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Kanser lişkili halsizlik ve egsersiz

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 38 - 44, 01.01.2014

Öz

Kanser ilişkili halsizlik ve fiziksel performans düşüklüğü kemoterapi sırasında ve sonrasında en sık rastlanılan problemlerdir. Anemi, beslenme bozuklukları, hormonal değişiklikler, psikososyal faktörler ve azalmış aktivite başlıca nedenleri olarak sıralanmaktadır. Ancak altta yatan fizyopatoloji henüz tam olarak açıklanamamıştır ve özel bir tedavisi yoktur. Uzun yıllar kemoterapi alan hastalarda özelliklede hematolojik kanser nedeniyle yüksek doz tedavi alanlarda fiziksel aktiviteye şüphe ile bakılmış, bazı araştırıcılar tarafın- dan kontrendike olarak kabul edilmiştir. Oysaki azalmış aktivite kas katabolizmasını tetiklemekte ve hastada fizyolojik ve psikolojik bir yıkım süreci başlatmaktadır. Son yıllarda giderek artan sayıda araştırıcı kanser ilişkili halsizlik ve performans düşüklüğü tedavi- sinde egzersiz üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır ve kanser tanısı ile tedavi edilen hastalarda uygulanan düşük-orta yoğunluktaki bir egzersiz programının birçok belirti ve bulguyu düzelttiği gösterilmiştir. İlk deneyimler onkolojik kanser hastalarından elde edilmiş daha sonra fiziksel egzersiz programları hematolojik kanser nedeniyle tedavi alan hastalarda da tedavinin bir parçası olmaya başlamıştır

Kaynakça

  • Stone P, Richards M, Hardy J. Fatigue in patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1670–6.
  • Jereczek-Fossa BA, Marsiglia HR, Orecchia R. Radiotherapyrela- ted fatigue. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002;41:317–25.
  • Smets EMA, Garssen B, Schuster-Uitterhoeve ALJ, et al. Fatigue in cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1993;68:220–4.
  • Geinitz H, Zimmermann FB, Stoll P et al. Fatigue, serum cytokine levels, and blood cell counts during radiotherapy of patients with breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:691–8.
  • Dimeo F, Schmittel A, Fietz T, et al. Physical performance, dep- ression, immune status and fatigue in patients with hematological malignancies after treatment. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1237-42.
  • Howell SJ, Radford JA, Smets EM, Shalet SM. Fatigue, sexual function and mood following treatment for haematological ma- lignancy: the impact of mild Leydig cell dysfunction. Br J Cancer 2000;82:789-93.
  • Smolarz K, Malke G, Voth E et al. Hypothyroidism after therapy for larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Thyroid 2000;10:425–9.
  • Cohen A, Rovelli R, Zecca S, et al. Endocrine late effects in child- ren who underwent bone marrow transplantation: review. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;21 Suppl 2:S64-7.
  • Knobel H, Havard LJ, Brit LM et al. Late medical complications and fatigue in Hodgkin’s disease survivors. J Clin Oncol 2001;19: 3226–33.
  • Cannon JG, Angel JB, Ball RW et al. Acute phase responses and cytokine secretion in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Immunol 1999;19:414–21.
  • 11.Seymour JF, Talpaz M, Cabanillas F et al. Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with prognosis in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1995;13: 575–582
  • Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N, Fahey JL. Fatigue and proinflamma- tory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors. Psychosom Med 2002;64:604–11.
  • Devlen J, Maguire P, Phillips P, Crowther D. Psychological prob- lems associated with diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas. II: Prospective study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:955-7.
  • Dimeo F, Stieglitz RD, Novelli-Fischer U, et al. Correlation betwe- en physical performance and fatigue in cancer patients. Ann On- col 1997;8:1251–5.
  • Morrow GR, Hickok JT, Roscoe JA, et al. Differential effects of pa- roxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4635-41.
  • Greenleaf J, Kozlowsky S. Physiological consequences of reduced A critical point in our study was the comparability of physical acti- vity during bed rest, in Terjung R (ed): Exercise and Sports Science Review. Philadelphia, PA, Franklin Institute Press, 1982;p 84.
  • Hinterbuchner C. Rehabilitation of physical dysability in canser. NY State J Med 1978;78:1066.
  • Christensen T, Stage JG, Galbo H, Christensen J, Kehlet H. Fatigue and cardiac and endocrine metabolic response to exercise after ab- dominal surgery. Surgery 1989;105:46.
  • Gagnon B, Bruera E. A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer. Drugs 1998;55:675–88.
  • Iconomou G, Koutras A, Rigopoulos A, et al. Effect of recombi- nant human erythropoietin on quality of life in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:512–8.
  • Vansteenkiste J, Pirker R, Massuti B, et al. Double-blind place- bo-controlled randomized phase III trial of darbepoetin alfa in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1211–20.
  • Mock V, Atkinson A, Barsevic A, et al. NCCN Practise guidelines for cancer-related fatigue. Oncology 2000;14:151–61.
  • Schule K. The rank value of sports and movement therapy in patients with breast or pelvic cancer. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 1983;22:36–9
  • Mock V, Burke MB, Sheehan P, et al. A nursing rehabilitation prog- ram for women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemothe- rapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 1994;21:899-907; discussion 08.
  • Peters C, Lotzerich H, Niemeier B, Schule K, Uhlenbruck G. Influence of a moderate exercise training on natural killer cyto- toxicity and personality traits in cancer patients. Anticancer Res 1994;14:1033–6.
  • Rogge H. Sport in oncological patients. Physiotherapie (German) 1989;80:540–2 .
  • Mello M, Tanaka C, Dulley FL. Effects of an exercise program on muscle performance in patients undergoing allogeneic bone mar- row transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;32: 723–8.
  • Elter T, Stipanov M, Heuser E, et al. Is physical exercise possible in patients with critical cytopenia undergoing intensive chemothe- rapy for acute leukaemia or aggressive lymphoma? Int J Hematol 2009;90:199-204.
  • Dimeo F, Bertz H, Finke J, et al. An aerobic exercise program for patients with haematological malignancies after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;18:1157-60.
  • Dimeo FC, Tilmann MH, Bertz H, et al. Aerobic exercise in the rehabilitation of cancer patients after high dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Cancer 1997;79:1717-22.
  • Chang PH, Lai YH, Shun SC, et al. Effects of a walking interven- tion on fatigue-related experiences of hospitalized acute myeloge- nous leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008;35:524-34.
  • Blaauwbroek R, Bouma MJ, Tuinier W, et al. The effect of exercise counselling with feedback from a pedometer on fatigue in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2009;17:1041-8.
  • Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2004;100:2253-60.
  • Courneya KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on physical functioning and quality of life in lymphoma patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2009;1–21.
  • Courneya KS, Sellar CM, Stevinson C, et al. Moderator effects in a randomized controlled trial of exercise training in lymphoma pa- tients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2600-7.
  • Claudio L. Battaglini, A.C. Hackney, et al. The Effects of an Exer- cise Program in Leukemia Patients Integr Cancer Ther2009;8;130.
  • Coleman EA, Coon SK, Kennedy RL, et al. Effects of exercise in combination with epoetin alfa during high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for mul- tiple myeloma. Oncol Nurs Forum 2008;35: E53–E61.
  • DeFor TE, Burns LJ, Gold EM, Weisdorf DJ. A randomized trial of the effect of a walking regimen on the functional status of 100 adult allogeneic donor hematopoietic cell transplant patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007;13: 948–55.
  • Carlson LE, Smith D, Russell J, Fibich C, Whittaker T. Individuali- zed exercise program for the treatment of severe fatigue in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant: a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006;37: 945–54.
  • Coleman EA, Coon S, Hall-Barrow J, et al. Feasibility of exerci- se during treatment for multiple myeloma. Cancer Nurs 2003;26: 410–9.
  • Coleman EA, Hall-Barrow J, Coon S, Stewart CB. Facilitating exer- cise adherence for patients with multiple myeloma. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2003;7: 529–534, 40.
  • Decker WA, Turner-McGlade J, Fehir KM. Psychosocial aspects and the physiological effects of a cardiopulmonary exercise prog- ram in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia (AL). Transplant Proc 1989;21:3068-9.
  • Cunningham BA, Morris G, Cheney CL, et al. Effects of resistive exercise on skeletal muscle in marrow transplant recipients re- ceiving total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1986;10:558-63.
  • Dimeo F, Schwartz S, Fietz T, et al. Effects of endurance training on the physical performance of patients with hematological malig- nancies during chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2003;11:623- 8.
  • Hayes S, Davies PS, Parker T, Bashford J. Total energy expenditure and body composition changes following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and participation in an exercise programme. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;31:331–8.
  • Hayes S, Davies PS, Parker T, Bashford J, Newman B. Quality of life changes following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and participation in a mixed-type, moderate-intensity, exercise prog- ram. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;33: 553–8.
  • Hayes SC, Davies PS, Parker TW, Bashford J, Green A. Role of a mixed type, moderate intensity exercise programme after perip- heral blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Sports Med 2004;38: 304–309; discussion 309.
  • Hayes SC, Rowbottom D, Davies PS, Parker TW, Bashford J. Im- munological changes after cancer treatment and participation in an exercise program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35: 2–9.
  • Kim SD, Kim HS. A series of bed exercises to improve lymphocyte count in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients. Eur J Cancer Care 2006;15: 453–7.
  • Shelton ML, Lee JQ, Morris GS, et al. A randomized control trial of a supervised versus a self-directed exercise program for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Psychooncology 2009;18: 353–9.
  • Wilson RW, Jacobsen PB, Fields KK. Pilot study of a home-ba- sed aerobic exercise program for sedentary cancer survivors tre- ated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;35: 721–7.
  • Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, et al. Occupational physical ac- tivity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:313-21.
  • Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A, et al. A population-based ca- se-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. I. Dietary factors. Int J Cancer 1990;45:69-76.
  • Slattery ML, Abd-Elghany N, Kerber R, Schumacher MC. Phy- sical activity and colon cancer: a comparison of various indica- tors of physical activity to evaluate the association. Epidemiology 1990;1:481-5.
  • White E, Jacobs EJ, Daling JR. Physical activity in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:42-50.
  • Thune I, Lund E. Physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in men and women. Br J Cancer 1996;73:1134-40.
  • Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:948-55.
  • Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Lyu LC. Associations of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes with the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57:4787-94.
  • Slattery ML, Potter J, Caan B, et al. Energy balance and colon can- cer--beyond physical activity. Cancer Res 1997;57:75-80.
  • Tavani A, Braga C, La Vecchia C, et al. Physical activity and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: an Italian case-control study. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1912-6.
  • Tang R, Wang JY, Lo SK, Hsieh LL. Physical activity, water inta- ke and risk of colorectal cancer in Taiwan: a hospital-based ca- se-control study. Int J Cancer 1999;82:484-9.
  • Brownson RC, Chang JC, Davis JR, Smith CA. Physical activity on the job and cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 1991;81:639- 42.
  • Colbert LH, Hartman TJ, Malila N, et al. Physical activity in relati- on to cancer of the colon and rectum in a cohort of male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:265-8.
  • Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Br J Cancer 2001;84:417-22.
  • Breslow RA, Ballard-Barbash R, Munoz K, Graubard BI. Long- term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the Natio- nal Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic fol- low-up study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:805-8.
  • Moradi T, Adami HO, Ekbom A, et al. Physical activity and risk for breast cancer a prospective cohort study among Swedish twins. Int J Cancer 2002;100:76-81.
  • Ueji M, Ueno E, Osei-Hyiaman D, Takahashi H, Kano K. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study of Japa- nese women. J Epidemiol 1998;8:116-22.
  • Carpenter CL, Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Bernstein L. Lifetime exercise activity and breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women. Br J Cancer 1999;80:1852-8.
  • Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C. Occupational and leisu- re time physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:775-8.
  • Bernstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK. Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1403-8.
  • Moradi T, Nyren O, Zack M, et al. Breast cancer risk and lifetime leisure-time and occupational physical activity (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:523-31.
  • Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Palmer JR. Strenuous physical activity and breast cancer risk in African-American wo- men. J Natl Med Assoc 2001;93:267-75.
  • Gilliland FD, Li YF, Baumgartner K, Crumley D, Samet JM. Phy- sical activity and breast cancer risk in hispanic and non-hispanic white women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:442-50.
  • Matthews CE, Shu XO, Jin F, et al. Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Br J Cancer 2001;84:994-1001.
  • Friedenreich CM, Bryant HE, Courneya KS. Case-control study of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:336-47.
  • Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4:145-51.
  • Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR. Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 2002;132:3456S-64S.
  • Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar- kers Prev 2001;10:287-301.

Cancer-related fatigue and physical exercise

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 38 - 44, 01.01.2014

Öz

Cancer-related fatigue and physical performance impairment, are the most common problems during and after chemotherapy. Ane- mia, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes and psychosocial factors are listed as the main causes of decreased activity. However, the underlying pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated, and there is no specific treatment. For many years, several authors has been looked doubtly physical activity especially in patients receiving chemotherapy for hematologic cancers and recognized as a contrain- dication. Yet, reduced physical activity trigger muscle catabolism and starts the process of physiological and psychological destruction in patients. In recent years, a increasing number of researchers have focused on exercise in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue and poor performance and patients treated with the diagnosis of cancer shown to improve when many symptoms and findings.applied low-to-moderate intensity exercise program. The first experiences was obtained from oncological cancer patients and than physical exercise programs in patients receiving treatment for hematological cancer has become part of the treatment

Kaynakça

  • Stone P, Richards M, Hardy J. Fatigue in patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1670–6.
  • Jereczek-Fossa BA, Marsiglia HR, Orecchia R. Radiotherapyrela- ted fatigue. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002;41:317–25.
  • Smets EMA, Garssen B, Schuster-Uitterhoeve ALJ, et al. Fatigue in cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1993;68:220–4.
  • Geinitz H, Zimmermann FB, Stoll P et al. Fatigue, serum cytokine levels, and blood cell counts during radiotherapy of patients with breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:691–8.
  • Dimeo F, Schmittel A, Fietz T, et al. Physical performance, dep- ression, immune status and fatigue in patients with hematological malignancies after treatment. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1237-42.
  • Howell SJ, Radford JA, Smets EM, Shalet SM. Fatigue, sexual function and mood following treatment for haematological ma- lignancy: the impact of mild Leydig cell dysfunction. Br J Cancer 2000;82:789-93.
  • Smolarz K, Malke G, Voth E et al. Hypothyroidism after therapy for larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Thyroid 2000;10:425–9.
  • Cohen A, Rovelli R, Zecca S, et al. Endocrine late effects in child- ren who underwent bone marrow transplantation: review. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;21 Suppl 2:S64-7.
  • Knobel H, Havard LJ, Brit LM et al. Late medical complications and fatigue in Hodgkin’s disease survivors. J Clin Oncol 2001;19: 3226–33.
  • Cannon JG, Angel JB, Ball RW et al. Acute phase responses and cytokine secretion in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Immunol 1999;19:414–21.
  • 11.Seymour JF, Talpaz M, Cabanillas F et al. Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with prognosis in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1995;13: 575–582
  • Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N, Fahey JL. Fatigue and proinflamma- tory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors. Psychosom Med 2002;64:604–11.
  • Devlen J, Maguire P, Phillips P, Crowther D. Psychological prob- lems associated with diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas. II: Prospective study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:955-7.
  • Dimeo F, Stieglitz RD, Novelli-Fischer U, et al. Correlation betwe- en physical performance and fatigue in cancer patients. Ann On- col 1997;8:1251–5.
  • Morrow GR, Hickok JT, Roscoe JA, et al. Differential effects of pa- roxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4635-41.
  • Greenleaf J, Kozlowsky S. Physiological consequences of reduced A critical point in our study was the comparability of physical acti- vity during bed rest, in Terjung R (ed): Exercise and Sports Science Review. Philadelphia, PA, Franklin Institute Press, 1982;p 84.
  • Hinterbuchner C. Rehabilitation of physical dysability in canser. NY State J Med 1978;78:1066.
  • Christensen T, Stage JG, Galbo H, Christensen J, Kehlet H. Fatigue and cardiac and endocrine metabolic response to exercise after ab- dominal surgery. Surgery 1989;105:46.
  • Gagnon B, Bruera E. A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer. Drugs 1998;55:675–88.
  • Iconomou G, Koutras A, Rigopoulos A, et al. Effect of recombi- nant human erythropoietin on quality of life in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:512–8.
  • Vansteenkiste J, Pirker R, Massuti B, et al. Double-blind place- bo-controlled randomized phase III trial of darbepoetin alfa in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1211–20.
  • Mock V, Atkinson A, Barsevic A, et al. NCCN Practise guidelines for cancer-related fatigue. Oncology 2000;14:151–61.
  • Schule K. The rank value of sports and movement therapy in patients with breast or pelvic cancer. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 1983;22:36–9
  • Mock V, Burke MB, Sheehan P, et al. A nursing rehabilitation prog- ram for women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemothe- rapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 1994;21:899-907; discussion 08.
  • Peters C, Lotzerich H, Niemeier B, Schule K, Uhlenbruck G. Influence of a moderate exercise training on natural killer cyto- toxicity and personality traits in cancer patients. Anticancer Res 1994;14:1033–6.
  • Rogge H. Sport in oncological patients. Physiotherapie (German) 1989;80:540–2 .
  • Mello M, Tanaka C, Dulley FL. Effects of an exercise program on muscle performance in patients undergoing allogeneic bone mar- row transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;32: 723–8.
  • Elter T, Stipanov M, Heuser E, et al. Is physical exercise possible in patients with critical cytopenia undergoing intensive chemothe- rapy for acute leukaemia or aggressive lymphoma? Int J Hematol 2009;90:199-204.
  • Dimeo F, Bertz H, Finke J, et al. An aerobic exercise program for patients with haematological malignancies after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;18:1157-60.
  • Dimeo FC, Tilmann MH, Bertz H, et al. Aerobic exercise in the rehabilitation of cancer patients after high dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Cancer 1997;79:1717-22.
  • Chang PH, Lai YH, Shun SC, et al. Effects of a walking interven- tion on fatigue-related experiences of hospitalized acute myeloge- nous leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008;35:524-34.
  • Blaauwbroek R, Bouma MJ, Tuinier W, et al. The effect of exercise counselling with feedback from a pedometer on fatigue in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2009;17:1041-8.
  • Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2004;100:2253-60.
  • Courneya KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on physical functioning and quality of life in lymphoma patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2009;1–21.
  • Courneya KS, Sellar CM, Stevinson C, et al. Moderator effects in a randomized controlled trial of exercise training in lymphoma pa- tients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2600-7.
  • Claudio L. Battaglini, A.C. Hackney, et al. The Effects of an Exer- cise Program in Leukemia Patients Integr Cancer Ther2009;8;130.
  • Coleman EA, Coon SK, Kennedy RL, et al. Effects of exercise in combination with epoetin alfa during high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for mul- tiple myeloma. Oncol Nurs Forum 2008;35: E53–E61.
  • DeFor TE, Burns LJ, Gold EM, Weisdorf DJ. A randomized trial of the effect of a walking regimen on the functional status of 100 adult allogeneic donor hematopoietic cell transplant patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007;13: 948–55.
  • Carlson LE, Smith D, Russell J, Fibich C, Whittaker T. Individuali- zed exercise program for the treatment of severe fatigue in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant: a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006;37: 945–54.
  • Coleman EA, Coon S, Hall-Barrow J, et al. Feasibility of exerci- se during treatment for multiple myeloma. Cancer Nurs 2003;26: 410–9.
  • Coleman EA, Hall-Barrow J, Coon S, Stewart CB. Facilitating exer- cise adherence for patients with multiple myeloma. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2003;7: 529–534, 40.
  • Decker WA, Turner-McGlade J, Fehir KM. Psychosocial aspects and the physiological effects of a cardiopulmonary exercise prog- ram in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia (AL). Transplant Proc 1989;21:3068-9.
  • Cunningham BA, Morris G, Cheney CL, et al. Effects of resistive exercise on skeletal muscle in marrow transplant recipients re- ceiving total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1986;10:558-63.
  • Dimeo F, Schwartz S, Fietz T, et al. Effects of endurance training on the physical performance of patients with hematological malig- nancies during chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2003;11:623- 8.
  • Hayes S, Davies PS, Parker T, Bashford J. Total energy expenditure and body composition changes following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and participation in an exercise programme. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;31:331–8.
  • Hayes S, Davies PS, Parker T, Bashford J, Newman B. Quality of life changes following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and participation in a mixed-type, moderate-intensity, exercise prog- ram. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;33: 553–8.
  • Hayes SC, Davies PS, Parker TW, Bashford J, Green A. Role of a mixed type, moderate intensity exercise programme after perip- heral blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Sports Med 2004;38: 304–309; discussion 309.
  • Hayes SC, Rowbottom D, Davies PS, Parker TW, Bashford J. Im- munological changes after cancer treatment and participation in an exercise program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35: 2–9.
  • Kim SD, Kim HS. A series of bed exercises to improve lymphocyte count in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients. Eur J Cancer Care 2006;15: 453–7.
  • Shelton ML, Lee JQ, Morris GS, et al. A randomized control trial of a supervised versus a self-directed exercise program for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Psychooncology 2009;18: 353–9.
  • Wilson RW, Jacobsen PB, Fields KK. Pilot study of a home-ba- sed aerobic exercise program for sedentary cancer survivors tre- ated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;35: 721–7.
  • Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, et al. Occupational physical ac- tivity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:313-21.
  • Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A, et al. A population-based ca- se-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. I. Dietary factors. Int J Cancer 1990;45:69-76.
  • Slattery ML, Abd-Elghany N, Kerber R, Schumacher MC. Phy- sical activity and colon cancer: a comparison of various indica- tors of physical activity to evaluate the association. Epidemiology 1990;1:481-5.
  • White E, Jacobs EJ, Daling JR. Physical activity in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:42-50.
  • Thune I, Lund E. Physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in men and women. Br J Cancer 1996;73:1134-40.
  • Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:948-55.
  • Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Lyu LC. Associations of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes with the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57:4787-94.
  • Slattery ML, Potter J, Caan B, et al. Energy balance and colon can- cer--beyond physical activity. Cancer Res 1997;57:75-80.
  • Tavani A, Braga C, La Vecchia C, et al. Physical activity and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: an Italian case-control study. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1912-6.
  • Tang R, Wang JY, Lo SK, Hsieh LL. Physical activity, water inta- ke and risk of colorectal cancer in Taiwan: a hospital-based ca- se-control study. Int J Cancer 1999;82:484-9.
  • Brownson RC, Chang JC, Davis JR, Smith CA. Physical activity on the job and cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 1991;81:639- 42.
  • Colbert LH, Hartman TJ, Malila N, et al. Physical activity in relati- on to cancer of the colon and rectum in a cohort of male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:265-8.
  • Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Br J Cancer 2001;84:417-22.
  • Breslow RA, Ballard-Barbash R, Munoz K, Graubard BI. Long- term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the Natio- nal Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic fol- low-up study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:805-8.
  • Moradi T, Adami HO, Ekbom A, et al. Physical activity and risk for breast cancer a prospective cohort study among Swedish twins. Int J Cancer 2002;100:76-81.
  • Ueji M, Ueno E, Osei-Hyiaman D, Takahashi H, Kano K. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study of Japa- nese women. J Epidemiol 1998;8:116-22.
  • Carpenter CL, Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Bernstein L. Lifetime exercise activity and breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women. Br J Cancer 1999;80:1852-8.
  • Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C. Occupational and leisu- re time physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:775-8.
  • Bernstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK. Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1403-8.
  • Moradi T, Nyren O, Zack M, et al. Breast cancer risk and lifetime leisure-time and occupational physical activity (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:523-31.
  • Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Palmer JR. Strenuous physical activity and breast cancer risk in African-American wo- men. J Natl Med Assoc 2001;93:267-75.
  • Gilliland FD, Li YF, Baumgartner K, Crumley D, Samet JM. Phy- sical activity and breast cancer risk in hispanic and non-hispanic white women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:442-50.
  • Matthews CE, Shu XO, Jin F, et al. Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Br J Cancer 2001;84:994-1001.
  • Friedenreich CM, Bryant HE, Courneya KS. Case-control study of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:336-47.
  • Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4:145-51.
  • Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR. Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 2002;132:3456S-64S.
  • Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar- kers Prev 2001;10:287-301.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Aynur Uğur Bilgin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Uğur Bilgin A. Kanser lişkili halsizlik ve egsersiz. Genel Tıp Derg. 2014;24(1):38-44.