Resilience, Wisdom and Problem-Focused Coping in Emerging Adulthood: A Path Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 30, 54 - 75, 24.08.2023

Özden Turgut

https://doi.org/10.52528/genclikarastirmalari.1122499

Öz

This study aims to test whether a hypothetical model about the self-assessed wisdom, problem-focused stress coping and resilience of emerging adults can be validated. The hypothetical model being tested is set forth on the basis of the Coping Model as an Adaptive Process which is created by Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck. The research model is correlational and the sample consists of 375 people who are between the ages of 18 and 29 and who have told that they have experienced at least one stress-invoking life-event. Resilience Scale, Coping with Stress Scale, Self- Assessed Wisdom Scale and a personal information form are administered to the participants. The findings revealed that self-assessed wisdom in emerging adulthood has a significant effect on problem-focused coping and problemfocused coping has a significant effect on resilience. It is revealed that self-assessed wisdom explains the 58% of the total variance of problem-focused coping and 38% of the total variance of resilience. Besides, it is revealed that problem-focused coping explains 65 % of the total variance of resilience. The findings of the research are discussed in reference to the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Resilience, Emerging Adulthood, Resilience, Wisdom, Problem-Focused Stress-Coping Strategy

Beliren Yetişkinlikte Kendini Toparlama Gücü, Bilgelik ve Problem Odaklı Başa Çıkma: Bir Yol Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, beliren yetişkinlikte bilgelik algısı, stresle problem odaklı başa çıkma ve kendini toparlama gücü arasındaki ilişkiye dair hipotetik bir modelin sınanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında sınanan hipotetik model, Uyum Sağlayıcı Süreç Olarak Başa Çıkma Modeli’nden yola çıkılarak meydana getirilmiştir. Araştırma modeli ilişkisel tarama modelidir ve çalışma grubunu 18-29 yaş arasında, en az bir stres verici yaşam olayı yaşamış olduğunu belirten 375 birey oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeği, Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği, Kendine Yönelik Bilgelik Algısı Ölçeği ve katılımcıların sosyo-demografik bilgileri ile stres verici yaşam olayı yaşama durumları hakkında bilgi edinmek için oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın temel sonucuna göre, beliren yetişkinlikte bilgelik algısının stresle problem odaklı başa çıkma stratejisi üzerinde; stresle problem odaklı başa çıkma stratejisinin de kendini toparlama gücü üzerinde anlamlı etkisi bulunduğu; bilgelik algısının stresle problem odaklı başa çıkma stratejisindeki değişkenliğin %58’ini, kendini toparlama gücündeki değişkenliğin %38’ini; stresle problem odaklı başa çıkma stratejisinin ise kendini toparlama gücündeki değişkenliğin %65’ini açıkladığı ortaya konulmuş; araştırmanın bulguları alan yazın ışığında tartışılmış ve uygulama önerileri sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beliren Yetişkinlik, Kendini Toparlama Gücü, Bilgelik, Stresle Problem Odaklı Başa Çıkma stratejisi

Kaynakça

• Achenbaum, W.A. ve Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the Book of Job, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.2190/419R-X8FC-Q6NE-0M85
• Anderson, J.C. ve Gerbing, D.W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis, Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173. https://do.org/10.1007/BF02294170
• Ardelt, M., Achenbaum, W.A. ve Oh, H. (2013). The paradoxical nature of personal wisdom and its relation to human development in the reflective, cognitive and affective domains. In M. Ferrari & N.M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience (pp.265-295). Springer.
• Ardelt, M. ve Jeste, D.V. (2018). Wisdom and hard times: The ameliorating effect of wisdom on the negative association between adverse life events and well-being, Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 73(8), 1374-1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw137
• Arnett, J.J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context, Human Development, 41, 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022591
• Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties, American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
• Arnett, J.J. (2014). Presidential address: The emergence of emerging adulthood: A personal history, Emerging Adulthood, 2(3), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814541096
• Arnett, J.J. (2019). Conceptual foundations of emerging adulthood. In J.L. Murray & J.J. Arnett (Eds.) Emerging adulthood and higher education: A new student development paradigm (pp. 11-24). Routledge.
• Atak, H. (2011). Yetişkinliğe Aşamalı Geçiş: Beliren Yetişkinlik Tek Bir Ana Yol mu?, İlköğretim Online, 10(1), 51-67. dergipark.org.tr/pub/ilkonline/issue/8593/106846
• Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., Hannah, S.T., Sweetman, D. ve Peterson, C. (2012). Impact of employees’ character strengths of wisdom on stress and creative performance, Human Resource Management Journal, 22(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2010.00157.x
• Baltes, P.B. ve Staudinger, U.M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence, American Psychologist, 55(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122
• Baron, R.M. ve Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. psycnet.apa.org/buy/1987-13085-001
• Benight, C.C. ve Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1129-1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008
• Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models, Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://do.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
• Billings, A.G. ve Moos, R.H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844267
• Bollen, K.A. ve Stine, R. (1990). Direct and indirect effects: Classical and bootstrap estimates of variability, Sociological Methodology, 20, 115-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/271084
• Boomsma, A. (1985). Nonconvergence, improper solutions, and starting values in LISREL maximum likelihood estimation, Psychometrika, 50(2), 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294248
• Bowen, E., Ball, A., Jones, A.S. ve Irish, A. (2020). Striving and dreaming: A grounded theory of the transition to adulthood for cross-systems youth, Youth&Society, 52(6), 1006-1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18791869
• Box, G.E.P. (1979). Some problems of statistics and everyday life, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(365), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10481600
• Browne, M.W. ve Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit, Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
• Browne, M.W., MacCallum, R.C., Kim, C.T., Andersen, B.L. ve Glaser, R. (2002). When fit indices and residuals are incompatible, Psychol Methods, 7(4), 403-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.403
• Cantrell, D.J. ve Sharpe, K. (2015). Practicing practical wisdom, Mercer L. Rev., 67, 331. heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mercer67&div=25&id=&page=
• Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F. ve Weintraub, J.K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, 56, 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
• Chen, Y., Peng, Y., Xu, H. ve O’Brien, W.H. (2018). Age differences in stress and coping: Problem-focused strategies mediate the relationship between age and positive affect, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 86(4), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415017720890
• Cheung, G.W. ve Lau, R.S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables, Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300343
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. 2. Bs. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Efron, B. ve Tibshirani, R. (1986). Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals and other measures of statistical accuracy, Statistical Science, 1(1), 54-75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2245500
• Erkuş, A. (2017). Davranış Bilimleri için Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci. (5. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Etezadi, S. ve Pushkar, D. (2013). Why are wise people happier? An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults, J Happiness Stud, 14, 929-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9362-2
• Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.466
• Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S., Pimley, S. ve Novacek, J. (1987). Age differences in stress and coping processes, Psychology and Aging, 2(2), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.171
• Glück, J. ve Bluck, S. (2018). The development of wisdom: New cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence, Innovation in Aging, 2, 552-553. doi: 10.1093/geroni/gy023.2041
• Grossmann, I., Gerlach, T.M. ve Denissen, J.J.A. (2016). Wise reasoning in the face of everyday life challenges, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 611-622. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616652206
• Hall, R.J., Snell, A.F. ve Foust, M.S. (1999). Item parceling strategies in SEM: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs, Organizational Research Methods, 2(3), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819923002
• Herrman, H., Stewart, D.E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E.L., Jackson, B. ve Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience?, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600504
• Himmel, J.P. (2015). The understanding and promotion of resilience in college students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Antioch University, ABD.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: A synthesis of the structural equation modeling literature, In A. Brown (Ed.) 7th European Conference on Research Metholodology for Business and Management Studies, pp. 195-200. Academic Publishing Limited, UK.
• Hoyle, R.H. ve Smith, G.T. (1994). Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 429-440. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.429
• Hu, L.T. ve Bentler, P.M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications, pp. 76-99. Sage Publications, Inc.
• Hu, L.T. ve Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification, Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
• Hu, L. ve Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Jöreskog, K.G. ve Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 User’s reference guide. SSI, Inc.
• Karakaya, J. ve Alpar, R. (2017). Path analizi. “Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler” içinde, Ed. R. Alpar. ss. 731-756. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Karasar, N. (2010). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. (21. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Klein, D.N., Glenn, C.R., Kosty, D.B., Seeley, J.R., Rohde, P. ve Lewinsohn, P.M. (2013). Predictors of first lifetime onset of major depressive disorder in young adulthood, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029567
• Law, A. ve Staudinger, U.M. (2016). Eudaimonia and wisdom. In Handbook of eudaimonic well-being (pp. 135-146). Springer.
• Lazarus, R.S. (1996). The role of coping in the emotions and how coping changes over the life course. In C. Magai & S. H. McFadden (Eds.), Handbok of emotion, adult development and aging; pp. 289-306. Academic Press.
• Leipold, B., Munz, M. ve Michele-Malkowsky, A. (2019). Coping and resilience in the transition to adulthood, Emerging Adulthood, 7(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817752950
• Lieberei, B. ve Linden, M. (2011). Wisdom psychotherapy. In Embitterment (pp.208-219). Springer, Vienna.
• Linden, M. (2008). Posttraumatic embitterment disorder and wisdom therapy, Journal of Cognitive Psychoterapy, 22(1), 4-14. doi: 10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.4
• Linden, M. (2014). Promoting resilience and well-being with wisdom and wisdom therapy. In Increasing psychological well-being in clinical and educational settings (pp.75-90). Springer.
• Linden, M. (2017). Verbitterung und posttraumatische verbitterungsstorung. Fortschritte in der psychotherapie. Hogrefe Publishing, Gottingen.
• Linden, M. (2020). Euthymic suffering and wisdom psychology, World Psychiatry, 19(1), 55-56. doi: 10.1002/wps.20718
• Linden, M., Lieberei, B. ve Noack, N. (2019). Wisdom attitudes and coping in life of psychosomatic patients, Psychother Psych Med, 69, 332-338. doi: 10.1055/a-0813-2040
• Lourenço, O.M. (2016). Developmental stages, Piagetian stages in particular: A critical review, New Ideas in Psychology, 40, 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.08.002
• Luthar, S.S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high risk adolescents, Child Development, 62, 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01555.x
• MacCallum, R.C. ve Austin, J.T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research, Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201-226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201
• MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W. ve Sugawara, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling, Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149. psycnet.apa.org/buy/1996-04469-002
• MacCallum, R.C. ve Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3202_5
• MacKinnon, D.P. ve Dwyer, J.H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies, Evaluation Review, 17(2), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9301700202
• MacKinnon, D.P. ve Fairchild, A.J. (2009). Current directions in mediation analysis, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01598.x
• MacKinnon, D.P., Fairchild, A.J. ve Fritz, M.S. (2007). Mediation analysis, Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
• MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C.M. ve Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
• Maslow, A.H. (2000). The Maslow business reader (Ed. D.C. Stephens). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Masten, A.S. ve Coatsworth, J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments, American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205
• Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic, American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. psycnet.apa.org/buy/2001-00465-004
• McDonald, R.P. ve Ho, M.H.R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses, Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
• Meeks, T.W. ve Jeste, D.V. (2009). Neurobiology of wisdom, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(4), 355-365. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8
• Mitchell, R.E., Cronkite, R.C. ve Moos, R.H. (1983). Stress, coping and depression among married couples, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92(4), 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.92.4.433
• Morgan, E.M. (2018). Does your research really matter? Revitalizing public engagement in the study of emerging adulthood, Emerging Adulthood, 1-8. DOI: 10.1177/2167696818782308
• Nielsen, J., Saliger, J., Folkerts, A.K., Eschweiler, M., Sayn-Reutelsterz, C., Kalbe, E. ve Karbe, H. (2022). The role of wisdom and self-management skills for coping with fear of progression among patients with multiple sclerosis with moderate disability: Results from a cross-sectional study, Journal of Affective Disorders Report, 8, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100311.
• Ozbay, Y. ve Aydogan, D. (2020). Cumulative risk factors and family relationship quality in understanding Turkish emerging adults’ resilience, Journal of Adult Development, 27, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09344-x
• Penley, J.A., Tomaka, J. ve Wiebe, J.S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551-603. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020641400589
• Rodenhizer, K.A.E., Edwards, K.M., Camp, E.E. ve Murphy, S.B. (2021). It’s HERstory: Unhealthy relationships in adolescence and subsequent social and emotional development in college women, Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1337-1360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220937787
• Schermelleh-Engel, K. ve Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. http://www.mpr-online.de
• Schindler, I. ve Staudinger, U.M. (2005). Lifespan perspectives on self and personality: The dynamics between the mechanics and pragmatics of life. In W. Greve, K. Rothermund & D.Wentura (Eds.), The adaptive self: Personal continuity and intentional self-development, pp.3-30. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
• Shevlin, M. ve Miles, J.N.V. (1998). Effect of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis, Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00055-5
• Shifren, K., Bauserman, R.L., Blackwood, J., Coles, A. ve Hillman, A. (2015). Personality and mental health: A comparison of emerging adult women from divorce and intact families, Journal of Adult Development, 22, 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-015-9213-6
• Skinner, E. ve Edge, K. (1998). Reflections on coping and development across the lifespan, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22(2), 357-366. doi: 10.1080/016502598384414
• Skinner, E.A. ve Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2007). The development of coping, Annual Review of Psychology,58, 119-144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705
• Staudinger, U.M., Marsiske, M. ve Baltes, P.B. (1995). Resilience and reserve capacity in later adulthood: Potentials and limits of development across the life span. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen, Developmental Psychopathology Vol.2, pp.801-847. Wiley.
• Stone, C.A. ve Sobel, M.E. (1990). The robustness of estimates of total indirect effects in covariance structure models estimated by maximum likelihood, Psychometrika, 55(2), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02295291
• Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74. psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-04302-005
• Tabachnick, B.G. ve Fidell, L.S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. (Altıncı basımdan çeviri; Çev. Ed.: M. Baloğlu). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Terzi, Ş. (2006). Kendini Toparlama Gücü Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 77-86. app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/T0RNeU1UVTE
• Terzi, Ş. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kendini toparlama gücünün içsel koruyucu faktörlerle ilişkisi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 297-306. efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/562-published.pdf
• Turgut, Ö. ve Nazlı, S. (2021). Kendine Yönelik Bilgelik Algısı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 57, 425-448. dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/maeuefd/issue/60050/638315
• Türküm, S. (2002). Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(18), 25-34. earsiv.anadolu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11421/14971
• Ullman, J.B. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. “Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı” içinde; Ed. B.G.Tabachnick ve L.S. Fidell, ss.681-785. (Altıncı basımdan çeviri; Çev. Ed.: M. Baloğlu). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Wagnild, G.M. ve Young, H.M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale, Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178. psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-05738-006
• Webster, J.D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale, Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020782619051
• Webster, J.D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.65.2.d
• Weststrate, N.M. ve Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom, Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800-814. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000286
• Yaroslavsky, I., Pettit, J.W., Lewinsohn, P.M., Seeley, J.R. ve Roberts, R.E. (2013). Heterogeneous trajectories of depressive symptoms: Adolescent predictors and adult outcomes, Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(2-3), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.028
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J.G. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis, Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257