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Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Self-Forgiveness Dual Process Scale

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 43 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1110236

Öz

The present study aims to test the validity and reliability of the Self-Forgiveness Dual Process Scale on emerging adults in Turkey. A total of 317 undergraduate students were recruited in the first sample, of whom 134 (42.3%) were male, 183 (57.7%) were female, and the mean age was 22. The second sample consists of 129 (46.6%) males and 148 (53.4%) females, a total of 277 undergraduate students. The mean age was 21. Personal Information Form, the Short Version of the Scales of General Well-Being, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and the Self-Forgiveness Dual Process Scale were utilized to collect data. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to test the factor structure of the Self-Forgiveness Dual Process Scale. Analysis revealed that the two-factor structure was confirmed in university students in Turkish culture. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was found as Cronbach α = .76 for the Value Reorientation subscale and as Cronbach α = .87 for Esteem Restoration subscale. The analyses regarding the criterion validity revealed that both subscales have significant positive correlations with general well-being and self-forgiveness.

Kaynakça

  • Asıcı, E. ve Karaca, R. (2018). Ergenler için Affetme Ölçeği (EAÖ): Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Electronic Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 13(11), 205–228. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.13144
  • Balkin, R. S., Harris, N. A., Freeman, S. J., & Huntington, S. (2014). The forgiveness reconciliation inventory: An instrument to process through issues of forgiveness and conflict. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 3–13. Doi: 10.1177/0748175613497037
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gerwirtz (Ed.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 45–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119. Doi: 10.1080/0305724022014322
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Jr., O’Connor, L., Parrott, L., III., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183–225. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Bugay, A., Demir, A., & Delevi, R. (2012). Assessment of reliability and validity of the turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 575–584. Doi: 10.2466%2F08.21.PR0.111.5.575-584
  • Carlisle, R. D., Tsang, J., Ahmad, N. Y., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Witvliet, C. V. O., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Do actions speak louder than words? Differential effects of restitution and apology on behavioral and self-reported forgiveness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 294–305. Doi: 10.1080/17439760.2012.690444
  • Compton, W. C., & Hoffman, E. (2013). Positive psychology: The science of happiness and flourishing. Belmont: Wadsworth
  • Çelik, S. B., & Serter, G. Ö. (2017). The role of forgiveness on subjective well-being of university students in their romantic relationships. International Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3990–4001. Doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4874
  • Çolak, T. S. (2014). Logoterapi yönelimli grupla psikolojik danışmanın affetme esnekliği kazandırma üzerindeki etkisi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
  • Datu, J. A. D. (2014). Forgiveness, gratitude and subjective well-being among Filipino adolescents. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(3), 262–273. Doi: 10.1007/s10447-013-9205-9
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 280–288. Doi: 10.1037/cou0000054
  • Durmuş, E. ve Manap, A. (2018). Evlilikte bağışlama ölçeği-olay: türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2033–2049. Doi: 10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-504877
  • Elliot, B. (2015). Forgiveness ınterventions to promote physical health. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington & D. R. Williams (Ed.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 271–285). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Emmons, R. A., (2005). Emotion and religion. In R. F., Paloutzian & C. L. Park, (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 235–252.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & Coyle, C. T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139–161). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Counseling & Values, 40(2), 107–127. Doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
  • Enright, R. D., & Rique, J. (2004). The Enright Forgiveness Inventory: Sampler set, manual, instrument, and scoring guide. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
  • Erkan, Z. (2015). Adaptation of the marital offence-specific forgiveness scale for use in a turkish cultural context. Social Behavior and Personality, 43(7), 1057–1070. Doi: 10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1057
  • Ersanlı, K., & Vural Batık, M. (2015). Development of the forgiveness scale: a study of reliability and validity. Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(7), 19–32. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.8201
  • Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894–912. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
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Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 43 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1110236

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeği’nin genç yetişkinler üzerinde geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Araştırmanın birinci çalışma grubunu 134’ü (%42.3) erkek, 183’ü ise (%57.7) kadın ve yaş ortalaması 22 olarak hesaplanan toplam 317 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın ikinci çalışma grubunu ise 129’u (%46.6) erkek, 148’i (%53.4) kadın toplam 277 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 21 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeği, Genel İyi Oluş Ölçeği Kısa Formu ve Heartland Affetme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısını test edebilmek için Dorulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler iki faktörlü yapının Türk kültüründe bulunan üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde doğrulandığını ortaya koymuştur. İç tutarlık güvenirliği katsayısı Pozitif Değere Yeniden Yönelim alt boyutu için Cronbach α = .76 ve Kişisel Saygının Yenilenmesi alt boyutu için Cronbach α = .87 olarak bulunmuştur. Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeği’nin ölçüt bağlantılı geçerlik çalışmasının test edilmesi için yürütülen analizler sonucunda ölçeğin her iki boyutundan elde edilen puanlar ile bireylerin genel iyi oluş ve kendini affetme eğilim puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönde ve anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Asıcı, E. ve Karaca, R. (2018). Ergenler için Affetme Ölçeği (EAÖ): Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Electronic Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 13(11), 205–228. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.13144
  • Balkin, R. S., Harris, N. A., Freeman, S. J., & Huntington, S. (2014). The forgiveness reconciliation inventory: An instrument to process through issues of forgiveness and conflict. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 3–13. Doi: 10.1177/0748175613497037
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gerwirtz (Ed.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 45–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119. Doi: 10.1080/0305724022014322
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Jr., O’Connor, L., Parrott, L., III., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183–225. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Bugay, A., Demir, A., & Delevi, R. (2012). Assessment of reliability and validity of the turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 575–584. Doi: 10.2466%2F08.21.PR0.111.5.575-584
  • Carlisle, R. D., Tsang, J., Ahmad, N. Y., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Witvliet, C. V. O., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Do actions speak louder than words? Differential effects of restitution and apology on behavioral and self-reported forgiveness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 294–305. Doi: 10.1080/17439760.2012.690444
  • Compton, W. C., & Hoffman, E. (2013). Positive psychology: The science of happiness and flourishing. Belmont: Wadsworth
  • Çelik, S. B., & Serter, G. Ö. (2017). The role of forgiveness on subjective well-being of university students in their romantic relationships. International Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3990–4001. Doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4874
  • Çolak, T. S. (2014). Logoterapi yönelimli grupla psikolojik danışmanın affetme esnekliği kazandırma üzerindeki etkisi. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
  • Datu, J. A. D. (2014). Forgiveness, gratitude and subjective well-being among Filipino adolescents. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(3), 262–273. Doi: 10.1007/s10447-013-9205-9
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 280–288. Doi: 10.1037/cou0000054
  • Durmuş, E. ve Manap, A. (2018). Evlilikte bağışlama ölçeği-olay: türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2033–2049. Doi: 10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-504877
  • Elliot, B. (2015). Forgiveness ınterventions to promote physical health. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington & D. R. Williams (Ed.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 271–285). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Emmons, R. A., (2005). Emotion and religion. In R. F., Paloutzian & C. L. Park, (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 235–252.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & Coyle, C. T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139–161). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Counseling & Values, 40(2), 107–127. Doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
  • Enright, R. D., & Rique, J. (2004). The Enright Forgiveness Inventory: Sampler set, manual, instrument, and scoring guide. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
  • Erkan, Z. (2015). Adaptation of the marital offence-specific forgiveness scale for use in a turkish cultural context. Social Behavior and Personality, 43(7), 1057–1070. Doi: 10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1057
  • Ersanlı, K., & Vural Batık, M. (2015). Development of the forgiveness scale: a study of reliability and validity. Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(7), 19–32. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.8201
  • Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894–912. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
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  • Kato, T. (2016). Effects of partner forgiveness on romantic break-ups in dating relationships: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 185–189. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.050
  • Kaya, Ö. S. (2019). Kişilerarası ilişkilerde affetme ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İlkogretim Online, 18(3), 1244–1259. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.611538
  • Kim, J. J., Volk, F., & Enright, R. D. (2021). Validating the enright self-forgiveness ınventory (ESFI). Current Psychology. Doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01248-4
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  • Longo, Y., Coyne, I., & Joseph, S. (2018). Development of the short version of the scales of general well-being: The 14-item SGWB. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 31–34. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.042
  • Mauger, P. A., Perry, J. E., Freeman, T., Grove, D. C., McBride, A. G., & McKinney, K. E. (1992). The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11(2), 170–180.
  • McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: theory, measurement and links to wellbeing. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43–55. Doi: 10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
  • McCullough, M. E., Bono, G., & Root, L. M. (2005). Religion and forgiveness. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 394–411). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • McCullough, M. E., & Witvliet, C., V. (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 465–477). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiveness in close relationships II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
  • Menahem, S., & Love, M. (2013). Forgiveness in psychotherapy: The key to healing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 829–835. Doi: 10.1002/jclp.22018
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  • Pollard, M. W., Anderson, R. A., Anderson, W. T., & Jennings, G. (1998). The development of a family forgiveness scale. Journal of Family Therapy, 20(1), 95–109. Doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00070
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  • Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20, 260–277. Doi: 10.1007/s12144-001-1011-6
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  • Serter, G. Ö. (2018). Üniversite öğrenimi gören öğrencilerin algıladıkları duygusal istismar ile affetme ve öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1465–1484. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.14171
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  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
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  • Wohl, M. J. A., DeShea, L., & Wahkinney, R. L. (2008). Looking within: measuring state self-forgiveness and its relationship to psychological well-being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 40(1), 1–10. Doi: 10.1037/0008-400x.40.1.1.1
  • Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2013). Self-forgiveness and restoration of an offender following an interpersonal transgression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 225–259. Doi: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.2.225
  • Worthington, E., L., Griffin, B. J., & Provencher, C. (2018). Forgiveness. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Subjective well being and life satısfaction (pp. 148–167). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. N., Utsey, S. O., Williams, J. K., & Neil, R. L. (2007, October). Decisional and emotional forgiveness. Paper presented at the Positive Psychology Summit, Washington, DC, October 5, 2007.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Lavelock, C., vanOyen Witvliet, C., Rye, M. S., Tsang, J.-A., & Toussaint, L. (2015). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474–502). Elsevier Academic Press. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00017-6
  • Yurdugül, H. ve Alsancak Sırakaya, D. (2013). Çevrimiçi öğrenme hazır bulunuşluluk ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(169), 391–406. http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/2420
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Feridun Kaya 0000-0001-9549-6691

Hatice Odacı 0000-0002-2080-6269

Fatih Aydın 0000-0002-7399-1525

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 43 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, F., Odacı, H., & Aydın, F. (2023). Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1110236
AMA Kaya F, Odacı H, Aydın F. Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*. GEFAD. Nisan 2023;43(1):1-29. doi:10.17152/gefad.1110236
Chicago Kaya, Feridun, Hatice Odacı, ve Fatih Aydın. “Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*”. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43, sy. 1 (Nisan 2023): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1110236.
EndNote Kaya F, Odacı H, Aydın F (01 Nisan 2023) Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43 1 1–29.
IEEE F. Kaya, H. Odacı, ve F. Aydın, “Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*”, GEFAD, c. 43, sy. 1, ss. 1–29, 2023, doi: 10.17152/gefad.1110236.
ISNAD Kaya, Feridun vd. “Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*”. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 43/1 (Nisan 2023), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1110236.
JAMA Kaya F, Odacı H, Aydın F. Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*. GEFAD. 2023;43:1–29.
MLA Kaya, Feridun vd. “Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*”. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 43, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 1-29, doi:10.17152/gefad.1110236.
Vancouver Kaya F, Odacı H, Aydın F. Kendini Affetme İkili Süreç Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Test Edilmesi*. GEFAD. 2023;43(1):1-29.