Baş-boyun tümörlerinde reirradyasyondaki güncel gelişmeler

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4, 141 - 150, 01.01.2012

Güler Yavaş Çağdaş Yavaş

Öz

Baş-boyun kanserlerinin tedavisindeki ilerlemelere rağmen %15–50 hastada nüks hastalık gelişmektedir. Tedavi sonrasında takipler- de bu hastalarda ikinci primer hastalık geliştirme riski de yüksektir. Bu risk hayat boyu %14-20’dir. Daha önce radyoterapi uygulan- mış bölgede lokal nüksü gelişen ya da radyoterapi alanı içerisinde ikinci primer tümörü gelişen hastalarda tedavi seçenekleri kısıtlıdır. Sınırlı hacimde tümörü olan hastalarda tercih edilen tedavi şekli kurtarma cerrahisidir. Ancak kurtarma cerrahisi için uygun olmayan ya da cerrahi sonu kötü prognostik faktörleri bulunan hastalarda reirradyasyon alternatif bir tedavi seçeneğidir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Baş-boyun tümörleri, reirradyasyon, radyoterapi

Current status of reirradiation for head and neck tumors

Öz

Despite advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer, 15-50%of patients will develop recurrent disease. Survivors also are at risk to develop second primary tumors. The incidence of developing a second primary tumor is approximately 14-20%during lifeti- me. Therapeutic options are limited for patients who present with locally advanced disease or a second primary disease within the previously irradiated region. Salvage surgery is the preferred option for those with limited-volume disease. However for the patients who are not appropriate for surgery or for those with postoperative poor prognostic factors, reirradiation is an alternative treatment option

Anahtar Kelimeler

head and neck tumor, reirradiation, radiotherapy

Kaynakça

• Bourhis J, Le Maitre A, Baujat B, et al. Individual patients’ data me- ta-analyses in head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2007;19:188.
• Brockstein B, Haraf DJ, Rademaker AW, et al. Patterns of failure, prognostic factors and survival in locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy: a 9-year, 337-patient, multi-institutional experience. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1179.
• Bernier J, Domenge C, Ozsahin M, et al. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1945.
• Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA, et al. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carci- noma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1937.
• Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M, et al. Concurrent chemothe- rapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced larynge- al cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2091.
• Hall SF, Groome PA, Irish J, O’Sullivan B. The natural history of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Lary- ngoscope 2008;118:1362.
• Haughey BH, Gates GA, Arfken CL, Harvey J. Metaanalysis of second malignant tumors in head and neck cancer: the case for an endoscopic screening protocol. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1992;10:105–112.
• Nishijima W, Takooda S, Tokita N, Takayama S, Sakura M. Analy- ses of distant metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and lesions above the clavicle at autopsy. Arch Otolaryn- gol Head Neck Surg 1993;119:65-8.
• Spencer SA, Harris J, Wheeler RH, et al. Final report of RTOG 9610, a multi-institutional trial of reirradiation and chemotherapy for unresectable recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2008;30:281–8.
• Sciubba JJ. End of life considerations in the head and neck cancer patient. Oral Oncol 2009;45:431-4.
• Kao J, Garofalo MC, Milano MT, et al. Reirradiation of recurrent and second primary head and neck malignancies: a comprehensive review. Cancer Treat Rev 2003;29:21.
• Chmura SJ, Milano MT, Haraf DJ. Reirradiation of recurrent head and neck cancers with curative intent. Semin Oncol 2004;31:816.
• McDonald MW, Lawson J, Garg MK, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria retreatment of recurrent head and neck cancer after prior definitive radiation expert panel on radiation oncology-head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;80:1292.
• Goodwin WJ Jr. Salvage surgery for patients with recurrent squa- mous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: when do the ends justify the means squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero- digestive tract: when do the ends justify the means? Laryngoscope 2000;110:1–18.
• Vermorken JB, Remenar E, van Herpen C, et al. Cisplatin, fluorou- racil, and docetaxel in unresectable head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1695–704
• Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. Platinum-based chemo- therapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1116–27.
• Forastiere AA, Metch B, Schuller DE, et al. Randomized compari- son of cisplatin plus fluorouracil and carboplatin plus fluorouracil versus methotrexate in advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1245–51.
• Burtness B, Goldwasser MA, FloodW, et al. Phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus placebo compared with cisplatin plus cetuxi- mab in metastatic/recurrent head and neck cancer: An Eastern Co- operative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8646–54.
• Soulieres D, Senzer NN, Vokes EE, et al. Multicenter phase II study of erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine ki- nase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:77–85.
• Bentzen JD, Hansen HS. Phase II analysis of paclitaxel and capeci- tabine in the treatment of recurrent or disseminated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. Head Neck 2007;29:47–51.
• Chen A, Phillips TL, Lee NY. Practical Cosiderations in teh Re-ir- radiation of Recurrent and Second Primary Head and Neck Can- cer: Who, Why, How and How much. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol. Phys 2011;81:1211-19.
• de Crevoisier R, Bourhis J, Domenge C, et al. Full-dose reirradia- tion for unresectable head and neck carcinoma: experience at the Gustave-Roussy Institute in a series of 169 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3556–62.
• Lee NY, de Arruda FF, Puri DR, et al. A comparison of inten- sity-modulated radiation therapy and concomitant boost radi- otherapy in the setting of concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:966–74.
• Salama JK, Vokes EE. Concurrent chemotherapy and re-irradiation for locoregionally recurrent head and neck cancer. Semin Oncol 2008;35:251.
• Haraf DJ, Weischselbaum RR, Vokes EE. Re-irradiation with con- comitant chemotherapy of unresectable recurrent head and neck cancer: A potentially curable disease. Ann Oncol 1996;7:913–8.
• Langer CJ, Harris J, Horwitz EM, et al. Phase II study of lowdose paclitaxel and cisplatin in combination with split-course concomi- tant twice-daily reirradiation in recurrent squamous cell carcino- ma of the head and neck: Results of the Radiation Therapy Onco- logy Group protocol 9911. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4800–5.
• Salama JK, Vokes EE, Chmura SJ, et al. Long-term outcome of con- current chemotherapy and reirradiation for recurrent and second primary head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat On- col Biol Phys 2006;64:382–91.
• Dawson LA, Myers LL, Bradford CR, et al. Conformal re-irradia- tion of recurrence and new primary head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50:377–85.
• Sulman EP, Schwartz DL, Le TT, et al. IMRT reirradiation of head and neck cancer- disease control and morbidity outcomes. Int J Ra- diat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;73:399–409.
• Watkins JM, Shirai KS, Wahlquist AE, et al. Toxicity and survival outcomes of hyperfractionated split-course reirradiation and daily concurrent chemotherapy in locoregionally recurrent, previously irradiated head and neck cancers. Head Neck 2009;31:493–502.
• Unger KR, Lominska CE, Deeken JF, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for reirradiation of head-and-neckcancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;77:1411-9.
• Cengiz M, Özyiğit G, Yazici G,, et al. Salvage reirradiaton with ste- reotactic body radiotherapy for locally recurrent head-and-neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:104-9.
• Roh KW, Jang JS, Kim MS, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiothe- rapy as reirradiation for locally recurrent head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:1348–55.
• Tanvetyanon T, Padhya T, McCaffrey J, et al. Prognostic factors for survival after salvage reirradiation of head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1983–91.
• Koutcher L, Lee N, Zelefsky M, et al. Reirradiation of locally re- current nasopharyngeal cancer with external beam radiothe- rapy with or without brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:130–7.
• Yu KH, Leung SF, Tung SY, et al. Survival outcome of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with first local failure: A study by the Hong Kong nasopharyngeal carcinoma study group. Head Neck 2005;27:397–405.
• Datta NR, Nagar YS, Singh S, Naryan L. Loco-regional failures in head and neck cancer: can they be effectively salvaged by nonsurgi- cal therapeutic modalities? Int J Clin Oncol 2003;8:31–9.
• Puthawala A, Nisar Syed AM, Gamie S, et al. Interstitial lowdo- se-rate brachytherapy as a salvage treatment for recurrent he- ad-and-neck cancers: Long-term results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:354–62.
• Kupferman ME, Morrison WH, Santillan AA, et al. The role of in- terstitial brachytherapy with salvage surgery for the management of recurrent head and neck cancers. Cancer 2007;109:2052.
• Cornes PG, Cox HJ, Rhys-Evans PR, et al. Salvage treatment for inoperable neck nodes in head and neck cancer using combined iridium-192 brachytherapy and surgical reconstruction. Br J Surg 1996;83:1620.
• McLaughlin MP, Parsons JT, Fein DA, et al. Salvage surgery after radiotherapy failure in T1–T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glot- tic larynx. Head Neck 1996;18:229–35.
• Milano MT, Vokes EE, Salama JK, et al. Twice-daily reirradiation for recurrent and second primary head-and-neck cancer with gem- citabine, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;61:1096.
• Biagioli MC, Harvey M, Roman E, et al. Intensity-modulated ra- diotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for previously irradia- ted, recurrent head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69:1067.
• Villaflor VM, Haraf D, Salama JK, et al. Phase II trial of pemet- rexed-based induction chemotherapy followed by concomi- tant chemoradiotherapy in previously irradiated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol 2011;22:2501.
• Ganly I, Patel S, Matsuo J, et al. Postoperative complications of sal- vage total laryngectomy. Cancer 2005;103:2073–81.
• Agra IM, Carvalho AL, Ulbrich FS, et al. Prognostic factors in sal- vage surgery for recurrent oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Head Neck 2006;28:107–13.
• Agra IM, Carvalho AL, Pinto CA, et al. Biological markers and prognosis in recurrent oral cancer after salvage surgery. Arch Oto- laryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;134:743–9.
• Kasperts N, Slotman BJ, Leemans CR, de Bree R, Doornaert P, Lan- gendijk JA. Results of postoperative reirradiation for recurrent or second primary head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 2006;106:1536– 47.
• Janot F, De Raucourt D, Benhamou E, et al. Randomized trial of postoperative reirradiation combined with chemotherapy after salvage surgery compared with salvage surgery alone in head and neck carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5518–23.
• Langer CJ, Harris J, Horwitz EM, et al. Phase II study of low-dose paclitaxel and cisplatin in combination with split-course concomi- tant twice-daily reirradiation in recurrent squamous cell carcino- ma of the head and neck:results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 9911. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4800.
• Kao J, Genden EM, Chen CT, et al. Phase 1 trial of concurrent er- lotinib, celecoxib, and reirradiation for recurrent head and neck cancer. Cancer 2011;117:3173-81.
• Rusthoven KE, Feigenberg SJ, Raben D, et al. Initial results of a phase Idose-escalation trial of concurrent and maintenance erloti- nib and reirradiationfor recurrent and new primary head-and-ne- ck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:1020-5.
• Heron DE, Rwigema JC, Gibson MK, et al: Concurrent cetuximab with stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A single institution matched ca- se-control study. Am J Clin Oncol 2011;34:165-72.
• Zwicker F, Roeder F, Thieke C, et al. IMRT reirradiation with con- current cetuximab immunotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2011;187:32-8.
• Balermpas P, Hambek M, Seitz O, et al. Combined cetuximab and reirradiation for locoregional recurrent and inoperable squ- amous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Strahlenther Onkol 2009;185:775-81.
• Seiwert TY, Haraf DJ, Cohen EE, et al. Phase I study of bevacizu- mab added to fluorouracil- and hydroxyurea-based concomitant chemoradiotherapy for poor-prognosis head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1732-41.
• Cohen EE, Rosine D, Haraf DJ, et al. Phase I trial of tirapazamine, cisplatin, and concurrent accelerated boost reirradiation in pa- tients with recurrent head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67:678-84.
• Van Waes C, Chang AA, Lebowitz PF, et al. Inhibition of nucle- ar factor-kappa B and target genes during combined therapy with proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and reirradiation in patients with recurrenthead-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:1400-12.
• Neider C, Langendijk JA. Normal tissue tolerance to reirradiation. In: Neider C and Langendijk JA ed, Re-irradiation: New Frontiers. Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Veralg 2011;4-7.
• McDonald MW, Moore MG, Johnstone PA. Risk of Carotid Blowout after reirradiation of the head and neck:a systematic re- view. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:1083-9.
• Popovtzer A, Gluck I, Chepeha DB, et al. The pattern of failure after reirradiation of recurrence squamous cell head and neck cancer: Implications for defining the targets. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:1342–7.
• Ozyigit G, Cengiz M, Yazici G, et al. A retrospective comparison of robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy and three-dimensional con- formal radiotherapy for the reiradiation of locally recurrent nasop- haryngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:263-8.
• Langendijk JA, Kasperts N, Leemans CR, et al. A phase II study of primary reirradiation in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Radiother Oncol 2006;78:306–12.
• Chen AM, Farwell DG, Luu Q, et al. Prospective trial of high dose reirradiation using daily image guidance with intensity modulated radiotherapy for recurrent and second primary head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;80:669–76.
• Rwigema JC, Heron DE, Ferris RL, et al. The impact of tumor-volu- me and radiotherapy-dose in previously-irradiated recurrent-squ- amous cell-carcinoma of the head-and-neck treated with SBRT. AJCO 2011;34:372-9.