Covid 19 Pandemisi ve Akademisyenler: Psikolojik Yansımalar ve Sosyal Yaşam Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 85 - 121, 28.04.2022

Hatice Odacı , Tuğba Türkkan , Kenan Bülbül

https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.988495

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada, tüm dünya ülkelerinin karşı karşıya kaldığı ve küresel bir sağlık acil durumu hâline gelen Covid-19 pandemisinin akademisyenler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Mevcut araştırma nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenolojik araştırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubunu 2020 yılı içerisinde Trabzon’da bir devlet üniversitesinde farklı kadrolarda görevlerini sürdürmekte olan 10 akademisyen oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile elde edilmiş, verilerin çözümlenmesinde ise içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde, akademisyenlerin başta kaygı ve korku olmak üzere çeşitli olumsuz duygular
deneyimledikleri; fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden çeşitli sorunlar yaşadıkları, bu süreçte yaşanan sorunlarla başa çıkabilmek için problem odaklı, duygu odaklı ve dini başa çıkma yöntemleri kullandıkları belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte akademisyenler pandemi sürecinde yaşanan zorluklara rağmen bu süreçte büyüme ve gelişim fırsatı da elde ettiklerini, yaşamın anlamını yeniden değerlendirdiklerini ve aile bağlarının güçlendiğini belirtmişlerdir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır. Mevcut çalışma bulgularının, beklenmedik ve bilinmeyen bir olgu olan Covid-19 pandemi krizinin psikolojik yansımalarının ve bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve psikolojik travmanın nasıl önleneceği konusundaki bilgilere katkı sağlayarak, etkili müdahaleler geliştirilmesine
yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid 19, Koronavirüs Pandemisi, Psikolojik Deneyimler, Psikososyal Güçlükler, Nitel Araştırma

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

The Covid 19 Pandemic and Academics: Psychological Reflections and Its Impact on Social Life

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the psychological effects of the covid-19 pandemic on academics, which is facing all countries of the world and has become a global health emergency. The current research was carried out with the phenomenological research method, one of the qualitative research designs. The working group was formed by 10 academicians who are working in different positions at a state university in Trabzon in 2020. The research data were obtained by semi-structured interview technique, and content analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result of the research, during the Covid-19 pandemic, it was found that academics experienced various negative emotions, especially anxiety and fear; also they experienced various physical, psychological and social problems, and it was determined that they used problemfocused, emotion-focused and religious coping methods to cope with the problems experienced in this process. However, academics stated that despite the difficulties experienced during the pandemic, they also had the opportunity to grow and develop, re-evaluate the meaning of life, and strengthen family ties. The findings obtained as a result of the study were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It is thought that the current study findings can help to develop effective interventions by contributing to a better understanding of the psychological reflections and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis which is an unexpected and unknown phenomenon, and its effects on individuals and how to prevent psychological trauma.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid 19, Coronavirus pandemic, Psychological experiences, Psychosocial difficulties, Qualitative research

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

• Alipour, F., Arshi, M., Ahmadi, S., LeBeau, R., Shaabani, A., & Ostadhashemi, L. (2020). Psychosocial challenges and concerns of COVID-19: A qualitative study in Iran. Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459320976752
• Aşkın, R., Bozkurt, Y., & Zeybek, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 37, 304-318.
• Aslani, Y., Niknejad, R., Moghimian, M., Maghaddasi, J., & Akbari, M. (2017). An investigation of the psychological experiences of patients under mechanical ventilation following open heart surgery. ARYA Atheroscler, 13(6), 274-281.
• Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020a). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 912–920.
• Brooks, S.K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. (2020b). Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: Rapid evidence review. Public Health, 189, 26-36.
• Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
• Cheng, V. C., Wong, S. C., Chuang, V. W., So, S. Y., Chen, J. H., Sridhar, S., To, K. K., Chan, J. F., Hung, I. F., Ho, P. L., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of infection, 81(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.024
• Çakır Kardeş, V. (2020). Pandemi süreci ve sonrası ruhsal ve davranışsal değerlendirme. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 4(2), 160-169.
• Dikmen, A.U., Kına, M., Özkan, S., & İlhan, M.N. (2020). COVID-19 epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden ne öğrendik. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research, 4, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.715153
• Ercan, M., & Arıcı, A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinin yaşlılar üzerindeki biyopsiko-sosyal etkileri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Journal of ADEM, 1(3), 5-22.
• Ergönen, A.T., Biçen, E., & Ersoy, G. (2020). Covid-19 salgınında ev içi şiddet. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1408.
• Farber, F., & Rosendahl, J. (2018). The Association between resilience and mental health in the somatically III: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Deutsches € Arzteblatt Int. 115(38), 621-627.
• Folkman S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 839–852. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.839
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
• Giurgescu, C., Penckofer, S., Maurer, M.C., & Fred, B.B. (2006). Impact of uncertainty, social support, and prenatal coping on the psychological well-being of highrisk pregnant women. Nursing Research, 55(5) 356–365.
• Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., ... & Zhong, N. S. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720.
• Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2020). Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 100– 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069
• Hatun, O., Dicle, A.N., & Demirci, İ. (2020). Koronavirüs salgınının psikolojik yansımaları ve salgınla başa çıkma. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 531-554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44364
• Holmes, E.A., O'Connor, R.C., Perry, V.H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C. L., Christensen, H., Silver, R. C., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., Worthman, C.M., Yardley, L., et al., (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
• Hong, X., Currier, G. W., Zhao, X., Jiang, Y., Zhou, W., & Wei, J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: a 4-year follow-up study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(6), 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008
• Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Red, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223),497–506.
• Husserl, E. (1960). Cartesian meditations: An introduction to phenomenology (D. Cairns, Trans.). Springer James, P.B., Wardle, J., Steel, A., & Adams, J. (2019). Post‐Ebola psychosocial experiences and coping mechanisms among Ebola survivors: A systematic review. Tropical Medicine International Health, 24 (6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13226.
• JAVA (2013). Declaration of Helsinki World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 373– 374.
• Kaplan, J., Frias, L., & McFall-Johnsen, M. (2020, April 13). A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown — Here’s our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdowncoronavirus-italy-2020- 3?IR=T.
• Kaya, B. (2020). Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23, 123- 124. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.64325.
• Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25, 79–93.
• Kırdar, Y., & Demir-Otay, F. (2007). Kriz iletişimi olarak internet: Kuş gribi krizi örneği. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.17064/iüifhd.13098
• Kim, H. C., Yoo, S. Y., Lee, B. H., Lee, S. H., & Shin, H. S. (2018). Psychiatric findings in suspected and confirmed middle east respiratory syndrome patients quarantined in hospital: A retrospective chart analysis. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(4), 355–360. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.10.25.1
• Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Chan, H., Yi, Y. Y., Tang, A., Wei, W. I., & Wong, S. (2020). Community responses during early phase of COVID-19 epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1575–1579. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200500
• Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K., Lau, E., Wong, J., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., Chen, Q., Li, D., Liu, T., Zhao, J., Liu, M., Tu, W., et. al. (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199–1207.
• Luyt, C. E., Combes, A., Becquemin, M. H., Beigelman-Aubry, C., Hatem, S., Brun, A.L., Zraik, N., Carrat, F., Grenier, P. A., Richard, J. M., Mercat, A., Brochard, L., Brun-Buisson, C., Chastre, J., & REVA Study Group (2012). Long-term outcomes of pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated severe ARDS. Chest, 142(3), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2196
• Main, A., Zhou, Q., Ma, Y., Luecken, L. J., & Liu, X. (2011). Relations of SARSrelated stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023632
• Mak, W.W.S., Law, R.W., Woo, J., Cheung, F.M. & Lee, D. (2009). Social support and psychological adjustment to SARS: the mediating role of self-care self-efficacy. Psychology Health, 24, 161–174.
• Matua, G. A., & Wal, D. M. V. der. (2015). Living under the constant threat of ebola. Journal of Nursing Research, 23(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000116
• Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T., Pham, K. M., Pham, L. V., Tran, K. V., Duong, T. T., Tran, T. V., Duong, T. H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. H., Hoang, T. M., Nguyen, K. T., Pham, T., Yang, S. H., Chao, J. C., & Duong, T. V. (2020). People with Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms Were More Likely Depressed and Had Lower Health-Related Quality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965
• Rhodes, K. V., Lauderdale, D. S., Stocking, C. B., Howes, D. S., Roizen, M. F., & Levinson, W. (2001). Better health while you wait: a controlled trial of a computer-based intervention for screening and health promotion in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 37(3), 284–291.https://doi.org/10.1067/mem.2001.110818
• Roberts, A.R., & Corcoran, J. (2000). Crisis intervention practices in social work. In: Meares P and Garvin C (eds), The Handbook Of Social Work Direct Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, pp. 327–348.
• Rothan, H.A. & Byrareddy, S.N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 102433.
• Sanders, J., Monogue, M., Jodlowski, T., & Cutrell, J. (2020). Pharmacologic treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA, 323(18), 1824- 1836. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019.
• Schwartz, J., King, C-C., & Yen, M-Y. (2020). Protecting health care workers during the Covıd-19 coronavirus outbreak–lessons from taiwan’s sars response. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 858-860.
• Shultz, J.M., Althouse, B. M., Baingana, F., Cooper, J. L., Espinola, M., Greene, M. C., et.al. (2016). Fear factor: The unseen perils of the Ebola outbreak. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 72(5), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2016.1216515.
• Smith, J. A. Flower, P., & Larkin, M. (2009), Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: Sage.
• Xiang, Y.T., Yang, Y., Li, W, Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Ng, C.H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229.
• Wang, C., Horby, P.W., Hayden, F.G., & Gao, G.F., (2020a). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet, 395, 470-473.
• Wang, W., Tang, J., & Wei, F. (2020b). Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology, 92, 441–447.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020c). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal Of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
• Waugh, C.E. (2013). The regulatory power of positive emotions in stress: a temporal functional approach. The Resilience Handbook: Approaches to Stress and Trauma. New York, NY: Routledge, pp.74–75. World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Reportt-22. Retriewed: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22- ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b1_2
• World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Retriewed: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
• Yüncü, V. & Yılan, Y. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin Sağlık Çalışanlarına Etkilerinin İncelenmesi: Bir Durum Analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Ek Sayı, 373-401.
• Zhou, X., Snoswell, C.L., Harding, L.E., Bambling, M., Edirippulige, S., Bai, X.,Anthony, C. S. (2020). The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and e-Health, 26(4), 377–379.