BİLİNÇ SORUNSALININ ÖZDEN OLUŞ YASASIYLA ANALİZİ

Öz

İnsanlık kadar eski olan Mistik ve Psikedelik Deneyimlerin doğasına uygun bir şekilde incelenmesi, yalnızca evreni anlamak için değil, ona anlam kazandırmak için de kapılar açabilir. Bilincin kaynağı sorununun çözümü için özel bilinç durumları yaratan bu durumların felsefi analizi önemlidir. Çünkü herhangi bir sorunun çözümünde rutinin dışına çıkan istisnai durumlar, sorunun çözümüne yönelik önemli ipuçları içerebilmektedir. Bu temel mantıktan yola çıkarak başladığım bu çalışma, bilinç sorununun çözümünün ötesine geçerek ontolojinin en temel sorularını yanıtlamaya yönelmiştir. Giriş bölümünde, psychedelic ve beyin entropisi üzerine yapılan bilimsel çalışmaları içeren Mistik ve Psychedelic Deneyimler konusuyla ilgili kısa genel bakışlara yer veriyorum. Bir sonraki bölümde canlılardaki bilinç düzeyleriyle ilgili bilimsel çalışmaları ve felsefi tezleri değerlendirerek bilinç sorununu çözmeye yönelik bütüncül bir felsefeye ulaşmaya çalışacağım. Son bölümde ise insanlık tarihi boyunca mistik-felsefi-dini disiplinlerin geliştirdiği bazı cevapları inceleyeceğim ve bir önceki bölümde temel aldığım bütünsel felsefeyi daha da olgunlaştıracağım.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bilinç
• mistik deneyimler
• dinler tarihi
• taoizm
• islam

ANALYZİNG THE PROBLEM OF CONSCİOUSNESS THROUGH THE LENS OF THE LAW OF EMERGENCE FROM ESSENCE

Öz

Examining Mystical and Psychedelic Experiences, as old as humanity itself, in a manner consistent with their nature, can open doors not only for understanding the universe but also for giving it meaning. The philosophical analysis of these states, which create special states of consciousness for solving the problem of the source of consciousness, is important. Because exceptional situations that go beyond routine in solving any problem may contain important clues for the solution of the problem. This study, which I started based on this basic logic, has gone beyond the solution of the problem of consciousness and directed towards answering the most fundamental questions of ontology. In the introduction section, I provide brief overviews related to the topic of Mystical and Psychedelic Experiences, including scientific studies on psychedelics and brain entropy. In the next chapter, I will attempt to reach a holistic philosophy to solve the problem of consciousness by evaluating scientific studies and philosophical theses about the levels of consciousness in living things. In the last chapter, I will examine some of the answers developed by mystical-philosophical-religious disciplines throughout human history and I will further mature the holistic philosophy that I based on in the previous chapter.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• consciousness
• mystical experiences
• history of religions
• taoism
• islam

Kaynakça

1. Amada, N., Lea, T., Letheby, C., & Shane, J. (2020). Psychedelic experience and the narrative self: an exploratory qualitative study. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 27(9-10), 6-33.
2. Athéa H. (2023) How does psychedelic therapy work?, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2260422
3. Baluška, F., & Reber, A. S. (2019) Sentience and Consciousness in Single Cells: How the first Minds Emerged in Unicellular Species, BioEssays March March, 41(3), e1800229. Epub 2019 Feb 4. PMID: 30714631. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201800229
4. Baluška, F., & Reber, A. S. (2020). The Biomolecular Basis for Plant and Animal Sentience: Senomic and Ephaptic Principles of Cellular Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 28, 34–59.
5. Baluška, F., Yokawa, K., Mancuso, S., & Baverstock, K. (2016). Understanding Anesthesia − Why Consciousness is Essential for Life and Not Based on Genes. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 9(6), e1238118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2016.1238118
6. Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Pan Macmillan.
7. Bewley, A. A. (2005). The Noble Qurʼan: A New Rendering of Its Meaning in English. Bookwork.
8. Bin, S., Sun, G., & Chen, C. C. (2021). Analysis of functional brain network based on electroencephalography and complex network. Microsystem technologies, 27, 1525-1533.

9. Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). The entropic brain-revisited. Neuropharmacology, 142, 167-178.
10. Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7 Cleary, T. (2003) The Taoist Classics, Volume Four: The Collected Translations of Thomas Cleary (Vol. 4). Shambhala Publications.
11. Császár-Nagy, N., Kapócs, G., & Bókkon, I. (2019). Classic psychedelics: the special role of the visual system. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 30(6), 651-669.
12. Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Putnam. Damasio, A. (2010). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. Pantheon Book.
13. Damasio, A. (2018). The strange order of things: Life, feeling, and the making of cultures. Pantheon Book.
14. Damasio, A., & Damasio, H. (2022). Homeostatic feelings and the biology of consciousness. Brain, 145(7), 2231–2235. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac194
15. Denbigh, K. G. (1989). Note on entropy, disorder and disorganization. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 40(3), 323-332.
16. Dong D., Gu L., Liu T. & Chen W. (2023) Consciousness originated from interoceptive feelings, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2249493
17. Dossey, L. (2013). One mind: How our individual mind is part of a greater consciousness and why it matters. Hay House Incorporated.
18. Farabi ( 2021) Uyumu’l Mesail, Human Press, 88.
19. Farabi (2001) El- Medinetü’l Fazıla, Islamic classics series, MEB, Ankara, 124.
20. Fayena-Tawil, F., Kozbelt, A., & Sitaras, L. (2011). Think global, act local: A protocol analysis comparison of artists’ and nonartists’ cognitions, metacognitions, and evaluations while drawing. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021019
21. Firestein, S. (2012). Ignorance: How it drives science. OUP USA.
22. Gabriel R. (2023) The deep history of affect and consciousness, Philosophical Psychology, 36:4, 734-744, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2160310
23. Gabriel, R. (2012). Modularity in affective neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19(3–4), 19–25.
24. Gandy, S. (2019). Psychedelics and potential benefits in “healthy normals”: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(3), 280-287.
25. Gilhooly, K. J. (2016). Incubation and Intuition in Creative Problem Solving. Frontiers in Psychology: Cognitive Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01076.
26. Globus, G. (Ed.). (2012). Consciousness and the brain: a scientific and philosophical inquiry. Springer Science & Business Media.
27. Hearn, B. (2021). Psychedelics, mystical experiences, and meaning making: a renegotiation process with the challenges of existence. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 60(3), 180-196.
28. Humphrey, N. (1999). A history of the mind: Evolution and the birth of consciousness. Springer: Science & Business Media.
29. Humphrey, N. (2006). Seeing red: A study in consciousness. Harvard University Press.
30. John, E. R. (2002). The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Research Reviews, 39(1), 1-28.
31. Keshmiri, S. (2020). Entropy and the brain: An overview. Entropy, 22(9), 917.
32. Koç, V. (2022). Living inside a mammoth. Time and Mind, 15(3-4), 343-365.
33. Laland, K. N., Uller, T., Feldman, M. W., Sterelny, K., Müller, G. B., Moczek, A., Jablonka, E., & Odling-Smee, J. (2015).
34. The extended evolutionary synthesis: Its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1813), 20151019. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1019
35. LeDoux J. (2023) Deep history and beyond: a reply to commentators, Philosophical Psychology, 36:4, 756-766, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2160312
36. LeDoux, J. (2023) The Deep History of Ourselves: The Four-BillionYear Story of How We Got Conscious Brains, Philosophical Psychology, 36:4, 704-715, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2160311
37. Letheby, C. (2021). Philosophy of psychedelics. Oxford University Press
38. Letheby, C. (2022). Naturalistic entheogenics: Précis of Philosophy of psychedelics. Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2022.9627
39. Loaiza, J. R. (2021). Emotions and the problem of variability. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 12(2), 329-351.
40. Luke, D. (2019). Otherworlds: Psychedelics and exceptional human experience. Aeon Books.
41. Mapson, K. (Ed.). (2017). Pandeism: An Anthology. John Hunt Publishing.
42. Marshall, P. (2015). Mystical experiences as windows on reality. Beyond physicalism: Toward reconciliation of science and spirituality, 39-76.
43. Menary, R. (2007). Cognitive integration: Mind and cognition unbounded. Palgrave-Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592889
44. Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F. M., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2018). Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1475.
45. Morales J. (2023) Tracing the origins of consciousness, Philosophical Psychology, 36:4, 767-771, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2176746
46. Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914
47. Nagel, T. (1989). The view from nowhere. oxford university press.
48. Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2), 264 355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478 Nogueira de Carvalho F. & Krueger J. (2023) Biases in niche construction, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2237065
49. O'Meara, D. J. (1993). Plotinus: an introduction to the Enneads. Clarendon Press.
50. Porter E. (2023) A map and an invitation to explore unsupervised: Christina van Dyke’s A Hidden Wisdom, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2224378
51. Quran (2013) A Unique Sufi Interpretation Decoding the Quran (A. Hulusi and A. Atalay, Trans.) 691. https://www.ahmedhulusi.org/content/docs/decoding-the-quran.pdf
52. Reber, A. S. (2019). The First Minds: Caterpillars, ‘Karyotes, and Consciousness. Oxford University Press. Reber, A. S., & Baluška, F. (2020). Cognition in Some Surprising Places. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 564, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.115
53. Reber, A.S & František Baluška F. (2023) Where minds begin: a commentary on Joseph LeDoux’s the deep history of ourselves, Philosophical Psychology, 36:4, 745-755, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2160700
54. Rosso, O. A. (2007). Entropy changes in brain function. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 64(1), 75-80. Rowlands, M. (2009). Extended cognition and the mark of the cognitive. Philosophical Psychology, 22(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080802703620
55. Schnell, A. K., Clayton, N. S., & Hanlon, R. T., Jozet-Alves, C. (2021). Episodic-like Memory is Preserved with Age in Cuttlefish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288(1957), 20211052. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1052
56. Sina İ. (2014) The Book of Healing, Publications of the Turkish Manuscripts Association Presidency, Ankara. Sina, İ. (2022) El işarat ve’t tenbihat, Ketepe Press, 1488.
57. Sterelny, K. (2010). Minds: Extended or scaffolded? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9174-y
58. Tzu, L. (1992). Hua Hu Ching: The unknown teachings of Lao Tzu (B. Walker, Trans.), HarperOne
59. Tzu, L. (2009). Tao te ching: A new English version. (S.Mitchell, Trans.), Harper Collins.
60. Vollenweider, F. X., & Smallridge, J. W. (2022). Classic psychedelic drugs: update on biological mechanisms. Pharmacopsychiatry, 55(03): 121 – 138. DOI: 10.1055/a-1721-2914
61. Watts, A. W. (2003). Become What You Are: Expanded Edition. Shambhala Publications.
62. Wiggins, G. A. (2020). Creativity, information, and consciousness: the information dynamics of thinking. Physics of life reviews, 34, 1-39.
63. Whitehead, A. N. (2010). Process and reality. Simon and Schuster.
64. Young, J. H., Arterberry, M. E., & Martin, J. P. (2021). Contrasting electroencephalography-derived entropy and neural oscillations with highly skilled meditators. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15, 628417.
65. Zhang J. & Li H. (2023) Unveiling the mysterious veil of consciousness: an evolutionary perspective, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2224389