Amazon Mechanical Turk ve Dijital Emek Rejimi: Uluslararası Hukuk Felsefesi ve İnsan Hakları Perspektifiyle Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu makale, Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) oluşumunu merkeze alarak dijital emek biçimleri, uluslararası hukuk felsefesi ve insan hakları bağlamında değerlendirme yapmaktadır. Crowdsourcing temelli mikro görev platformlarının, iş gücü ilişkilerinde nasıl yeni biçimler ürettiği; hakların korunması, egemenlik ve öz-determinasyon kavramlarının bu yeni düzende nasıl işlediği irdelenmektedir. MTurk çalışanlarının karşılaştığı koşullar ve bunların uluslararası hukuk ve insan hakları normları ile karşılaştırılması yapılmaktadır. Çalışma, dijital emek sömürüsü, çalışma hakkı, asgari ücret, adil çalışma koşulları ve sosyal koruma gibi konuları felsefi ve hukuki normatif çerçevelerle ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amazon Mechanical Turk
• Dijital Emek
• İnsan Hakları
• Uluslararası Hukuk
• Çalışma Hakkı
• Öz-determinasyon.

Kaynakça

1. Aaron. J., Moss, Cheskie Rosenzweig, Jonathan Robinson, Shalom. N. Jaffe, & Leib Litman, Is it ethical to use Mechanical Turk for behavioral research? Relevant data from a representative survey of MTurk participants and wages. Behavior Research Methods, 55(8), 2023, 4048–4067. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-02005-0
2. Adalberto Perulli and Tiziano Treu, The Future of Work : Labour Law and Labour Market Regulation in the Digital Era. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2021. Aitor Jiménez González, Law, Code and Exploitation: How Corporations Regulate the Working Conditions of the Digital Proletariat. Critical Sociology, 48(2), 2022, 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205211028964
3. Ayşegül Er Karakaş, “Avrupa Birliği Ayrımcılık Yasağı ve Eşitlik Düzenlemelerinde Eksiklik ve Sorunlar: Eşitlik ve Ayrımcılık Kavramları Üzerinden Bir Bakış”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. 2 (Aralık 2024): 261-91. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1488999.
4. Banu Metin, Dijitalleşen Dünyada Değişen İstihdam Modelleri: Dijital Emek Platformlarında Çalışanlar Açısından Tehditler ve Fırsatlar. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 2022, 917-950. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1162269
5. Chiristina Behrendt, Quynh Anh Nguyen, & Uma Rani, Social protection systems and the future of work: Ensuring social security for digital platform workers. International Social Security Review (English Edition), 72(3), 2019, 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12212
6. Christian Fieseler, Eliane Bucher, & Christian Pieter Hoffmann, Unfairness by Design? The Perceived Fairness of Digital Labor on Crowdworking Platforms. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 2019, 987–1005, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3607-2
7. Elisabeth Stephens, The mechanical Turk: a short history of “artificial artificial intelligence.” Cultural Studies (London, England), 37(1), 2023, 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2022.2042580
8. Eureka Foong, Nicholas Vincent, Brent Hecht, & Elizabeth M. Gerber, Women (Still) Ask For Less: Gender Differences in Hourly Rate in an Online Labor Marketplace. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 2018, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274322

9. Francesca Musiani, Reassessing “infrastructuring digital sovereignty”: digital self-determination as a set of infrastructure-embedded practices. Frontiers in Communication, 10, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1562072
10. Herman Aguinis, Isabel Villamor, & Ravi S. Ramani, MTurk Research: Review and Recommendations. Journal of Management, 47(4), 2021, 823–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320969787
11. İbrahim Demirbilek, Dijital Ekonomik Platformlarda Dışsal Emek Kullanımı, İstihdam Ve Sosyal Koruma İlişkisi. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(CEEİK 2023 Özel Sayısı), 2023, 9-44. https://doi.org/10.38120/banusad.1367133
12. Janella H., Cheung, Deanna K. Burns, Robert R. Sinclair, & Michael Sliter, Amazon Mechanical Turk in Organizational Psychology: An Evaluation and Practical Recommendations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(4), 2017, 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9458-5
13. Jenny Krutzinna, & Luciano Floridi, Atypical Employment and Disability in the Digital Economy: Accountability Gap Leaves Disabled App Developers’ Rights Unprotected. SSRN Electronic Journal, (n.d.), https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3256118
14. Jeremy Reynolds, Daniel Felipe Pinzon Quintero, Julieta Aguilar, & Reilly Kincaid, Work Schedules, Finances, and Freedom: Work Schedule Fit and Platform Dependence among Gig Workers on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk Platform. Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 10, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241286933
15. Jiemin Tina Wei & Harvard University degree granting institution, Amazon Mechanical Turk : Methodological Innovation in an Evolving Labor Market, 2023.
16. Kadir Arıcı, Sosyoekonomİk Bİr Hak Olarak Çalışma Hakkı. Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 2(7), 2022, 129-144.
17. Kotaro Hara, Abi Adams, Kristy Milland, Saiph Savage, Chris Callison-Burch, & Jeffrey Bigham, A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers’ Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk, 2017, https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.05796
18. Lilly. C. Irani, & M. Six Silberman, Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2013, 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470742
19. Luci Pangrazio, & Julian Sefton-Green, Digital Rights, Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy: What’s the Difference? Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 10(1), 2021, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.1.616
20. Mark Graham, Isıs Hjorth, & Vili Lehdonvirta, Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer (Brussels, Belgium), 23(2), 2017, 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250
21. Martin. J. Burnham, Yen. K. Le, & Ralph. L. Piedmont, Who is Mturk? Personal characteristics and sample consistency of these online workers. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(9–10), 2018, 934–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1486394
22. Nicholas. C. Hunt, & Andrea M. Scheetz, Using MTurk to Distribute a Survey or Experiment: Methodological Considerations. The Journal of Information Systems, 33(1), 2019, 43–65. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-52021
23. Nicki James Shepherd, Gig Economy Workers’ Rights: Legal Classification and Social Protection in Digital Labour Markets. International Journal of Law and Societal Studies, 2(1), 2025, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.61424/ijlss.v2i1.379
24. Nurilloev Shavkat Shukhrat Ugli, The Foundations Of State Responsibility In International Law: An In-Depth Analysis Of Key Principles And Norms. European Journal of Contemporary Business Law & Technology: Cyber Law, Blockchain, and Legal Innovations, 1(9), 2024, 100–111. https://doi.org/10.61796/ejcblt.v1i9.1031
25. Patrick Dieuaide, & Christian Azaïs, Platforms of Work, Labour, and Employment Relationship: The Grey Zones of a Digital Governance. Frontiers in Sociology, 5(2), 2020, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00002
26. Paul Walsh, Precarity, ELT Journal, 73(4), 2019, 459–462. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz029; Catherine Sue Ramírez, Sylvanna M. Falcón, Juan Poblete, Steven C. McKay, & Felicity Amaya Schaeffer, Precarity and Belonging : Labor, Migration, and Noncitizenship, Rutgers University Press, 2021.
27. Rebecca Adler‐Nissen & Kristen Anabel Eggeling, The Discursive Struggle for Digital Sovereignty: Security, Economy, Rights and the Cloud Project Gaia‐X. Journal of Common Market Studies, 62(4), 2024, 993–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13594
28. Reuben Makomere, Charles Tonui, Kennedy Mbeva, Joanes Atela, & Victoria Chengo, The Rise of Non-state Actors. In Africa’s Right to Development in a Climate-Constrained World, Springer International Publishing AG., 2023, 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22887-2_6
29. Sam Sammane, The Digital Proletariat and Legislative Safeguards. In The Singularity of Hope: Humanity’s Role in an AI-Dominated Future, Authors On Mission, 2024.
30. Sarrah Kassem, Instrumentalizing Technology: Digital Solidarity with and among MTurk Workers. In Work and Alienation in the Platform Economy, Policy Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529226546.003.0009
31. Shalini Sharma, Shikha Bhardwaj, Bhumika Gupta, & Pelin Vardarlıer, Algorithmic Control: A Disruption to Motivation of Gig Workers? A Critical Review. In Multidimensional and Strategic Outlook in Digital Business Transformation, Springer International Publishing AG, 2023, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23432-3_1
32. Silvia Rainone, Rethinking the Concept of the Employer in the Digital Economy: Corporate Fragmentation and Power Dynamics Through Labour Law and Competition Law Lenses. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 45(1), 2025, 147–174.
33. Syed Sibghatullah Shah, Syed Akhtar Hussain Shah, Trust as a determinant of social welfare in the digital economy, Social Network Analysis and Mining, 14(1), 2024, 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-024-01238-5
34. Tammy Katsabian, Collective action in the digital reality: The case of platform-based workers. Modern Law Review, 84(5), 2021, 1005–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12635
35. Tenzin Tsungmey, Jane Paik Kim, Henry Termuehlen, Jodi Paik, & Laura Weis Roberts, An Innovation in Neuroscience and Neuroethics Survey Research: Amazon MTurk. In Ethics and Clinical Neuroinnovation, Springer International Publishing, 2023, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_17
36. Tui McKeown, A consilience framework: Revealing hidden features of the independent contractor. Journal of Management & Organization, 22(6), 2016, 779–796. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.44 Wenhua Shan, Penelope Simons, Dalvinder Singh & Redefining Sovereignty: An International Debate on Sovereignty International Economic Law. Redefining sovereignty in international economic law (1st ed.), Hart Publishing, 2008.
37. Yusuf Can Çalışır, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Sosyal Koruma. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 2022, 215-225. https://doi.org/10.33537/sobild.2022.13.2.19
38. Zoltan J. Acs, Abraham K. Song, László Szerb, David. B. Audretsch, & Éva Komlósi, The evolution of the global digital platform economy: 1971–2021, Small Business Economics, 57(4), 2021, 1629–1659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00561-x
39. Zsolt Ződi, & Bernat Török, Constitutional Values in the Gig-Economy? Why Labor Law Fails at Platform Work, and What Can We Do about It? Societies (Basel, Switzerland), 11(3), 2021, 86.