Nonverbal Cues in the Oral Presentations of the Freshman Trainee Teachers of English at Gazi University

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, - 1, 01.03.2008

Cemal Çakır

Öz

Oral presentation is one of the basic activities for the students of the English Language Teaching Programs to practice speaking in English. The criteria to evaluate oral presentations should include both verbal and nonverbal elements since the latter is as important as the former. When Gazi University English Language Teaching Program freshman students\' nonverbal cues, gazing, and look-away behaviour were investigated, the students were found to have various effectiveness levels in using nonverbal cues. Of 207 students, only 32 presenters (15.5%) displayed no look-away behavior whereas 175 looked away in various directions and focal points. Suggestions were made for students to deal with their look-away behaviours in oral presentations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

English Language Teaching, Oral Presentations, Nonverbal Cues, Eye Contact

Gazi Üniversitesi İngilizce Öğretmenliği Programı Birinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Sözlü Sunumlarındaki Sözsel Olmayan Öğeler

Öz

Sözlü sunumlar, İngilizce Öğretmenliği Programı öğrencilerinin İngilizce konuşmaları için kullanılan temel etkinliklerden biridir. Sözlü sunumları değerlendirme ölçütleri sözsel olmayan öğeleri de kapsamalıdır, çünkü onlar da en az sözsel öğeler kadar önemlidir. Gazi Üniversitesi İngilizce Öğretmenliği Programı birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sözsel olmayan öğeleri, bakışları ve göz kaçırma davranışları incelendiğinde, sözsel olmayan öğeleri kullanmada öğrencilerin farklı etkinlik düzeylerine sahip oldukları bulunmuştur. 207 öğrenciden yalnızca 32 kişinin (%15.5) etkili göz teması sağladığı, buna karşın 175 kişinin (%84.5) farklı doğrultularda gözlerini kaçırdıkları tespit edilmiştir. Sözlü sunumlardaki göz kaçırma davranışıOral presentation is one of the basic activities for the students of the English Language Teaching Programs to practice speaking in English. The criteria to evaluate oral presentations should include both verbal and nonverbal elements since the latter is as important as the former. When Gazi University English Language Teaching Program freshman students\' nonverbal cues, gazing, and look-away behaviour were investigated, the students were found to have various effectiveness levels in using nonverbal cues. Of 207 students, only 32 presenters (15.5%) displayed no look-away behavior whereas 175 looked away in various directions and focal points. Suggestions were made for students to deal with their look-away behaviours in oral presentations.İngilizce Öğretimi, Sözlü Sunumlar, Sözsel Olmayan Öğeler, Göz TemasıEnglish Language Teaching, Oral Presentations, Nonverbal Cues, Eye Contact Tam Metin Arşiv Yıl :2014 Cilt :34 No:2Yıl :2014 Cilt :34 No:1Yıl :2013 Cilt :33 No:3Yıl :2013 Cilt :33 No:2Yıl :2013 Cilt :33 No:1Yıl :2012 Cilt :32 No:3Yıl :2012 Cilt :32 No:2Yıl :2012 Cilt :32 No:1Yıl :2011 Cilt :31 No:3Yıl :2011 Cilt :31 No:2Yıl :2011 Cilt :31 No:1Yıl :2010 Cilt :30 No:3Yıl :2010 Cilt :30 No:2Yıl :2010 Cilt :30 No:1Yıl :2009 Cilt :29 No:3Yıl :2009 Cilt :29 No:2Yıl :2009 Cilt :29 No:1Yıl :2008 Cilt :28 No:3Yıl :2008 Cilt :28 No:2Yıl :2008 Cilt :28 No:1Yıl :2007 Cilt :27 No:3Yıl :2007 Cilt :27 No:2Yıl :2007 Cilt :27 No:1Yıl :2006 Cilt :26 No:3Yıl :2006 Cilt :26 No:2Yıl :2006 Cilt :26 No:1Yıl :2005 Cilt :25 No:3Yıl :2005 Cilt :25 No:2Yıl :2005 Cilt :25 No:1Yıl :2004 Cilt :24 No:3Yıl :2004 Cilt :24 No:2Yıl :2004 Cilt :24 No:1Yıl :2003 Cilt :23 No:3Yıl :2003 Cilt :23 No:2Yıl :2003 Cilt :23 No:1Yıl :2002 Cilt :22 No:3Yıl :2002 Cilt :22 No:2Yıl :2002 Cilt :22 No:1Yıl :2001 Cilt :21 No:3Yıl :2001 Cilt :21 No:2Yıl :2001 Cilt :21 No:1

Anahtar Kelimeler

İngilizce Öğretimi, Sözlü Sunumlar, Sözsel Olmayan Öğeler, Göz Teması

Kaynakça

• Akar, H. (2001). Can Oral Presentation Skills Be an Alternative? Yayımlandığı Kitap G. Durmuşoğlu-Köse (Editör), Proceedings of the 5th International INGED-Anadolu ELT Conference, November 15-17, 2001. İstanbul: Longman.
• Borg, J. (2004). Persuasion: The Art of Influencing People. UK: Pearson Educated Limited.
• Boyle, R. (1996). Modelling Oral Presentations. ELT Journal, Volume 50/2, 115-126.
• Coupland, J., ve Gwyn, R. (Eds.). (2003). Discourse, the Body, and the Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Çekiçoğlu, Y. A., ve Kutevu, E. (2003). Oral Assessment: A Part of the Daily Classroom. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. Phillps (Editör), Proceedings of the 8th Bilkent University School of English Language International ELT Conference, 23-25 January 2003, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Davidson, P., ve Hobbs, A. (2003). Using Academic Discussions to Assess Higher Order Speaking Skills. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. Phillps (Editör), Proceedings of the 8th Bilkent University School of English Language International ELT Conference, 23- 25 January 2003, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Dittmann, A. T. (1974). The Body Movement-Speech Rhythm Relationship as a Cue to Speech Encoding. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. Meitz (Editör), Nonverbal Communication: Readings with Commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Droney, J. M., ve Brooks, C. I. (1993). Attributions of Self-Esteem as a Function of Duration of Eye Contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(5), 715-722.
• Fast, J. (1970). Body Language. New York: M. Evans and Company, Inc.
• Gibbs, R. W. (1999). Intentions in The Experience of Meaning. Cambridge University Press.
• Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Goldman, M., ve Fordyce, J. (1983). Prosocial Behaviour As Affected by Eye Contact, Touch, and Voice Expression. The Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 125-129.
• Gray, M., ve Ferrell, A. (2003). Assessing Speaking: Uncovering the Hidden Criteria. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. Phillps (Editör), Proceedings of the 8th Bilkent University School of English Language International ELT Conference, 23-25 January 2003, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Hill, M., ve Storey, A. (2003). Speakeasy: Online Support for Oral Presentation Skills. ELT Journal, Volume 57/4, 370-376.
• Kendon, Adam. (1975). Introduction. Yayımlandığı Kitap A. Kendon, R. M. Harris, and M. R. Key (Editörler), Organization of Behavior in Face-to-Face Interaction. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
• Kendon, A. (1990). Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kendon, Adam. (2007). Origins of Modern Gesture Studies. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. D. Duncan, J. Cassell, ve E. T. Levy (Editörler). Gesture and the Dynamic Dimension of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Knapp, M. L., ve Hall, J. A. (2002). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
• Langan, A. M. et al. (2005). Peer Assessment of Oral Presentations: Effects of Student Gender, University Affiliation and Participation in the Development of Assessment Criteria. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 30, No. 1, 21-34.
• Loehr, D. P. (2004). Gesture and Intonation. Doktora Tezi. Georgetown University Washington, DC.
• Lord, C. (1974). The Perception of Eye Contact in Children and Adults. Child
• Development, 45, 1113-1117.
• McNeill, D. (1979). The Conceptual Basis of Language. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
• McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and Mind: What Do Gestures Reveal about Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.
• Mennim, P. (2003). Rehearsed Oral L2 Output and Reactive Focus on Form. ELT Journal, Volume 57/2, 130-138.
• Napieralski, L. P., Brooks, C. I., ve Droney, J. M. (1995). The Effect of Duration of Eye Contact on American College Students’ Attributions of State, Trait, and Test Anxiety. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(3), 273-280.
• Owens, R. E. (1988). Language Development: An Introduction. Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company.
• Pauley, A. (2006). Developing a Speaking Skills Program for Your Students. English in Aotearoa, July, 4-5.
• Pehlivanoğlu-Noyes, F., ve Alperer-Tatlı, S. (2006, Mayıs)). Standardization Issues in Assessing Academic Presentation Skills. 9. ODTÜ Uluslararası ELT Konferansında sunulmuş bildiri, ODTÜ, Ankara.
• Poyatos, F. (1975). Cross-Cultural Study of Paralinguistic “Alternants”. Yayımlandığı Kitap A. Kendon, R. M. Harris, and M. R. Key (Editörler), Organization of Behavior in Face-to-Face Interaction. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
• Reece, B. L., ve Brandt, R. (2006). Human Relations: Principles and Practices. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rime, B., ve McCusker, L. (1976). Visual Behaviour in Social Interaction: The Validity of Eye Contact Assessments under Different Conditions of Investigation. British Journal of Psychology, 67, 4, 507-514.
• Stam, G. (2007). Second Language Acquisition from a Mcneillian Perspective. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. D. Duncan, J. Cassell, ve E. T. Levy (Editörler). Gesture and the Dynamic Dimension of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Surratt, C. K. (2006). Instructional Design and Assessment: Creation of a Graduate Oral/Written Communication Skills Course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 70 (1), Article 05.
• Thayer, S., ve Schiff, W. (1975). Eye Contact, Facial Expression, and the Experience of Time.
• The Journal of Social Psychology, 95, 117-124.
• Ürkün, Z. (2003). A Model for Assessing Oral Presentations in an Academic Context. Yayımlandığı Kitap S. Phillps (Editör), Proceedings of the 8th Bilkent University School of English Language International ELT Conference, 23-25 January 2003, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.