The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Anxiety Sensitivity in Young Adults with Methamphetamine Use Disorder

Yıl 2023, , 569 - 575, 25.10.2023

Çetin Turan , Sinay Önen , Güssüm Bakırcı , Merve Sayın Yerli , Süheyla Ünal

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1314327

Cited By: 1

Öz

Objective: Recently, it has been observed that the prevalence of substance use in young adulthood has increased. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders is high in individuals with substance use disorder. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and social anxiety in young adults using methamphetamine.
Material and Methods: 101 patients diagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder were included in the study. Participants were evaluated with sociodemographic data form, Addiction Profile Index (BAPI), Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Inventory (LSAI) and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3).
Results: It was determined that 70.3% of the subjects with SUD were diagnosed as SAD. ASI-3, SCL-90-R and BAPI scores were statistically significantly higher in the SAD group than in the non-SAD group (p<0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was found in the SAD group between the LSAI-fear/anxiety subscale scores and ADI-3 total (r=0.26, p<0.05), ADI-3 cognitive(r=0.34, p<0.05) and SCL-90-R total scores (r=0.28, p<0.05). No correlation was found between LSAI scores and ADI-3 total and subscale scores in the non-SAD group (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It can be suggested that anxiety sensitivity is a common risk factor for both methamphetamine use disorder and social anxiety. Social anxiety symptoms should be questioned in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder and substance addiction treatment should be carried out together with social anxiety disorder treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Metamphetamine use disorder, young adult, anxiety sensitivity, social Anxiety

Metamfetamin Kullanım Bozukluğu Olan Genç Yetişkinlerde Sosyal Anksiyete ve Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Amaç: Son zamanlarda genç erişkinlik döneminde madde kullanım yaygınlığının arttığı gözlenmektedir. Madde kullanım bozukluğu(MKB) olan bireylerde anksiyete bozukluğu eştanısı yüksektir. Bu çalışmada metamfetamin kullanan genç erişkinlerde kaygı duyarlılığı ile sosyal anksiyete arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: MKB tanısı alan 101 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Katılımcılar sosyodemografik veri formu, Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi(BAPİ), Belirti Kontrol Listesi(SCL-90-R), Liebowitz Sosyal Anksiyete Envanteri(LSAE) ve Anksiyete Duyarlılık İndeksi-3(ADİ-3) ile değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: MKB olgularının %70,3'ünün Sosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğu(SAB) tanısı aldığı belirlendi. ADİ-3, SCL-90-R ve BAPİ puanları SAB grubunda, SAB olmayan gruba göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksekti (p<0.05). SAB grubunda LSAE-korku/anksiyete alt ölçek puanları ile ADİ-3 toplam(r=0.26, p<0.05), ADİ-3 bilişsel(r=0.34, p<0.05) ve SCL-90-R toplam puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif bir korelasyon saptandı(r=0.28, p<0.05). SAB olmayan grupta LSAE puanları ile ADİ-3 toplam ve alt ölçek puanları arasında korelasyon bulunmadı (p>0,05).
Sonuç: Kaygı duyarlılığının hem metamfetamin kullanım bozukluğu hem de sosyal kaygı için ortak bir risk faktörü olduğu öne sürülebilir. Metamfetamin kullanım bozukluğu olan bireylerde sosyal anksiyete belirtileri sorgulanmalı ve madde bağımlılığı tedavisi sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu tedavisi ile birlikte yürütülmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Metamfetamin kullanım bozukluğu, genç erişkin, anksiyete duyarlılığı, sosyal anksiyete

Kaynakça

• Kessler RC, Crum RM, Warner LA, Nelson CB, Schulenberg J, Anthony JC. Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 ;54:313-321.
• Kushner MG, Abrams K, Borchardt C. The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: a review of major perspectives and findings. Clin Psychol Rev 2000; 20:149-171.
• Lai HMX, Cleary M, Sitharthan T, Hunt GE. Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990–2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 154:1-13.
• Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;74:223-234.
• Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J. Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008; 27:253-262.
• Zweben JE, Cohen JB, Christian D, Galloway GP, Salinardi M, Parent D, et al. Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. Am J Addict. 2004; 13:181-190.
• Hall W, Hando J, Darke S, Ross J. Psychological morbidity and route of administration among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia. Addiction 1996; 91:81-87.
• McKetin R, Ross J, Kelly E, Baker A, Lee N, Lubman DI, et al. Characteristics and harms associated with injecting versus smoking methamphetamine among methamphetamine treatment entrants. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008; 27:277-285.
• Glasner-Edwards S, Mooney LJ, Marinelli-Casey P, Hillhouse M, Ang A, Rawson R, et al. Anxiety disorders among methamphetamine dependent adults: association with post-treatment functioning. Am J Addict. 2010; 19:385-390.
• Stein DJ, Lim CCW, Roest AM, de Jonge P, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC Med 2017; 15:143.
• Judd LL. Social phobia: a clinical overview. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 Suppl:5-9.
• Kessler RC, Stein MB, Berglund P. Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:613-619.
• Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Zhang H, Angst J. The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:81-91.
• Crum RM, Pratt LA. Risk of heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders in social phobia: a prospective analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1693-1700.
• Prinstein MJ, Boergers J, Spirito A. Adolescents’ and their friends' health-risk behavior: factors that alter or add to peer influence. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26:287-298.
• Myrick H, Brady K. Current review of the comorbidity of affective, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003; 16:261-70.
• Zimmermann G, Pin MA, Krenz S, Bouchat A, Favrat B, Besson J, et al. Prevalence of social phobia in a clinical sample of drug dependent patients. J Affect Disord 2004; 83:83-87.
• Buckner JD, Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB. Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults. Addict Behav 2007; 32:2238-2252.
• Agosti V, Nunes E, Levin F. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity among U.S. residents with lifetime cannabis dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2002; 28: 643-652.
• Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1997; 4:231-244.
• Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behav Res Ther 1986; 24:1-8.
• Norton GR. Substance use/abuse and anxiety sensitivity: What are the relationships? Addict Behav 2001; 26:935-946.
• Stewart SH, Kushner MG. Introduction to the Special Issue on “Anxiety Sensitivity and Addictive Behaviors.” Addict Behav 2001; 26:775-785.
• Wagner MK. Behavioral characteristics related to substance abuse and risk-taking, sensation-seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and self-reinforcement. Addict Behav 2001; 26:115-120.
• Kushner MG, Thuras P, Abrams K, Brekke M, Stritar L. Anxiety mediates the association between anxiety sensitivity and coping-related drinking motives in alcoholism treatment patients. Addict Behav 2001; 26:869-885.
• McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, et al. The Fifth Edition of the Addiction Severity Index. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9:199-213.
• Ögel K, Evren C, Karadağ F, Gürol DT. The development, validity, and reliability of the Addiction Profile Index (API). Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2012; 23:263-275.
• Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1973; 9(1):13-28.
• Dağ I. Belirti Tarama Listesi (Scl-90-R)’nin Üniversite Öğrencileri için güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 1991; 2:5-12.
• Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Safren SA, Brown EJ, Schneier FR, et al. Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychol Med 1999; 29:199-212.
• Fresco DM, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hami S, Stein MB, et al. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychol Med 2001; 31:1025-1035.
• Dilbaz, N. Validity and reliability of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale. 37th National Psychiatry Congress Abstract Book, Istanbul, 232, 2001.
• Taylor S, Zvolensky MJ, Cox BJ, Deacon B, Heimberg RG, Ledley DR, et al. Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychol Assess 2007; 19:176-188.
• Mantar A. Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (Doctoral dissertation, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine), 2008.
• McCauley Ohannessian C. Anxiety and substance use during adolescence. Subst Abus 2014; 35(4):418-25.
• Fröjd S, Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Marttunen M. Associations of social phobia and general anxiety with alcohol and drug use in a community sample of adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46(2):192-199.
• Saed O, Khakpoor S. Anxiety sensitivity and substance-related disorders: a narrative review. Asia Pac J Clin Trials Nerv Syst Dis 2020; 5:37-41.
• Stewart SH, Conrod P. Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: The Vicious Cycle of Comorbidity. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
• Reiss S. Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clin Psychol Rev 1991; 11:141-153.
• Rector NA, Szacun-Shimizu K, Leybman M. Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behav Res Ther 2007;45(8):1967-1975.
• Naifeh JA, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Anxiety Sensitivity, Emotional Avoidance, and PTSD Symptom Severity Among Crack/Cocaine Dependent Patients in Residential Treatment. Cognit Ther Res 2012; 36:247-257.
• Cooper ML, Frone MR, Russell M, Mudar P. Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69:990-1005.
• Ingram RE, Price JM. Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk Across the Lifespan. Guilford Press, 2010.
• Burke RS, Stephens RS. Social anxiety and drinking in college students: a social cognitive theory analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 1999 ;19:513-530.
• DeWit DJ, MacDonald K, Offord DR. Childhood stress and symptoms of drug dependence in adolescence and early adulthood: social phobia as a mediator. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1999; 69:61-72.
• Evren C. Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders. Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2010; 2: 473-515.
• McCaul ME, Hutton HE, Stephens MAC, Xu X, Wand GS. Anxiety, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Perceived Stress as Predictors of Recent Drinking, Alcohol Craving, and Social Stress Response in Heavy Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:836-845.
• Wolitzky-Taylor K, Guillot CR, Pang RD, Kirkpatrick MG, Zvolensky MJ, Buckner JD, et al. Examination of anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance as transdiagnostic mechanisms linking multiple anxiety pathologies to alcohol use problems in adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:532-539.
• DeMartini KS, Carey KB. The role of anxiety sensitivity and drinking motives in predicting alcohol use: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:169-177.
• Buckner JD, Zvolensky MJ, Smits JAJ, Norton PJ, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, et al. Anxiety sensitivity and marijuana use: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28:420-426.
• McDermott MJ, Tull MT, Gratz KL, Daughters SB, Lejuez CW. The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:591-599.
• Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A. Marijuana use motives: concurrent relations to frequency of past 30-day use and anxiety sensitivity among young adult marijuana smokers. Addict Behav 2007; 32:49-62.
• Schmidt NB, Buckner JD, Keough ME. Anxiety sensitivity as a prospective predictor of alcohol use disorders. Behav Modif 2007; 31:202-219.
• Zvolensky M, Bonn-Miller M, Bernstein A, Marshall E. Anxiety sensitivity and abstinence duration to smoking. J Ment Health 2006; 15:659-670.
• Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A, Cardenas SJ, Colotla VA, Marshall EC, Feldner MT. Anxiety sensitivity and early relapse to smoking: a test among Mexican daily, low-level smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2007; 9:483-491.
• Buckner JD, Maner JK, Schmidt NB. Difficulty disengaging attention from social threat in social anxiety. CognitTherRes 2010; 34:99-105.
• Schulze L, Renneberg B, Lobmaier JS. Gaze perception in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:872.
• Sareen J, Chartier M, Paulus MP, Stein MB. Illicit drug use and anxiety disorders: findings from two community surveys. Psychiatry Res 2006; 142:11-17.
• Robinson J, Sareen J, Cox B, Bolton J. Self-medication of anxiety disorders with alcohol and drugs: Results from a nationally representative sample. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:38-45.
• Camacho A, Stein MB. Modafinil for social phobia and amphetamine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1947–1948.
• Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Lin SH, Laruelle M. Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:457-459.