İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü

Nihal Topal; Hatice Odacı; Şükrü Özer

doi:10.17152/gefad.1140695

EN TR

Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Loneliness as a Mediator

Öz

In this study, the role of loneliness as a mediator in the relationship between the levels of internet and smartphone addictions and psychological well-being of middle and high school students was examined. The study group consists of 538 secondary and high school students. Data were collected via Demographic Information Form, Young Internet Addiction Scale-SF, Smartphone Addiction Scale-SF, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Stirling Emotional and Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children. In the analysis of the data, pearson correlation and structural equation model (YEM) analysis techniques were used. According to the results of the correlation analysis, there are significant negative effects between psychological well-being and internet addiction, smartphone addiction and loneliness; significant positive effects between internet addiction and smartphone addiction and loneliness; and significant positive effects between smartphone addiction and loneliness. According to the results of the YEM analysis of model 1, where internet addiction is an exogenous variable, loneliness plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between internet addiction and psychological well-being. According to the analysis results of the 2nd model, where smartphone addiction is an external variable, it was determined that loneliness plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological well-being. The results were discussed in the light of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Internet addiction, Smartphone addiction, Loneliness, Psychological well-being

İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırmada ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinin internet ve akıllı telefon bağımlılık düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi oluşları arsındaki ilişkide yalnızlığın aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 538 ortaokul ve lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veriler; Demografik Bilgi Formu, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Kısa Formu, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği ve Stirling Çocuklar İçin Duygusal ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde pearson korelasyon ve yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM) analiz tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucuna göre, psikolojik iyi oluş ile internet bağımlılığı, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık arasında negatif yönde; internet bağımlılığı ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık arasında ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile yalnızlık arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler vardır. İnternet bağımlılığının dışsal değişken olduğu 1. modelin YEM analizi sonucuna göre internet bağımlılığı ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide yalnızlık kısmi aracı rol üstlenmektedir. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığının dışsal değişken olduğu 2. modelin analiz sonuçlarına göre yalnızlığın akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, İnternet bağımlılığı, Akıllı telefon bsağımlılığı, Yalnızlık, Psikolojik iyi oluş

Kaynakça

Aker, S., Sahin, M. K., Sezgin, S. ve Oğuz, G. (2017). Psychosocial factors affecting smartphone addiction in university students. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 28(4), 215–219. doi:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000197.
Akın, A., Yılmaz, S., Özen, Y., Raba, S. ve Özhan, Y. (2016). Stirling çocuklar için duygusal ve psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. V. Sakarya’da Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, bildiri kitabı içinde (ss.74-79). Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları.
Bal, P. N. ve Turan, E. (2022). İnternet kullanımının yalnızlık durumu açısından incelenmesi. Socrates Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 14, 162-178.
Bener, A., Yildirim, E., Torun, P., Çatan, F., Bolat, E., Alıç, S., … Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Internet addiction, fatigue, and sleep problems among adolescent students: a large-scale study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,17(4), 959-969. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9937-1
Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for the DSM-V: Internet addiction. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 306-307. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101556
Bozoğlan, B. ve Demirer, V. (2016). The association between internet addiction and psychosocial variables. In Information Resources Management Association, Psychology and mental health: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications, 1333–1347. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0159-6.ch057
Bozoğlan, B., Demirer, V. ve Şahin, I. (2013). Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of internet addiction: A cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 313–319. doi:10.1111/sjop.12049
Bu, F., Steptoe, A. ve Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31–34. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036
Cacioppo, J. T. ve Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. W. W. Norton & Co.
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. doi:10.1177/1745691615570616

Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C. ve Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
Cangöl, E. ve Sögüt, S. (2021) The relationshıp between smartphone addiction, psychological well-being and anxiety in midwifery students receiving distance education. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 6(3), 296-307. doi:10.33457/ijhsrp.988813
Caplan, S. E. (2005). A social skill account of problematic internet use. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 721–736.
Caplan, S. E., Williams, D. ve Yee, N. (2009). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6), 1312–1319. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006
Cash, H., D. Rae, C., H. Steel, A. ve Winkler, A. (2012). Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 292–298. doi:10.2174/157340012803520513
Chen, H. T. ve Li, X. (2017). The contribution of mobile social media to social capital and psychological well-being: Examining the role of communicative use, friending and self-disclosure. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 958-965. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.011
Chen, C. Y., Chen, I. H., Hou, W. L., Potenza, M. N., O’Brien, K. S., Lin, C. Y. ve Latner, J. D. (2022). The relationship between children's problematic internet-related behaviors and psychological distress during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 16(2), e73. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000845
Chiao, C., Chen, Y. H. ve Yi, C. C. (2019). Loneliness in young adulthood: Its intersecting forms and its association with psychological well-being and family characteristics in Northern Taiwan. PLoS ONE 14(5), e0217777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021777
Choi, M. ve Choung, H. (2021). Mediated communication matters during the COVID-19 pandemic: The use of interpersonal and masspersonal media and psychological well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(8), 2397-2418. doi:10.1177/02654075211029378
Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Ahn, H., Choi, E. J., Song, W. Y., … Youn, H. (2015). Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and internet addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 308–314. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.043
Cooper, K., Hards, E., Moltrecht, B., Reynolds, S., Shum, A., McElroy, E. ve Loades, M. (2021). Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 289, 98–104. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.016
Courtney, D., Watson, P., Battaglia, M., Mulsant, B. H. ve Szatmari, P. (2020). COVID-19 impacts on child and youth anxiety and depression: Challenges and opportunities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(10), 1-4. doi:10.1177/0706743720935646
Coşkun, S. ve Saray Kılıç, H. (2022). Relationship of adolescents' internet and smartphone addiction with loneliness, sleep quality and academic achievement levels. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(4), 511-521.
Creese, B., Khan, Z., Henley, W., O’Dwyer, S., Corbett, A., Vasconcelos Da Silva, M., … Ballard, C. (2020). Loneliness, physical activity, and mental health during COVID-19: A longitudinal analysis of depression and anxiety in adults over the age of 50 between 2015 and 2020. International Psychogeriatrics, 33(5), 505–514. doi:10.1017/s1041610220004135
Çetin-Dağlı, M. ve Gündüz, B. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yalnızlık ve psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde problemli internet kullanımının aracı rolü. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 339-357.
Darlington, R. B. ve Hayes, A. F. (2017). Regression analysis and linear models: Concepts, applicati¬ons, and implementation. New York: The Guilford Press.
David, M. E. ve Roberts, J. A. (2021). Smartphone use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Social versus physical distancing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1034. doi:10.3390/ijerph18031034
Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
Deutrom, J., Katos, V. ve Ali, R. (2021). Loneliness, life satisfaction, problematic internet use and security behaviours: re-examining the relationships when working from home during COVID-19. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-15. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2021.1973107
Derevensky, J. L., Hayman, V. ve Lynette Gilbeau. (2019). Behavioral addictions. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 66(6), 1163–1182. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.008
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Durkee, T., Carli, V., Floderus, B., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Apter, A., … Wasserman, D. (2016). Pathological internet use and risk-behaviors among European adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 294. doi:10.3390/ijerph13030294
Eidi, A. ve Delam, H. (2020). Internet addiction is likely to increase in home quarantine caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System, 8(3), 142–143. doi:10.30476/jhsss.2020.87015.1104
Enez-Darcin, A., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O. ve Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520–525. doi:10.1080/0144929x.2016.1158319
Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., … Beutel, M. E. (2022). Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis.American Psychologist, 77(5), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001005
Faraci, P., Bottaro, R., Valenti, G. D. ve Craparo, G. (2022). Psychological well-being during the second wave of covıd-19 pandemic: the mediation role of generalized anxiety. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 695. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S354083
Fernandes, B., Biswas, U. N., Mansukhani, R. T., Casarín, A. V. ve Essau, C. A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de psicología clínica con niños y adolescentes, 7(3), 59-65. doi:10.21134/rpcna.2020.mon.2056
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th edition). London: Sage Publications.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. ve Hyun, H. H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th edition). New York: Mc Graw Hill Education.
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J. ve Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415–421. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
Gentzler, A. L., DeLong, K. L., Palmer, C. A. ve Huta, V. (2021). Hedonic and eudaimonic motives to pursue well-being in three samples of youth. Motivation and Emotion, 45(3), 312–326. doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09882-6
Gökçearslan, Ş., Yıldız-Durak, H., Berikan, B. ve Sarıtepeci, M. (2021). Smartphone addiction, loneliness, narcissistic personality, and family belonging among university students: A path analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 102(4), 1743-1760. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12949
Gökler, M. E. ve Turan, Ş. (2020). Covıd-19 pandemisi sürecinde problemli teknoloji kullanımı. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(COVID-19 Özel Sayısı),108-114.
Griffiths, M.D., Pontes, H.M. ve Kuss, D.J. (2016). Online addictions: Conceptualizations, debates and controversies. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(2), 151-164.
Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L. ve Moro, M. R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264.
Gürbüz, Ş. ve Şahin, F. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe-yöntem-analiz (2.baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis (7. bs.). Londra: Pearson Education.
Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T. ve Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299–307. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, mode¬ration, and conditional process analysis: A reg¬ression-based approach (2.baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hays, R. D. ve DiMatteo M. R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69-81. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6
Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T. ve Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social ısolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M.R. (2008) Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Horwood, S. ve Anglim, J. (2018). Personality and problematic smartphone use: A facet-level analysis using the Five Factor Model and HEXACO frameworks. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 349–359. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.013
Hu, Z. ve Xiang, Y. (2022). Who is the chief culprit, loneliness, or smartphone Addiction? Evidence from longitudinal study and weekly diary method. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00892-0
Huebner, E. S., Suldo, S. M., Smith, L. C. ve McKnight, C. G. (2004). Life satisfaction in children and youth: Empirical foundations and implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 41(1), 81–93. doi:10.1002/pits.10140
Islam, M. S., Sujan, M. S. H., Tasnim, R., Mohona, R. A., Ferdous, M. Z., Kamruzzaman, S., ... Pontes, H. M. (2021). Problematic smartphone and social media use among Bangladeshi college and university students amid COVID-19: The role of psychological well-being and pandemic related factors. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 647386. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647386
Kamaşak, T., Topbaş, M., Özen, N., Esenülkü, G., Yıldız, N., Şahin, S., …Cansu, A. (2021). An investigation of changing attitudes and behaviors and problematic ınternet use in children aged 8 to 17 years during the covid-19 pandemic. Clinical Pediatrics, 61(2), 194-205. doi:10.1177/00099228211065842
Karakose, T., Ozdemir, T. Y., Papadakis, S., Yirci, R., Ozkayran, S. E. ve Polat, H. (2022). Investigating the relationships between covid-19 quality of life, loneliness, happiness, and internet addiction among K-12 teachers and school administrators-A structural squation modeling approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1052. doi:10.3390/ijerph19031052
Kayis, A. R., Satıcı, B., Deniz, M. E., Satıcı, S. A. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Fear of covid-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: A serial mediation model. Behaviour & Information Technology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2021.1933181
Khatcherian, E., Zullino, D., De Leo, D. ve Achab, S. (2022). Feelings of loneliness: Understanding the risk of suicidal ideation in adolescents with internet addiction. A theoretical model to answer to a systematic literature review, without results. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2012. doi:10.3390/ijerph19042012
Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C. ve Dailey, N. S. (2020). Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113117. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Billieux, J. ve Potenza, M. N. (2020). Problematic online gaming and the COVID19 pandemic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9(2), 184-186. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00016.
Klem, L. (2000). Structural equation modeling. L. Grimm ve P. Yarnold (Ed.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (Cilt 2). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3.bs). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kuss, D. J. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction: A review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528–3552. doi:10.3390/ijerph8093528
Kuss, D. J. ve Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 143-176. doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143
Kutlu, M., Savcı, M., Demir, Y. ve Aysan, F. (2016). Young internet bağımlılığı testi kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Üniversite öğrencileri ve ergenlerde geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(Ek.1), 69-76. doi:10.5455/apd.190501
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H. ve Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Landmann, H. ve Rohmann, A. (2021). When loneliness dimensions drift apart: Emotional, social and physical loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown and its associations with age, personality, stress and well-being. International Journal of Psychology, 57(1), 63-72. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12772
Lapierre, M. A., Zhao, P. ve Custer, B. E. (2019). Short-term longitudinal relationships between smartphone use/dependency and psychological well-being among late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 607-6012. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.06.
Latikka, R., Koivula, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N. ve Oksanen, A. (2022). Loneliness and psychological distress before and during the covid-19 pandemic: Relationships with social media identity bubbles. Social Science & Medicine, 293, 114674. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114674
Lee H., Ahn H., Choi S. ve Choi W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone addiction management system and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1-10. doi:10.1007/s10916-013-0001-1
Levine, M. P. (2012). Loneliness and eating disorders. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 243–257. doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.606435
Li, J., Zhan, D., Zhou, Y. ve Gao, X. (2021). Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control. Addictive behaviors, 118, 106857. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106857
Liddle, I. ve Carter, G.F.A. (2015). Emotional and psychological well-being in children: The development and validation of the Stirling children’s well-being scale. Educational Psychology in Practice, 31(2), 174-185.
Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K. ve Schoemann, A. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn't be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285-300.
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A. ve Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to covid-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908. doi:10.1037/amp0000690
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. ve Arseneault, L. (2017). Sleeping with one eye open: Loneliness and sleep quality in young adults. Psychological Medicine, 47(12), 2177–2186. doi:10.1017/s0033291717000629
McDool, E., Powell, P., Roberts, J. ve Taylor, K. (2020). The internet and children’s psychological wellbeing. Journal of Health Economics, 69, 102274. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.10227
Mistry, R., McCarthy, W. J., Yancey, A. K., Lu, Y. ve Patel, M. (2009). Resilience and patterns of health risk behaviors in California adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 48(3), 291–297. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.013
Milasauskiene, E., Burkauskas, J., Podlipskyte, A., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., Ambrasas, L. ve Steibliene, V. (2021). Compulsive internet use scale: psychometric properties and associations with sleeping patterns, mental health, and well-being in Lithuanian medical students during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, 685137. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685137
Mok, J. Y., Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Lee, J., Ahn, H., … Song, W. Y. (2014). Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 817–827. doi:10.2147/NDT.S59293
Montag, C., Błaszkiewicz, K., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Andone, I., Trendafilov, B., ... Markowetz, A. (2015). Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp? BMC research notes, 8(1), 1-6. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1280-z
Moretta, T. ve Buodo, G. (2020). Problematic internet use and loneliness: How complex is the relationship? A short literature review. Current Addiction Reports, 7(2), 125–136. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00305-z
Odacı, H. ve Berber-Çelik, Ç. (2013). Who are problematic Internet users? An investigation of the correlations between problematic Internet use and shyness, loneliness, narcissism, aggression and self-perception. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2382–2387.
Odacı, H. ve Berber Çelik, Ç. (2017). Kendilik Algısı ve Saldırganlık Arasındaki İlişki: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7(4), 219-225.
Odacı, H. ve Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2017). Differences in problematic internet use based on depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(1), 41-61.
Ognibene, D., Fiore, V. G. ve Gu, X. (2019). Addiction beyond pharmacological effects: The role of environment complexity and bounded rationality. Neural Network Classes, 116, 269–78. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2019.04.022
Olgun Kaval, N., Görgü Akçay, N. S. ve Kılıç, G. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özellikleri, üstbiliş, internet kullanım fonksiyonu ve problemli internet kullanım özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(12), 167-202. doi:10.31461/ybpd.1193663
Oluwole, L. O., Obadeji, A. ve Dada, M. U. (2021). Surfing over masked distress: Internet addiction and psychological well-being among a population of medical students. Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior, 4(2), 56-61. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_76_20
Özer, Ş. ve Odacı, H. (2020). What are the relationship between problematic internet use and subjective well-being and self-esteem? Investigation of an adolescent sample. Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 1592-1604. doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.734492
Öztürk, F. O. ve Ayaz-Alkaya, S. (2021). Internet addiction and psychosocial problems among adolescents during the covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(6), 595–601. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.08.007
Panova, T. ve Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 1–8. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Haley, W. E. ve Chiriboga, D. A. (2012). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms among older korean americans: Do men and women differ? The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 193–201. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs062
Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C. ve Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1212–1223. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014
Peper, E. ve Harvey, R. (2018). Digital addiction: Increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 3-8. doi:10.15540/nr.5.1.3
Preacher, K. J. ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2001). To be happy or to be self-fulfilled: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In S. Fiske (Ed.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 52). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. doi:10.1159/000353263
Ryff C. D. (2017). Eudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: Recent findings and future directions. International Review of Economics, 64(2), 159–178. doi:10.1007/s12232-017-0277-4
Ryff, C. D. ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D. ve Singer, B. (1996). Psychological weil-being: meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23. doi:10.1159/000289026
Ryff, C. D. ve Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0 Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C. ve Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S55–S57. doi:10.1037/tra0000703
Sass, D. A. ve Smith, P. L. (2006). The effects of parceling unidimensional scales on structural parameter estimates in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 566-586.
Segrin, C. ve Taylor, M. (2007). Positive interpersonal relationships mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 637–646. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.01.017
Seki, T. ve Kurnaz, M. F. (2022). Bireylerin dijital bağımlılıkları ile yalnızlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Educational Academic Research, (45), 24-34 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/education/issue/71128/1141941
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K. ve Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293–311. doi:10.1080/03054980902934563
Siomos, K., Floros, G., Fisoun, V., Evaggelia, D., Farkonas, N., Sergentani, E., … Geroukalis, D. (2012). Evolution of internet addiction in Greek adolescent students over a two-year period: The impact of parental bonding. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(4), 211–219.
Smith, D., Leonis, T. ve Anandavalli, S. (2021) Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: Impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1898914
Şata, M. ve Karip, F. (2017). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeği-kısa versiyonu’nun ergenler için Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 6(4), 426–440. doi:https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.346614
Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2015). Using multivariate statistics (M. Baloğlu, Çev.) (6. bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Tan, Ç., Pamuk, M. ve Dönder, A. (2013). Loneliness and mobile phone. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 606–611. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.378Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Musumari, P. M., Thongpibul, K., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., … Kihara, M. (2019) Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLOS ONE 14(1), e0210294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210294
Tao, R., Huang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. ve Li, M. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction, 105(3), 556–564. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x
Tape, N., Branson, V., Dry, V. ve Turnbull, D. (2021). The impact of psychological well-being and ill-being on academic performance: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 38(2), 206-2014. doi:10.1080/20590776.2021.1986356
Toktaş, S. ve Demir, A. (2021). Covid-19 pandemisinde beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin yalnızlık ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 12-24. doi:10.52272/srad.1014995
Truc, T., Ho, Q., Nguyen, B. P., Ngoc, T., Be, N., Thuy, T., …, Mai, T. (2020). Facebook addiction disorder and sleep quality: Loneliness as a mediator. Psychology and Education, 57(7), 451-455.
Tuason, M. T., Güss, C. D. ve Boyd, L. (2021). Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PLOS ONE 16(3), 0248591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248591
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TÜİK]. (2021a). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (bt) kullanım araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p= Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437 adresinden erişilmiştir.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TÜİK]. (2021b). Çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132 adresinden erişilmiştir.
Underwood, H. ve Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their ımpact on primary relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(02), 127–140. doi:10.1375/bech.21.2.127.55422
Uyar, P. ve Özpulat, F. (2022). Covid-19 süreci ve hemşirelerde oluşturduğu yalnızlık. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu (SAK), 7(covid 19 ek sayısı), 134-144. doi:10.25279/sak.959670
Vahedi, Z. ve Saiphoo, A. (2018). The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Stress and Health, 34(3), 347–358. doi:10.1002/smi.2805
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being. American Journal of Epidemiology, 176(9), 777–784. doi:10.1093/aje/kws173
Van Roekel, E., Scholte, R. H., Verhagen, M., Goossens, L. ve Engels, R. C. (2010). Loneliness in adolescence: Gene x environment interactions involving the serotonin transporter gene. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 747-754.
Volkmer, S. A. ve Lermer, E. (2018). Unhappy and addicted to your phone? Higher mobile phone use is associated with lower well-being. Computers in Human Behavior.93, 210-218. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.015
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2016). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., … McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 55-64. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
Xu, X., Huebner, E. S. ve Tian, L. (2021). Co-developmental trajectories of specific anxiety symptoms from middle childhood to early adolescence: Associations with psychological well-being and academic achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(6), 1140–1156. doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01411-5
Yalçın, İ., Özkurt, B., Özmaden, M. ve Yağmur, R. (2020). Effect of smartphone addiction on loneliness levels and academic achievement of z generation. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(1), 208-214. doi:10.17220/ijpes.2020.01.017
Young, K. S. (1998a). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of ınternet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Young, K. S. (1998b). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Yıldız, M.A. ve Duy, M. (2014). Adaptation of the short-form of the UCLA loneliness scale to Turkish for the adolescents. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 194-203. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2014270302
Zhang, C., Ye, M., Fu, Y., Yang, M., Luo, F., Yuan, J. ve Tao, Q. (2020). The psychological ımpact of the Covid-19 pandemic on teenagers in China. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(6), 747–755. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08
Zhang, S., Tian, Y., Sui, Y., Zhang, D., Shi, J., Wang, P., … Si, Y. (2018). Relationships between social support, loneliness, and internet addiction in chinese postsecondary students: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01707
Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., … Chen, J. X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749-758. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Nihal Topal
0000-0001-6466-6651
Türkiye

Hatice Odacı
0000-0002-2080-6269
Türkiye

Şükrü Özer ^*
0000-0001-7714-9581
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

2 Eylül 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

4 Temmuz 2022

Kabul Tarihi

28 Haziran 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Cilt: 43 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1140695

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29CB82PC

APA

Topal, N., Odacı, H., & Özer, Ş. (2023). İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 601-639. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1140695

AMA

1.Topal N, Odacı H, Özer Ş. İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. GEFAD. 2023;43(2):601-639. doi:10.17152/gefad.1140695

Chicago

Topal, Nihal, Hatice Odacı, ve Şükrü Özer. 2023. “İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü”. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43 (2): 601-39. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1140695.

EndNote

Topal N, Odacı H, Özer Ş (01 Eylül 2023) İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43 2 601–639.

IEEE

[1]N. Topal, H. Odacı, ve Ş. Özer, “İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü”, GEFAD, c. 43, sy 2, ss. 601–639, Eyl. 2023, doi: 10.17152/gefad.1140695.

ISNAD

Topal, Nihal - Odacı, Hatice - Özer, Şükrü. “İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü”. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43/2 (01 Eylül 2023): 601-639. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1140695.

JAMA

1.Topal N, Odacı H, Özer Ş. İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. GEFAD. 2023;43:601–639.

MLA

Topal, Nihal, vd. “İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü”. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 43, sy 2, Eylül 2023, ss. 601-39, doi:10.17152/gefad.1140695.

Vancouver

1.Nihal Topal, Hatice Odacı, Şükrü Özer. İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü. GEFAD. 01 Eylül 2023;43(2):601-39. doi:10.17152/gefad.1140695

The role of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation in the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing in adolescents: three-wave longitudinal serial mediation study

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-025-02405-8

Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction, Trait Anxiety, Mental Well-Being, and Self-Regulation Skills in Adolescents

Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1706780

Müzik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi ve İnternet Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Journal of Global Sport and Education Research

https://doi.org/10.55142/jogser.1804425

Psychological Well-Being in Social Media Ads’ Effect on Hedonic and Utilitarian Consumption: Mediator and Moderator Effect Analysis

Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1743779

Short Video Addiction and Life Satisfaction: Sequential Longitudinal Pathways via Loneliness and Anxiety

The Journal of Psychology

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2026.2642128

İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü

Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Loneliness as a Mediator

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

Cited By

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHUBBING AND PERSONALITY TYPES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Rumination and Social Media Addiction Relationship: The Role of Loneliness and Happiness

Lise Öğrencilerinin Problemli İnternet Kullanımı ile Karakter Güçleri ve Akademik Başarı Arasındaki İlişki

The role of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation in the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing in adolescents: three-wave longitudinal serial mediation study

Examining the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction, Trait Anxiety, Mental Well-Being, and Self-Regulation Skills in Adolescents

Müzik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi ve İnternet Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Psychological Well-Being in Social Media Ads’ Effect on Hedonic and Utilitarian Consumption: Mediator and Moderator Effect Analysis

Short Video Addiction and Life Satisfaction: Sequential Longitudinal Pathways via Loneliness and Anxiety