Araştırma Makalesi
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stress Levels of Pregnant Women

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 351 - 357, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1425976

Öz

Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of the COVID-19 process on pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, as well as the stress they have experienced and their health behaviors.
Material and Methods: The research is of descriptive cross-sectional type. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power program. Necessary permissions were obtained for the research.
Due to restrictions in the data collection time period (November 2020-April 2021), 204 participants were reached by convenience sampling method using the online survey tool. A survey form consisting of three parts was used as a data collection tool. Personal information form including questions about sociodemographic characteristics, birth history, pregnancy and pandemic; Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were employed. High scores on the Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale indicate an increased level of stress during pregnancy. A high score on the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale indicates a high level of anxiety experienced during the coronavirus. In the study, number and percentage values were given, regression and correlation analysis and nonparametric tests were performed.
Results: It was found that pregnant women experienced moderate stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, and some obstetric characteristics such as gestational week, having problems in this and previous pregnancies, feeling fear of delivery, and having problems in previous delivery affected stress and COVID-19 anxiety. It has been observed that future anxiety increases in pregnant women who consider the measures taken as inadequate. The mean scores of the scales used in the study are 42.99 ± 24.58 (Min-max: 6-116, median: 40) for Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale, 2.60±3.26 (Min-max: 0-19, median: 2) for Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the factors contributing to increased stress and anxiety in pregnant women.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approvals were received for this study from the Ministry of Health Scientific Research Platform (03.06.2020) and the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Giresun University (09.11.2020/12). Pregnant women were informed within the scope of the Declaration of Helsinki principles. Approvals were obtained from the researchers who conducted the validity and reliability study of the measurement tools. The literature used is shown in the references section.

Kaynakça

  • Wastnedge EA, Reynolds RM, van Boeckel SR, Stock SJ, Denison FC, Maybin JA, et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiological reviews. 2021;101(1):303-318.
  • Yang R, Gui X, Xiong Y. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e2010182. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10182. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2014310. PMID: 32459353; PMCID: PMC7254178.
  • Stepowicz A, Wencka B, Bieńkiewicz J, Horzelski W, Grzesiak M. Stress and anxiety levels in pregnant and post-partum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249450.
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M, et al. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2):293-295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003.
  • Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(6):545-550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0182.
  • Atmuri K, Sarkar M, Obudu E, Kumar A. Perspectives of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2022;35(3):280-288. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2021.03.008
  • Jago CA, Singh SS, Moretti F. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: Combating Isolation to Improve Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(1):33-36. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003946.
  • Mei H, Li N, Li J, Zhang D, Cao Z, Zhou Y, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychosom Res. 2021 Oct;149:110586. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110586. Epub 2021 Jul 27. PMID: 34454381; PMCID: PMC8314786.
  • Moyer CA, Compton SD, Kaselitz E, Muzik M. Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):757-765. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01073-5.
  • Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among U.S. women pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;266:113348. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113348.
  • Aghababaei S, Bashirian S, Soltanian A, Refaei M, Omidi T, Ghelichkhani S, et al. Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2020;25(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z.
  • Mizrak Sahin B, Kabakci EN. The experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2021;34(2):162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.022.
  • Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S, World Health Organization. Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual / S.K. Lwanga and S. Lemeshow. World Health Organization; Geneva:1991. s.1-80.
  • Yassa M, Yassa A, Yirmibeş C, Birol P, Ünlü UG, Tekin AB, Sandal K, Mutlu MA, Çavuşoğlu G, Tug N. Anxiety levels and obsessive compulsion symptoms of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Sep;17(3):155-160. doi: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.91455. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33072418; PMCID: PMC7538825.
  • Aksoy SD, Dutucu N, Özdilek R, Bektaş HA, Keçeci A. Gebelik Stresi Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanmasi ve Faktör Analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;5(1):10-14.
  • Biçer İ, Çakmak C, Demir H, Kurt ME. Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;25(Special Issue on COVID 19):216-225.
  • Kahyaoglu Sut H, Kucukkaya B. Anxiety, depression, and related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A web-based cross-sectional study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021;57:860-868. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12627.
  • Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Pandemic-related pregnancy stress and anxiety among women pregnant during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(3):100155. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100155.
  • Gürbüz T, Gökmen O, Kaptan G, İnanli E, Karadeniz SB, Söylemez NE, et al. Investigating anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders among the pregnant women during Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.4(1):7-12.
  • Demir E, Kilic F. Determination of the anxiety level in pregnant women who administer to the obstetrics clinic within the COVID-19 pandemia period. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36(4):352-356.
  • Durankuş F, Aksu E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Jan;35(2):205-211. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946. Epub 2020 May 18. PMID: 32419558.
  • Akgor U, Fadıloglu E, Soyak B, Unal C, Cagan M, Temiz BE, et al. Anxiety, depression and concerns of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Jul;304(1):125-130. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05944-1. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33433702; PMCID: PMC7802427.
  • Sahin NH. Overview of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: Women's Health Nursing Association/COVID-19 Pandemisi Surecine Bakis: Kadin Sagligi Hemsireligi Dernegi. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing. 2020;17(4):374-378.
  • Saadati N, Afshari P, Boostani H, Beheshtinasab M, Abedi P, Maraghi E. Health anxiety and related factors among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from Iran. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03092-7.
  • Medina-Jimenez V, Bermudez-Rojas ML, Murillo-Bargas H, Rivera-Camarillo AC, Muñoz-Acosta J, Ramirez-Abarca TG, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression and stress levels in pregnant women: a national survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec;35(23):4438-4441. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1851675. Epub 2020 Nov 26. PMID: 33243043.
  • Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Chasson M, Abu Sharkia S, Weiss E. Distress and anxiety associated with COVID-19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2020;38(3):340-348. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1786037.
  • Çelik AS, Atasever İ. Gebelerde algılanan stres düzeylerinin ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;23(2):267-276.
  • Erdoğan A, Hocaoğlu Ç. Psychiatric aspect of infectious diseases and pandemic: A review. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):72-80.
  • Ifdil I, Fadli RP, Gusmaliza B, Putri YE. Mortality and psychological stress in pregnant and postnatal women during COVID-19 outbreak in West Sumatra, Indonesia. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(4):251-252. doi: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1779216.
  • Baran GK, Şahin S, Öztaş D, Demir P, Desticioğlu R. Gebelerin algılanan stres düzeylerinin ve stres nedenlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2020;45(1):170-180.
  • Corbett GA, Milne SJ, Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O'connell MP. Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Jun;249:96-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022. Epub 2020 Apr 13. PMID: 32317197; PMCID: PMC7194619.

COVID-19 Salgınının Gebelerin Stres Düzeylerine Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 351 - 357, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1425976

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 sürecinin ikinci ve üçüncü trimesterdeki gebeler üzerindeki etkilerinin yanı sıra yaşadıkları stres ve sağlık davranışlarının belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır.
Materyal ve Metod: Araştırma, tanımlayıcı kesitsel tiptedir. Örneklem büyüklüğü G*Power programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma için gerekli izinler alınmıştır. Veri toplama zaman dilimindeki (Kasım 2020-Nisan 2021) kısıtlamalar nedeniyle çevrimiçi anket aracı kullanılarak kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle 204 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak üç bölümden oluşan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Sosyodemografik özellikler, doğum öyküsü, gebelik ve pandemiye ilişkin soruların yer aldığı kişisel bilgi formu, Gebelik Stres Derecelendirme Ölçeği ve Coronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği. Gebelik Stres Derecelendirme Ölçeğinde yüksek puanlar gebelik sırasında artan stres düzeyini göstermektedir. Coronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği puanının yüksek olması ise koronavirüste yaşanan kaygı düzeyinin fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmada sayı ve yüzde değerleri verilmiş, regresyon ve korelasyon analizi ile nonparametrik testler yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Gebelerin COVID-19 salgını sırasında orta düzeyde stres yaşadıkları ve gebelik haftası, bu gebeliğinde ve önceki gebeliğinde sorun yaşamış olma, doğuma yönelik korku hissetme, önceki doğumunda sorun yaşamış olma gibi bazı obstetrik özelliklerin stres ve COVID-19 kaygısını etkilediği saptanmıştır. Alınan önlemleri yetersiz gören gebelerde gelecek kaygısının arttığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada kullanılan ölçeklerin ortalama puanları Gebelik Stresini Değerlendirme Ölçeği için 42,99 ± 24,58 (Min-max: 6-116, medyan: 40), Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği için 2,60 ± 3,26 (Min-max: 0-19, medyan: 2) olarak belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: COVID-19 salgını gebe kadınlarda stres ve kaygı düzeyinin artmasında etkili faktörlerden biridir.

Kaynakça

  • Wastnedge EA, Reynolds RM, van Boeckel SR, Stock SJ, Denison FC, Maybin JA, et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiological reviews. 2021;101(1):303-318.
  • Yang R, Gui X, Xiong Y. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e2010182. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10182. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2014310. PMID: 32459353; PMCID: PMC7254178.
  • Stepowicz A, Wencka B, Bieńkiewicz J, Horzelski W, Grzesiak M. Stress and anxiety levels in pregnant and post-partum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249450.
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M, et al. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2):293-295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003.
  • Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(6):545-550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0182.
  • Atmuri K, Sarkar M, Obudu E, Kumar A. Perspectives of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2022;35(3):280-288. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2021.03.008
  • Jago CA, Singh SS, Moretti F. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: Combating Isolation to Improve Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(1):33-36. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003946.
  • Mei H, Li N, Li J, Zhang D, Cao Z, Zhou Y, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychosom Res. 2021 Oct;149:110586. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110586. Epub 2021 Jul 27. PMID: 34454381; PMCID: PMC8314786.
  • Moyer CA, Compton SD, Kaselitz E, Muzik M. Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):757-765. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01073-5.
  • Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among U.S. women pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;266:113348. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113348.
  • Aghababaei S, Bashirian S, Soltanian A, Refaei M, Omidi T, Ghelichkhani S, et al. Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2020;25(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z.
  • Mizrak Sahin B, Kabakci EN. The experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2021;34(2):162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.022.
  • Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S, World Health Organization. Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual / S.K. Lwanga and S. Lemeshow. World Health Organization; Geneva:1991. s.1-80.
  • Yassa M, Yassa A, Yirmibeş C, Birol P, Ünlü UG, Tekin AB, Sandal K, Mutlu MA, Çavuşoğlu G, Tug N. Anxiety levels and obsessive compulsion symptoms of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Sep;17(3):155-160. doi: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.91455. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33072418; PMCID: PMC7538825.
  • Aksoy SD, Dutucu N, Özdilek R, Bektaş HA, Keçeci A. Gebelik Stresi Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanmasi ve Faktör Analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;5(1):10-14.
  • Biçer İ, Çakmak C, Demir H, Kurt ME. Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;25(Special Issue on COVID 19):216-225.
  • Kahyaoglu Sut H, Kucukkaya B. Anxiety, depression, and related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A web-based cross-sectional study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021;57:860-868. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12627.
  • Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Pandemic-related pregnancy stress and anxiety among women pregnant during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(3):100155. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100155.
  • Gürbüz T, Gökmen O, Kaptan G, İnanli E, Karadeniz SB, Söylemez NE, et al. Investigating anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders among the pregnant women during Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.4(1):7-12.
  • Demir E, Kilic F. Determination of the anxiety level in pregnant women who administer to the obstetrics clinic within the COVID-19 pandemia period. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36(4):352-356.
  • Durankuş F, Aksu E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Jan;35(2):205-211. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946. Epub 2020 May 18. PMID: 32419558.
  • Akgor U, Fadıloglu E, Soyak B, Unal C, Cagan M, Temiz BE, et al. Anxiety, depression and concerns of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Jul;304(1):125-130. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05944-1. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33433702; PMCID: PMC7802427.
  • Sahin NH. Overview of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: Women's Health Nursing Association/COVID-19 Pandemisi Surecine Bakis: Kadin Sagligi Hemsireligi Dernegi. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing. 2020;17(4):374-378.
  • Saadati N, Afshari P, Boostani H, Beheshtinasab M, Abedi P, Maraghi E. Health anxiety and related factors among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from Iran. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03092-7.
  • Medina-Jimenez V, Bermudez-Rojas ML, Murillo-Bargas H, Rivera-Camarillo AC, Muñoz-Acosta J, Ramirez-Abarca TG, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression and stress levels in pregnant women: a national survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec;35(23):4438-4441. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1851675. Epub 2020 Nov 26. PMID: 33243043.
  • Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Chasson M, Abu Sharkia S, Weiss E. Distress and anxiety associated with COVID-19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2020;38(3):340-348. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1786037.
  • Çelik AS, Atasever İ. Gebelerde algılanan stres düzeylerinin ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;23(2):267-276.
  • Erdoğan A, Hocaoğlu Ç. Psychiatric aspect of infectious diseases and pandemic: A review. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):72-80.
  • Ifdil I, Fadli RP, Gusmaliza B, Putri YE. Mortality and psychological stress in pregnant and postnatal women during COVID-19 outbreak in West Sumatra, Indonesia. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(4):251-252. doi: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1779216.
  • Baran GK, Şahin S, Öztaş D, Demir P, Desticioğlu R. Gebelerin algılanan stres düzeylerinin ve stres nedenlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2020;45(1):170-180.
  • Corbett GA, Milne SJ, Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O'connell MP. Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Jun;249:96-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022. Epub 2020 Apr 13. PMID: 32317197; PMCID: PMC7194619.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

Candan Ersanlı 0000-0002-3204-4687

Çağla Yiğitbaş 0000-0002-3789-1156

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Ersanlı C, Yiğitbaş Ç. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stress Levels of Pregnant Women. Genel Tıp Derg. 2024;34(3):351-7.