Lümpensibertarya Bağlamında Gençler Arasında Duygusal Dijital Emek

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 33, 57 - 72, 27.08.2024

Sevgi Çoban

https://doi.org/10.52528/genclikarastirmalari.1458692

Öz

Türkiye sosyal medya kullanımının en yaygın olduğu ülkelerden biridir. Sosyal medya, özellikle genç nüfus arasında daha fazla şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu makale sosyal medyadaki kültürel üretim sürecinde nefret söyleminin oluşumuna odaklanmaktadır. Sosyal medya platformlarının tekelleşmesi nefret içeren etkileşimlerin algoritmik sistem içerisinde değişim değeri kazandığı bir ekonomik mantık geliştirmektedir. Sosyal medya kullanıcılarının çevrimiçi etkinlikleri bu şekilde söylemsel nefret sarmalı içerisine çekilme riski taşımaktadır. Algoritmalar sosyal medya etkinliklerini etkileşim süreci içerisinde şiddetlendirmekte ve çevrimiçi etkileşimleri değişim değeri taşıyan “duygusal dijital emeğe” dönüştürmektedir. Bu nedenle, dijital kültürel üretim süreci “lümpensibertarya” tarafından yönetilme eğilimine girmektedir. Bu lümpenleşme süreci genç sosyal medya kullanıcıları için doğrudan risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu makale, dijital kapitalizmde duygusal dijital emeğin üreticisi olarak lümpensibertarya konumunun kavramsal çerçevesini çizmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun ardından dijital kültürel üretim sürecindeki lümpenleşme riskiyle başa çıkmak üzere kullanılabilecek bir araç olarak karşı “duygusal sürdürülebilirliğin” imkânları tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duygusal Dijital Emek, Lümpensibertarya, Duygusal Sürdürülebilirlik, Söylemsel Nefret Sarmalı

Etik Beyan

Araştırma etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Emotional Digital Labor Among Young People Within the Context of Lumpencybertariat

Öz

Türkiye ranks among the countries with the highest rates of social media usage. Especially among the young population, the prevalence of social media usage reaches the highest rates. This article focuses on the formation of hate within the cultural production processes on social media among young population. The monopolization of social media platforms fosters an economic logic where hateful interactions gain exchange value within algorithmic distribution systems. The online activities of social media users are at risk of being drawn into a “discursive spiral of hate”. Algorithms direct social media activities towards emotional escalation and transform online interactions into the “emotional digital labor”. Thus, the digital cultural production is tended to be dominated by the “lumpencybertariat”. This lumpenization process poses a direct risk to young social media users. This article aims to outline the conceptual framework of the position of lumpencybertariat as the producer of emotional digital labor in the digital capitalism. The possibility of “emotional sustainability” as a potential tool to counter the risk of lumpenization in digital cultural production is discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotional Digital Labor, Lumpencybertariat, Emotional Sustainability, Discursive Spiral of Hate

Kaynakça

• Adorno, T. W. (1991). The culture industry: Selected essays on mass culture (Edited by J. M. Bernstein). Routledge.
• Ahmed, S. (2004). The cultural politics of emotions. Edinburgh University Press.
• Alkiviadou, N. (2019). Hate speech on social media networks: towards a regulatory framework? Information and Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417
• Althusser, L. (2014). On the reproduction of capitalism: Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. Verso.
• Awan, I. (2014). Islamophobia and Twitter: A typology of online hate against Muslims on social media. Policy and Internet, 6(2), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI364
• Barrow, C. (2020). The dangerous class: The concept of the lumpenproletariat. University of Michigan Press.
• Ben-David, A., & Fernández, A. M. (2016). Hate speech and covert discrimination on social media: Monitoring the Facebook pages of extreme-right political parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10(27), 1167- 1193.
• Bleakley, P. (2023). Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy. Current Sociology, 71(3), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211034896
• Castaño-Pulgarín, S. A., Suárez-Betancur, N., Vega, L. M. T., & López, H. M. H. (2021). Internet, social media and online hate speech: Systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101608.
• Charitsis, V., Zwick, D., & Bradshaw, A. (2018). Creating worlds that create audiences: Theorising personal data markets in the age of communicative capitalism. Triplec Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 16(2), 820-834. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/23183
• Daniels, J. (2018). The algorithmic rise of the “Alt-Right”. Contexts, 17(1), 60-65. https://doi. org/10.1177/1536504218766547
• Datareportal (2023). Digital 2023: Turkey. Retrived 19.12.2023 from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital- 2023-turkey
• De Kosnik, A. (2012). Fandom as free labor. In T. Scholz (Ed.), Digital Labor (pp. 98-111). Routledge.
• Debord, G. (2005). The society of the spectacle. Rebel Press.
• Fuchs, C. (2014). Digital labor and Karl Marx. Routledge.
• Fuchs, C. (2015a). Dallas Smythe and digital labor. Routledge.
• Fuchs, C. (2015b). Culture and economy in the age of social media. Routledge.
• Ganesh, B. (2018). The ungovernability of digital hate culture. Journal of International Affairs, 71(2), 30-49. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/26552328
• Goggin, J. (2011). Playbour, farming and leisure. Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization, 11(4), 357-368.
• Hari, J. (2022). Stolen focus: Why you can’t pay attention. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Harriman, N., Shortland, N., Su, M., Cote, T., Testa, M. A., & Savoia, E. (2020). Youth exposure to hate in the online space: An exploratory analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228531
• Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve J., Aknin, L. B., & Wang, S. (2023). World Happiness Report. Retrived 05.05.2024 from https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/WHR+23.pdf
• Hindman, M. (2018). The Internet trap. Princeton University Press.
• Hochschild, A. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
• Hochschild, A. R. (2014). Global care chains and emotional surplus value. In D. Engster & T. Metz (Eds.), Justice, politics, and the family (pp. 249-261). Routledge.
• Hodge, E., & Hallgrimsdottir, H. (2020). Networks of hate: the alt-right “troll culture”, and the cultural geography of social movement spaces online. In E. Hodge & K. Hallgrimdottir (Ed.), British Columbia’s Borders in Globalization (First Edition, pp. 112-119). Routledge.
• Huws, U. (2014). Labor in the global digital economy: The cybertariat comes of age. Mothly Review Press.
• Kamola, I. (2021) QAnon and the digital lumpenproletariat. New Political Science, 43(2), 231-234. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07393148.2021.1925835
• Kim, M., & Williams, E. A. (2022). Emotional sustainability in human services organizations: Cultural and communicative paths to dealing with emotional work. Sustainability, 14(22), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142215470
• Kopytowska, M., Grabowski, Ł., & Woźniak, J. (2017). Mobilizing against the Other: Cyberhate, refugee crisis and proximization. In M. Kopytowska (Ed.), Contemporary discourses of hate and capitalism across space and genres (57- 98). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Lim, M. (2017). Freedom to hate: Social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188
• Marx, K. (1987). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louise Bonaparte. Dodo Press. • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2008). The Communist Manifesto. Pluto Press.
• Mathew, B., Dutt, R., Goyal, P., & Mukherjee, A. (2019, June). Spread of hate speech in online social media. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on web science (pp. 173-182).
• McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill.
• Middaugh, E. (2021). Teens, social media, and fake news. In W. Journell (Ed.), Unpacking in fake news: An educator’s guide to navigating media with students (pp. 42-58). Teachers College Press.
• Modha, S., Majumder, P., Mandl, T., & Mandalia, C. (2020). Detecting and visualizing hate speech in social media: A cyber watchdog for surveillance. Expert Systems with Applications, 161, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eswa.2020.113725
• Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Fanning the flames of hate: Social media and hate crime. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(4), 2131-2167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaa045
• Nakamura, L. (2012). Don’t hate the player, hate the game: The racialization of labor in World of Warcraft. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26(2), 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030902860252
• Nakamura, L. (2015). The unwanted labor of social media: Women of colour call out culture as venture community management. New Formations, 86(86), 106-112. https://doi.org/10.3898/NEWF.86.06.2015
• Navarro, J. I., Marchena, E., & Menacho, I. (2013). The psychology of hatred. The Open Criminology Journal, 6(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874917801306010010
• Nietzsche, F. (2009). Beyond good and evil. Richer Resources Publishing.
• O’Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
• Patel, R., & Moore, J. W. (2017). A history of the world in seven cheap things: A guide to capitalism, nature, and the future of the planet. University of California Press.
• Patton, D. U., Hong, J. S., Ranney, M., Patel, S., Kelley, C., Eschmann, R., & Washington, T. (2014). Social media as a vector for youth violence: A review of the literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 548-553. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.043
• Pew Research Centre (2022). Teens, Social Media and Technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/ 2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/
• Reiberg, A. (2022). Transparency and surveillance of end users on social media platforms. In L.A. Viola & P. Laidler (Eds.), Trust and transparency in an age of Surveillance (165-180). Routledge.
• Scholz, T. (2012). Introduction: Why does digital labor matter now? In T. Scholz (Ed.) Digital labor (pp. 1-9). Routledge.
• Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2), 33-58.
• Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture. Pluto Press.
• Toffler, A. (1981). The Third Way. William Morrow.
• Vidgen, B., & Yasseri, T. (2020). Detecting weak and strong Islamophobic hate speech on social media. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 17(1), 66-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1702607
• Walther, J. B. (2022). Social media and online hate. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101298. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.010
• Waring, M. (22.10.1995). Who’s Counting It? Sex, Lies and Global Economics. Canadian National Film Board. Retrieved 03.05.2023 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS2nkr9q0VU
• We Are Social (2020). Digital 2020. Retrived 30.04.2024 from https://wearesocial.com/au/blog/2020/01/digital- 2020-3-8-billion-people-use-social-media/
• World Economic Forum (2022). Which Countries Spend the Most Time on Social Media? Retrived from https:// www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/04/social-media-internet-connectivity/
• Yuan, L., Wang, T., Ferraro, G., Suominen, H., & Rizoiu, M. A. (2023). Transfer learning for hate speech detection in social media. Journal of Computational Social Science, 6, 1081-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-023-00224-9
• Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human nature at the new frontier of power. Hachette Book Group.