Risk Analiz Yöntemlerinin Psikoloji Temelli Değerlendirilmesi: Gençler Arasında Şiddet İçeren Radikalleşme Risk Analiz Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 23, 5 - 21, 30.04.2021

Ahmet Demirden

Öz

Kuramsal ve yöntemsel olarak iyi yapılandırılmış adli risk analizleri uygulayıcılara sistematik ve delile
dayalı öngörüler sunma işlevini yerine getirebilirler. Diğer taraftan etkili bir şekilde yapılandırılmamış
risk analiz uygulamaları ise yüksek riskli hükümlülerin erken tahliye edilmeleri veya düşük risk
grubunda bulunan gençlerin özgürlüklerine gereksiz sınırlamalar getirilmesi gibi ciddi sorunlara
neden olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla risk analiz araçlarının kanıt temelli yöntemlerle tasarlanması
olası risklerin etkin bir şekilde yönetilebilmesi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Literatürde yapılan
araştırmalara göre risk analizleri genel olarak araçsız uzman görüşleri, aktüeryal risk analizleri ve
yapılandırılmış uzman risk muhakemelerini içeren yöntemler kullanılarak yapılandırılmaktadır. Bu
üç yöntem arasında birçok farklılıklar bulunmakla birlikte en önemli ayrışma nesnellik ve öznellik
boyutundadır. Araçsız uzman görüşleri tam anlamıyla öznel profesyonel tecrübe ve değerlendirilen
kişi ile ilgili bilgilere dayanan öngörüleri içermektedir. Kontrol listelerindeki risk faktörlerinin
değerlendirildiği aktüeryal risk analizleri uygulayıcıların kişisel görüşlerine yer vermeyen nesnel
öngörüleri kapsamaktadır. Diğer taraftan, yapılandırılmış uzman muhakemelerinde ise risk
göstergeleri uygulayıcılara sistematik olarak riskleri belirleme ve yorumlamalarında yol gösterme
işlevini yerine getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı risk analiz yöntemlerinin güçlü ve zayıf yönleri
karşılaştırılacak olup; sonrasında ise gençler arasında şiddet içeren radikalleşme hususuna yer
verilerek, risk analizi bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Gençler arasındaki şiddet içeren radikalleşme
riskinin ayrışık ve belirsiz yapılı riskleri içermesi nedeniyle aktüeryal veya araçsız uzman görüşü
yöntemlerine karşın yapılandırılmış uzman muhakemelerinin daha sistematik ve delile dayalı
öngörüler sunabileceği iddia edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gençler Arasında Şiddet İçeren Radikalleşme Riski, Risk Analiz Yöntemleri, Yapılandırılmış Uzman Risk Analizleri

The Examination of Risk Analysis Methods Based on Psychology: The Case of Violent Radicalization Risk Among Youth

Öz

Conceptually and methodologically well-structured forensic risk analysis can provide practitioners
with systematic and evidence-based predictions. On the other hand, poorly designed risk assessments
might result in serious consequences, such as the premature release of high risk offenders from
custody or, conversely, having low-risk juvenile offenders suffering unnecessary restrictions on their
freedoms as a result of ineffective risk assessment tools. Thus, it is imperative that risk assessments
be evidence-based in order to ensure the effective management of risks. In the literature, risk
assessments are designed based on the following three methods: unaided professional judgments,
actuarial approach, and structured professional judgments. Though there are many differences in these
methods, the most important pertains to objectivity and subjectivity. Unaided professional judgments
involve risk predictions based solely on the subjective professional experiences and knowledge of
the individual being assessed. Actuarial tools use a highly prescriptive and objective method to risk
assessment based on checklists of risk indicators without taking into account practitioners’ expert
opinions. In structured professional judgments, on the other hand, the identified evidence-based risk
predictors serve to guide the assessor via a process of systematically identifying and interpreting risks.
In this paper, the strengths and limitations of different risk assessment methods are discussed, after
which a conceptually based discussion is presented on risk assessments as they pertain to juvenile
violent radicalization risk. Compared to unaided professional judgments or actuarial approaches,
structured professional judgments might constitute a more effective method in assessing the risk of
juvenile violent radicalization due to the heterogeneous nature of the threat.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juvenile Violent Radicalization, Risk Assessment Methods, Structured Professional Judgments, Structured Professional Judgments

Kaynakça

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