free System with Air-Injected Pressure Bubbles in Reducing Ship Resistance.” Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 90(2):160–75. doi: 10.37934/arfmts.90.2.160175.
• Kashiro, R. 2016. “Innovative Ship Design with Less Ballast Water and Less GHG TSCF 2016 Shipbuilders Meeting.” Pp. 1–10 in TSFC Shipbuilders Meeting.
• King, Tobias E. 2010. “EQUILIBRIUM – A BALLAST-FREE CRUDE OIL TANKER.” Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
• Kotinis, M., and M. G. Parsons. 2010. “Hydrodynamics of the Ballast-Free Ship Revisited.” Journal of Ship Production and Design 118(November 2010):451–64. doi: 10.5957/jspd.2010.26.4.301.
• Kotinis, Miltiadis D. 2005. “DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF THE BALLAST-FREE SHIP CONCEPT.” The University of Michigan.
• Kotinis, Miltiadis, Michael G. Parsons, Thomas Lamb, and Ana Sirviente. 2004. “Development and Investigation of the Ballast-Free Ship Concept.” Transactions - Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 112:206–40.
• Lavoie, D. M., L. D. Smith, and G. M. Ruiz. 1999. “The Potential for Intracoastal Transfer of Non-Indigenous Species in the Ballast Water of Ships.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48(5):551–64. doi: 10.1006/ecss.1999.0467.
• Lovell, Sabrina J., and Susan F. Stone. 2005. “The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species : A Review of the Literature.” National Centre for Environmental Economics 5(2).
• LR. 2018. “Building the World’s First Ballast-Free LNG Bunkering Vessel with HMD.” Llloyd’s Register Latest News. Retrieved (https://www.lr.org/en/latest-news/building-the-worlds-first-ballast-free-lng-bunkering-vessel-with-hmd/).
• Maglić, Lovro, Damir Zec, and Vlado Frančić. 2015. “Effectiveness of a Barge-Based Ballast Water Treatment System for Multi-Terminal Ports.” Promet - Traffic&Transportation 27(5):429–37. Medcof, J. C. 1975. “Living Marine Animals in a Ships Ballast Water.” Proceedings National Shellfisheries Association 65:11–12.
• MEPC. 2018. RESOLUTION MEPC.297(72) Amendments to The International Convention for The Control And Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments- 2004. Vol. 2.
• Miyake, Tatsuya, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2013. “A Study on Roll Damping of Bilge Keels for New Non-Ballast Ship with Rounder Cross Section.” Pp. 23–26 in Proceedings of the 13thInternational Ship Stability Workshop.
• Momoki, Tsutomu, Seiki Onishi, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2010. “A Study on Ship Speed Loss of Non Ballast-Water Crude Oil Carrier in High Winds.” Pp. 863–69 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol. 4.
• National Research Council. 1996. Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships’ Ballast Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
• Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., and D. Savini. 2003. “Biological Invasions as a Component of Global Change in Stressed Marine Ecosystems.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(5):542–51. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6.
• Ojaveer, Henn, Bella S. Galil, Stephan Gollasch, Agnese Marchini, Dan Minchin, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, and Sergej Olenin. 2014. “Identifying the Top Issues of Marine Invasive Alien Species in Europe.” Management of Biological Invasions 5(2):81–84. doi: 10.3391/mbi.2014.5.2.01.
• Parsons, Michael G., and Miltiadis Kotinis. 2011. “Trim and Draft Control Capability of the Variable Buoyancy Ship.” Journal of Ship Production 27(3):118–26. doi: 10.5957/jspd.2011.27.3.118.
• Parsons, Micheal Parsons. 2010. “The Variable Buoyancy Ship: A Road to the Elimination of Ballast.” in Emerging Ballast Water Management Systems proceedings of the IMO-WMU research and development forum, edited by N. Bellefontaine, F. Haag, O. Lindén, and J. Matheickal. Malmö, Sweden: WMU Publications.
• Pereira, Newton Narciso, and Hernani Luiz Brinati. 2012. “Onshore Ballast Water Treatment: A Viable Option for Major Ports.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 64(11):2296–2304. doi: 10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2012.07.026.
• Pimentel, David, Rodolfo Zuniga, and Doug Morrison. 2005. “Update on the Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Alien-Invasive Species in the United States.” Ecological Economics 52(3):273–88. doi: 10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2004.10.002.
• Ruiz, Gregory M., James T. Carlton, Edwin D. Grosholz, and Anson H. Hines. 1997. “Global Invasions of Marine and Estuarine Habitats by Non-Indigenous Species: Mechanisms, Extent, and Consequences.” American Zoologist 37(6). doi: 10.1093/icb/37.6.621.
• Satır, Tanzer, and Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur. 2014. “ADAPTATION OF PORT WASTE RECEPTION FACILITIES TO BALLAST WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM: TURKISH PORT PERSPECTIVE.” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 23(11a):2895–98.
• SGMF. 2018. “‘Kairos’ 7500m3 GSV Delivered to Bernhard Schulte.” Member Press Release. Retrieved August 24, 2022 (https://www.sgmf.info/posts/kairos-7500m3-gsv-delivered-to-bernhard-schulte).
• Suban, Valter, Vidmar Vidmar, and Marko Perkovič. 2010. “Ballast Water Replacement with Fresh Water – Why Not?” Pp. 53–76 in Emerging Ballast Water Management Systems proceedings of the IMO-WMU research and development forumManagement Systems, edited by N. Bellefontaine, F. Haag, O. Linden, and J. Matheickal. Malmö.
• Takahashi, C. K., N. G. G. S. Lourenço, T. F. Lopes, V. L. M. Rall, and C. a M. Lopes. 2008. “Ballast Water: A Review of the Impact on the World Public Health.” Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 14(3):393–408. doi: 10.1590/S1678-91992008000300002.
• Tatsumi, Takatoshi, Yasunori Nihei, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2010. “Development of a New Enery Saving Tanker with Non-Ballastwater and Podded Propulsors Part. 1: Resistance of the Newly Proposed Ship.” Pp. 821–24 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol. 4.
• The Maritime Executive. 2019. “Interview: Delivering the Right Ballast Water Solution.” The Maritime Executive. Retrieved July 24, 2022 (https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/interview-delivering-the-right-ballast-water-solution).
• Wu, Huixian, Chen Shen, Qiong Wang, Richard B. Aronson, Chen Chen, and Junzeng Xue. 2019. “Survivorship Characteristics and Adaptive Mechanisms of Phytoplankton Assemblages in Ballast Water.” Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 37(2):580–88. doi: 10.1007/s00343-019-7288-9.