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Turkish Shipyards During COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 222, 231 - 250, 13.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1208340

Öz

It might be unimaginable to anticipate the pandemic but taking the initiative in measures when Covid-19 occurred was critical to success. However, the impact of this worldwide pandemic, ever known in World History, was predictable. Covid-19, the largest known pandemic in world history, will cause social, economic, and political changes. Country governments, non-governmental organizations, and companies have developed new skills and competencies to overcome the economic and social crisis caused by the pandemic with minimum damage. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the pandemic and the measures taken in Turkish shipyards in the first phase of the Covid-19 pandemic with the cooperation of GISBIR and Istanbul Technical University Academic staff. Firstly, current academic studies were reviewed by conducting a literature search. Then, GISBIR data sheets, Baltic Dry Cargo Index, shipyard order book statistics, and employment statistics were evaluated as primary data. The shipyards' websites and the sector managers' reports are secondary data. Despite the pessimistic news, academic studies, and surveys published during the outbreak's initial phase, the authors could not find any evidence to indicate the medium-term negative impact of Covid-19 on Turkish shipyards. Although the Baltic Dry Index showed a decline in the first quarter of 2020, it rose right after the second quarter, and the shipyard order book statistics increased. Employment statistics, on the other hand, continued to increase gradually. Recovery depends on the shipyards overcoming the harmful effects of the crisis by investing in continuous improvement efforts, green technology, and systems, with the support of GISBIR, giving importance to effective crisis management and distinctive ship production.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank GISBIR for the data collection and contributions to this study.

Kaynakça

  • Alamoush, A.S., et al. (2021), Ports, maritime transport, and industry: The immediate impact of COVID-19 and the way forward. Maritime Technology and Research, https//doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.250092.
  • Başer, S. Ö., and Açık, A. (2018). The Response of Shipbuilding Activities to Freight Market, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 4(1), pp.124-136
  • Cemre, S. (2020). Fighting Against Covid-19: Cemre Shipyard Action Plan. [WWW] <URL: https://www.cemreshipyard.com/en/news/fighting-against-covid-19-cemre-shipyard-action-plan> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Cengiz, H., and Turan, E. (2021). Business Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Maritime Industry, Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering 17(1), pp.43-75
  • Eregli, S. (2020). Ereğli Shipyard Covid-19 Measures. [WWW] <URL: http://www.ereglishipyard.com/detay-217-eregli-shipyard-covid-19-measures.html> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Gemak, S. (2020). Gemak Preventive Actions Against Covid-19. [WWW] <URL: https://www.gemak.com/newsDetails.aspx?q=46> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • GISBIR (2020). Covid-19 Measures and Effects on Shipbuilding Industry in Turkey. GISBIR. Istanbul, Turkey: GISBIR
  • GISBIR (2021). Baltic Dry Index Historical Data, Ship Order Book Statistics, Employment Statistics, GISBIR. Istanbul, Turkey: GISBIR
  • Guner, R., Hasanoglu, I., and Aktas, F. (2020). Covid-19: Prevention and control measures in the community, Turk J Med Sci 50(SI-1), pp.571-577
  • Hess, M., Pavić, I. F., Kos, S., and Brčić, D. (2020). Global shipbuilding activities in the modern maritime market environment, Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 34(2), pp.270-281
  • Holy, I. J. (2020). Beyond Coronavirus: The Next Phase for Shipbuilding Industry. [WWW] <URL: https://www.lightcastlebd.com/insights/2020/07/beyond-coronavirus-the-next-phase-for-shipbuilding-industry> [Accessed 19/07/2021.]
  • Ilchenko, S. V. (2021). Conceptual Aspects of Achieving Competitive Advantages by Shipbuilding Enterprises of Ukraine, Economic innovations 23(1(78)), pp.84-94
  • IMO. (2020). Circular Letter No.4204/Add.6 - 27 March 2020: Preliminary list of recommendations for Governments and relevant national authorities on the facilitation of maritime trade during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Maritime Organization
  • ICS, (2020) Shipping, T.I.C.o., Covid-19-protecting-everyone-during-ship-visits and other brochuers.
  • Jung, C., Statham, R., and Roberts, C. (2020). The Covid Shift Working Time in Manufacturing, Engineering, Shipbuilding and Aerospace after the Pandemic. The IPPR Centre for Economic Justice. London, England: IPPR Exportvirginia. (2014). Seaports of the world by country. Retrieved from http://exportvirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Seaports-of-the-World.pdf
  • Kamola-Cieślik, M. (2021). Changes in the Global Shipbuilding Industry on the Examples of Selected States Worldwide in the 21st Century, European Research Studies Journal XXIV(2B), pp.98-112 Kopp, C. M. (2021). Baltic Dry Index (BDI). [WWW] <URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/baltic_dry_index.asp> [Accessed 22/08/2021.]
  • Menhat, M., Mohd Zaideen, I. M., Yusuf, Y., Salleh, N. H. M., Zamri, M. A., and Jeevan, J. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic: A review on maritime sectors in Malaysia, Ocean Coast Manag 209(1 August 2021), pp.1-8
  • Millefiori, L. M., Braca, P., Zissis, D., Spiliopoulos, G., Marano, S., Willett, P. K., and Carniel, S. (2021). Covid-19 Impact on Global Maritime Mobility, arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.06960 pp.1-22
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., and Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review, Int J Surg 78(pp.185-193 OECD (2021). Peer Review of the Turkish Shipbuilding Industry. OECD. Paris, France: OECD
  • Özhan Doğan, S., Özcan, M., Özşahin, S., and Bayar, E. (2020). In new Ship Building; Review of Production Stages. In: 6th International Congress on Engineering, Architecture, and Design, Conference, Location, pp.434-439
  • Ozturk, O., and Turan, E. (2020). “Examination of the Impact of the Covid-19 Outbreak on Sea Freight Transportation”. 2nd International Symposium of Engineering Applications on Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences (IEACES), pp. 40-47
  • Reza, F., Kawsar, E., and Mahabub, T. B. (2020). Covid-19 impact and responses: Bangladesh. Build Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: B. Bangladesh
  • Sanmar, S. (2020). Covid-19 Measures at Sanmar Shipyards. [WWW] <URL: https://www.sanmar.com.tr/covid-19-measures-at-sanmar-shipyards/> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Sanmar, S. (2020). Sanmar delivers 30 tugs during a challenging year. [WWW] <URL: https://www.sanmar.com.tr/sanmar-delivers-30-tugs-during-challenging-year/> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., and Schroder, P. (2020). A brave new world: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production, Resour Conserv Recycl 159(pp.104894
  • Stopford, M. (2020). Coronavirus, Climate Change & Smart Shipping Three Maritime Scenarios 2020-2050.
  • Seatrade Maritime. London, England: S. Maritime
  • Tersan, S. (2020). A Successful Delivery Despite the COVID-19 Challenging Days NB1091 CALVERT. [WWW] <URL: https://tersanshipyard.com/en/news/a-successful-delivery-despite-the-covid-19-challenging-days-nb1091-calvert> [Accessed 07/08/2021.]
  • UNCTAD. (2020). How countries can leverage trade facilitation to defeat the Covid-19 pandemic.
  • In Proceedings of the United Nation Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • VanGrasstek, C., and Shepherd, B. (2021). Protectionism in Maritime Economies Study Summary Report. International Chamber of Shipping. London, England: M. Publications
  • WHO (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. [WWW] <URL: [Accessed
  • Xu, J. J., Yip, T. L., and Liu, L. (2008). Dynamic Interrelationships between Sea Freight and Shipbuilding Markets. In: International Forum on Shipping, Ports, and Airports, IFSPA 2008 - Trade-Based Global Supply Chain and Transport Logistics Hubs: Trends and Future Development, Conference, Location, pp.480-494
  • Yay, S. M. (2020). Covid-19 Safety at Mengi Yay. [WWW] <URL: https://www.mengiyay.com/covid-19-safety-at-mengi-yay-news> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Yazir, D., Sahin, B., Yip, T. L., and Tseng, P. H. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on the maritime industry: a review, Int Marit Health 71(4), pp.253-264

Kovid-19 Salgını Döneminde Türk Tersaneleri

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 222, 231 - 250, 13.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1208340

Öz

Dünya çapında etkili olabilecek bir salgın tahmin edilemezdi belki, ama Kovid-19 salgını başladığında koruyucu önlemlerde inisiyatif almak başarı için kritikti. Dünya tarihindeki şimdiye kadar bilinen en büyük salgın olan Kovid-19, sosyal, ekonomik ve politik değişimlere neden olacaktır. Ülke yönetimleri, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve firmalar salgından kaynaklanan ekonomik ve sosyal krizi en az hasarla atlatmak amacıyla yeni yetenekler ve yetkinlikler geliştirmişlerdir. Bu makale, GİSBİR ve İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Akademik personelinin iş birliği ile Kovid-19 salgınının ilk safhasında Türk tersanelerinde alınan önlemleri ve salgının etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. İlk olarak, literatür araştırması yapılarak mevcut akademik çalışmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Daha sonra, GİSBİR bilgi formları, Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi, tersane sipariş defteri istatistikleri ve istihdam istatistikleri birincil veri olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tersanelerin Internet siteleri ve sektör yöneticilerinin raporları ikincil veriler olarak ele alınmıştır. Salgının başlangıç aşamasında yayınlanan kötümser haber, akademik çalışma ve anketlere rağmen, yazarlar Kovid-19'un Türk tersaneleri üzerindeki orta vadeli olumsuz etkisini gösterecek herhangi bir kanıt bulamamışlardır. Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi 2020'nin ilk çeyreğinde bir düşüş gösterse de ikinci çeyreğin hemen ardından yükselmeye başlamış ve aynı şekilde tersane sipariş defteri istatistikleri de artış göstermiştir. İstihdam istatistiği ise kademeli olarak sürekli yükselmeye devam etmiştir. İyileşme, tersanelerin GİSBİR desteği ile etkin kriz yönetimi ve özel gemi üretimlerine önem vererek, sürekli iyileştirme çalışmalarına, yeşil teknoloji ve sistemlere yatırım yaparak krizin olumsuz etkilerinin üstesinden gelebilmesine bağlıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Alamoush, A.S., et al. (2021), Ports, maritime transport, and industry: The immediate impact of COVID-19 and the way forward. Maritime Technology and Research, https//doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2022.250092.
  • Başer, S. Ö., and Açık, A. (2018). The Response of Shipbuilding Activities to Freight Market, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 4(1), pp.124-136
  • Cemre, S. (2020). Fighting Against Covid-19: Cemre Shipyard Action Plan. [WWW] <URL: https://www.cemreshipyard.com/en/news/fighting-against-covid-19-cemre-shipyard-action-plan> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Cengiz, H., and Turan, E. (2021). Business Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Maritime Industry, Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering 17(1), pp.43-75
  • Eregli, S. (2020). Ereğli Shipyard Covid-19 Measures. [WWW] <URL: http://www.ereglishipyard.com/detay-217-eregli-shipyard-covid-19-measures.html> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Gemak, S. (2020). Gemak Preventive Actions Against Covid-19. [WWW] <URL: https://www.gemak.com/newsDetails.aspx?q=46> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • GISBIR (2020). Covid-19 Measures and Effects on Shipbuilding Industry in Turkey. GISBIR. Istanbul, Turkey: GISBIR
  • GISBIR (2021). Baltic Dry Index Historical Data, Ship Order Book Statistics, Employment Statistics, GISBIR. Istanbul, Turkey: GISBIR
  • Guner, R., Hasanoglu, I., and Aktas, F. (2020). Covid-19: Prevention and control measures in the community, Turk J Med Sci 50(SI-1), pp.571-577
  • Hess, M., Pavić, I. F., Kos, S., and Brčić, D. (2020). Global shipbuilding activities in the modern maritime market environment, Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 34(2), pp.270-281
  • Holy, I. J. (2020). Beyond Coronavirus: The Next Phase for Shipbuilding Industry. [WWW] <URL: https://www.lightcastlebd.com/insights/2020/07/beyond-coronavirus-the-next-phase-for-shipbuilding-industry> [Accessed 19/07/2021.]
  • Ilchenko, S. V. (2021). Conceptual Aspects of Achieving Competitive Advantages by Shipbuilding Enterprises of Ukraine, Economic innovations 23(1(78)), pp.84-94
  • IMO. (2020). Circular Letter No.4204/Add.6 - 27 March 2020: Preliminary list of recommendations for Governments and relevant national authorities on the facilitation of maritime trade during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Maritime Organization
  • ICS, (2020) Shipping, T.I.C.o., Covid-19-protecting-everyone-during-ship-visits and other brochuers.
  • Jung, C., Statham, R., and Roberts, C. (2020). The Covid Shift Working Time in Manufacturing, Engineering, Shipbuilding and Aerospace after the Pandemic. The IPPR Centre for Economic Justice. London, England: IPPR Exportvirginia. (2014). Seaports of the world by country. Retrieved from http://exportvirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Seaports-of-the-World.pdf
  • Kamola-Cieślik, M. (2021). Changes in the Global Shipbuilding Industry on the Examples of Selected States Worldwide in the 21st Century, European Research Studies Journal XXIV(2B), pp.98-112 Kopp, C. M. (2021). Baltic Dry Index (BDI). [WWW] <URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/baltic_dry_index.asp> [Accessed 22/08/2021.]
  • Menhat, M., Mohd Zaideen, I. M., Yusuf, Y., Salleh, N. H. M., Zamri, M. A., and Jeevan, J. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic: A review on maritime sectors in Malaysia, Ocean Coast Manag 209(1 August 2021), pp.1-8
  • Millefiori, L. M., Braca, P., Zissis, D., Spiliopoulos, G., Marano, S., Willett, P. K., and Carniel, S. (2021). Covid-19 Impact on Global Maritime Mobility, arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.06960 pp.1-22
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., and Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review, Int J Surg 78(pp.185-193 OECD (2021). Peer Review of the Turkish Shipbuilding Industry. OECD. Paris, France: OECD
  • Özhan Doğan, S., Özcan, M., Özşahin, S., and Bayar, E. (2020). In new Ship Building; Review of Production Stages. In: 6th International Congress on Engineering, Architecture, and Design, Conference, Location, pp.434-439
  • Ozturk, O., and Turan, E. (2020). “Examination of the Impact of the Covid-19 Outbreak on Sea Freight Transportation”. 2nd International Symposium of Engineering Applications on Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences (IEACES), pp. 40-47
  • Reza, F., Kawsar, E., and Mahabub, T. B. (2020). Covid-19 impact and responses: Bangladesh. Build Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: B. Bangladesh
  • Sanmar, S. (2020). Covid-19 Measures at Sanmar Shipyards. [WWW] <URL: https://www.sanmar.com.tr/covid-19-measures-at-sanmar-shipyards/> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Sanmar, S. (2020). Sanmar delivers 30 tugs during a challenging year. [WWW] <URL: https://www.sanmar.com.tr/sanmar-delivers-30-tugs-during-challenging-year/> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Sarkis, J., Cohen, M. J., Dewick, P., and Schroder, P. (2020). A brave new world: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production, Resour Conserv Recycl 159(pp.104894
  • Stopford, M. (2020). Coronavirus, Climate Change & Smart Shipping Three Maritime Scenarios 2020-2050.
  • Seatrade Maritime. London, England: S. Maritime
  • Tersan, S. (2020). A Successful Delivery Despite the COVID-19 Challenging Days NB1091 CALVERT. [WWW] <URL: https://tersanshipyard.com/en/news/a-successful-delivery-despite-the-covid-19-challenging-days-nb1091-calvert> [Accessed 07/08/2021.]
  • UNCTAD. (2020). How countries can leverage trade facilitation to defeat the Covid-19 pandemic.
  • In Proceedings of the United Nation Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • VanGrasstek, C., and Shepherd, B. (2021). Protectionism in Maritime Economies Study Summary Report. International Chamber of Shipping. London, England: M. Publications
  • WHO (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. [WWW] <URL: [Accessed
  • Xu, J. J., Yip, T. L., and Liu, L. (2008). Dynamic Interrelationships between Sea Freight and Shipbuilding Markets. In: International Forum on Shipping, Ports, and Airports, IFSPA 2008 - Trade-Based Global Supply Chain and Transport Logistics Hubs: Trends and Future Development, Conference, Location, pp.480-494
  • Yay, S. M. (2020). Covid-19 Safety at Mengi Yay. [WWW] <URL: https://www.mengiyay.com/covid-19-safety-at-mengi-yay-news> [Accessed 08/08/2021.]
  • Yazir, D., Sahin, B., Yip, T. L., and Tseng, P. H. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on the maritime industry: a review, Int Marit Health 71(4), pp.253-264
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Tantan 0000-0002-1315-4653

Hatice Camgöz Akdağ 0000-0002-9818-6012

Mehtap Karahallı Özdemir 0000-0003-3574-1733

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 222

Kaynak Göster

APA Tantan, M., Camgöz Akdağ, H., & Karahallı Özdemir, M. (2023). Turkish Shipyards During COVID-19 Pandemic. Gemi Ve Deniz Teknolojisi(222), 231-250. https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1208340