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Retrospective Evaluation of WALANT in Upper Extremity Procedures: Surgical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5, 974 - 980, 28.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1684755

Öz

Background: Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) is gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional anesthesia methods in upper extremity surgical procedures. WALANT, which eliminates the need for a tourniquet, also has advantages such as reduced cost, increased patient satisfaction, and intraoperative functional evaluation. This study aims to evaluate the surgical outcomes, intraoperative pain, and patient satisfaction in a diverse range of upper extremity procedures performed using WALANT.
Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 218 patients who underwent upper extremity surgery using the WALANT technique. Surgical procedures included trigger finger release (n=75), carpal tunnel release (n=65), tendon transfer (n=8), finger fracture fixation (n=34), metacarpal ORIF (n=7), scaphoid fracture fixation (n=2), and flexor tendon repair (n=27). The primary outcomes assessed were surgical time, intraoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale, VAS 0-10), postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction (5-point Likert scale).
Results: The mean intraoperative pain score was 1.6 ± 0.9, with minimal discomfort reported across all procedures. The average surgical time varied depending on the procedure, with carpal tunnel release being the shortest (17.4 ± 4.2 minutes) and tendon transfers the longest (52.6 ± 8.9 minutes). The overall postoperative complication rate was 5.0%, with transient stiffness (3.2%) and delayed wound healing (1.8%) being the most common. Infection occurred in 0.9% of cases, all managed successfully with oral antibiotics. No patients required conversion to general anesthesia. Patient satisfaction was high, with a mean Likert score of 4.7 ± 0.6, reflecting strong acceptance of the WALANT technique.
Conclusion: WALANT is a safe and effective alternative to conventional anesthesia for upper extremity surgeries, providing adequate intraoperative analgesia, reducing complications, and achieving high patient satisfaction. Its ability to facilitate intraoperative functional assessment is particularly advantageous in tendon and fracture surgeries. Given its benefits, WALANT should be considered a preferred technique for a wide range of upper limb procedures.

Kaynakça

  • 1- Grandizio LC, Graham J, Klena JC. Current trends in WALANT surgery: a survey of American Society for Surgery of the Hand members. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2020;2(4):186-90.
  • 2- Lalonde DH. Wide-awake flexor tendon repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(2):623-5.
  • 3- Lalonde D, editor Wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet technique (WALANT). BMC Proc.; 2015: Springer.
  • 4- Tang JB, Lalonde D. Global Advances in Wide Awake Hand Surgery, An Issue of Hand Clinics: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
  • 5- Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, Hernandez N, De Haan JB, Budish RA, et al. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(1):e13-e29.
  • 6- Rhee PC, Fischer MM, Rhee LS, McMillan H, Johnson AE. Cost savings and patient experiences of a clinic-based, wide-awake hand surgery program at a military medical center: a critical analysis of the first 100 procedures. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(3):e139-e47.
  • 7- Pertea M, Grosu OM, Veliceasa B, Velenciuc N, Ciobanu P, Tudor R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in hand surgery. Rev Chim. 2019;70(10).
  • 8- Connors KM, Guerra SM, Koehler SM. Current evidence involving WALANT surgery. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2022;4(6):452-5.
  • 9- Ketonis C, Ilyas AM, Liss F. Pain management strategies in hand surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46(3):399-408.
  • 10- Jensen J, Hicks RW, Labovitz J. Understanding and optimizing tourniquet use during extremity surgery. AORN J. 2019;109(2):171-82.
  • 11- Hagenouw RR, Bridenbaugh PO, van Egmond J, Stuebing R. Tourniquet pain: a volunteer study. Anesth Analg. 1986;65(11):1175-80.
  • 12- Ayhan E, Tuna Z, Oksuz C. Getting better results in flexor tendon surgery and therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9(2):e3432.
  • 13- Hong J, Kang H-J, Whang J-i, Sung S-Y, Kim S-H, Shin S-C, et al. Comparison of the wide-awake approach and conventional approach in extensor indicis proprius–to–extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer for chronic extensor pollicis longus rupture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(3):723-33.
  • 14- Kadhum M, Georgiou A, Kanapathy M, Reissis D, Akhavani M, Burr N, Nikkhah D. Operative outcomes for wide awake local anesthesia versus regional and general anesthesia for flexor tendon repair. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2022;41(1):125-30.
  • 15- Kiran S, Khan FAA, Hyder A, Farhina M, Gulzar S, Rashid S. Wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) surgery for tendon repair in hand trauma. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2022;72(3):966.
  • 16- Ribak S, Folberg CR, de Oliveira Alves JA. The Brazilian perspective of WALANT in fracture fixation from the hand to the elbow. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2022;4(6):471-6.
  • 17- Chung S-R, Lee EY, Tan DMK. Corrective osteotomies for digital overlap in phalangeal and metacarpal fracture malunion using wide awake local anesthesia No tourniquet (walant) technique: a technical note. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2021;26(03):485-9.
  • 18- Lalonde DH. WALANT for Adult Hand Fractures. Pediatr Adult Hand Fractures Clin Guide Manag. Springer; 2023. p. 381-7.
  • 19- Maliha SG, Cohen O, Jacoby A, Sharma S. A cost and efficiency analysis of the WALANT technique for the management of trigger finger in a procedure room of a major city hospital. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(11):e2509.
  • 20- Huang Y-C, Hsu C-J, Renn J-H, Lin K-C, Yang S-W, Tarng Y-W, et al. WALANT for distal radius fracture: open reduction with plating fixation via wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13:1-11.

Üst Ekstremite Prosedürlerinde WALANT'ın Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi: Cerrahi Sonuçlar ve Hasta Memnuniyeti

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5, 974 - 980, 28.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1684755

Öz

Amaç: Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Turnike (WALANT), üst ekstremite cerrahi prosedürlerinde geleneksel anestezi yöntemlerine bir alternatif olarak popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Turnike ihtiyacını ortadan kaldıran WALANT, aynı zamanda azaltılmış maliyet, artan hasta memnuniyeti ve intraoperatif fonksiyonel değerlendirme gibi avantajlara da sahiptir. Bu çalışma, WALANT kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen çeşitli üst ekstremite prosedürlerinde cerrahi sonuçları, intraoperatif ağrıyı ve hasta memnuniyetini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: WALANT tekniği kullanılarak üst ekstremite cerrahisi uygulanan 218 hastanın retrospektif bir değerlendirmesi gerçekleştirildi. Yapılan cerrahi işlemler arasında tetik parmak gevşetilmesi (n=75), karpal tünel gevşetilmesi (n=65), tendon transferi (n=8), parmak kırığı tespiti (n=34), metakarpal açık redüksiyon ve internal fiksasyon (ORIF) (n=7), skafoid kırığı tespiti (n=2) ve fleksör tendon onarımı (n=27) yer almaktaydı. Değerlendirilen birincil sonuçlar arasında cerrahi süresi, intraoperatif ağrı düzeyi (Görsel Analog Skala, VAS 0-10), postoperatif komplikasyonlar ve hasta memnuniyeti (5 puanlık Likert ölçeği) bulunmaktadır.
Bulgular: Tüm işlemler genelinde minimal rahatsızlık bildirilen hastalarda, ortalama intraoperatif ağrı skoru 1,6 ± 0,9 olarak ölçüldü. Ortalama cerrahi süre yapılan işleme göre değişiklik göstermekte olup, en kısa süre karpal tünel gevşetilmesinde (17,4 ± 4,2 dakika) ve en uzun süre tendon transferlerinde (52,6 ± 8,9 dakika) kaydedildi. Genel postoperatif komplikasyon oranı %5,0 olarak saptandı; en sık görülen komplikasyonlar geçici sertlik (%3,2) ve gecikmiş yara iyileşmesi (%1,8) idi. Enfeksiyon oranı %0,9 olup, tüm vakalar oral antibiyotik tedavisi ile başarıyla yönetildi. Hiçbir hastada genel anesteziye geçiş ihtiyacı olmadı. Hasta memnuniyeti yüksek bulunmuş olup, ortalama Likert skoru 4,7 ± 0,6 idi ve bu durum WALANT tekniğinin güçlü bir şekilde kabul edildiğini göstermektedir.
Sonuç: WALANT, üst ekstremite cerrahilerinde konvansiyonel anesteziye güvenli ve etkili bir alternatif sunarak yeterli intraoperatif analjezi sağlamakta, komplikasyon oranlarını azaltmakta ve yüksek hasta memnuniyeti elde etmektedir. Özellikle tendon ve kırık cerrahilerinde intraoperatif fonksiyonel değerlendirmeye olanak sağlaması önemli bir avantajdır. Bu avantajları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, WALANT tekniği üst ekstremite cerrahilerinin geniş bir yelpazesinde tercih edilen bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • 1- Grandizio LC, Graham J, Klena JC. Current trends in WALANT surgery: a survey of American Society for Surgery of the Hand members. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2020;2(4):186-90.
  • 2- Lalonde DH. Wide-awake flexor tendon repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(2):623-5.
  • 3- Lalonde D, editor Wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet technique (WALANT). BMC Proc.; 2015: Springer.
  • 4- Tang JB, Lalonde D. Global Advances in Wide Awake Hand Surgery, An Issue of Hand Clinics: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
  • 5- Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, Hernandez N, De Haan JB, Budish RA, et al. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(1):e13-e29.
  • 6- Rhee PC, Fischer MM, Rhee LS, McMillan H, Johnson AE. Cost savings and patient experiences of a clinic-based, wide-awake hand surgery program at a military medical center: a critical analysis of the first 100 procedures. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(3):e139-e47.
  • 7- Pertea M, Grosu OM, Veliceasa B, Velenciuc N, Ciobanu P, Tudor R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in hand surgery. Rev Chim. 2019;70(10).
  • 8- Connors KM, Guerra SM, Koehler SM. Current evidence involving WALANT surgery. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2022;4(6):452-5.
  • 9- Ketonis C, Ilyas AM, Liss F. Pain management strategies in hand surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46(3):399-408.
  • 10- Jensen J, Hicks RW, Labovitz J. Understanding and optimizing tourniquet use during extremity surgery. AORN J. 2019;109(2):171-82.
  • 11- Hagenouw RR, Bridenbaugh PO, van Egmond J, Stuebing R. Tourniquet pain: a volunteer study. Anesth Analg. 1986;65(11):1175-80.
  • 12- Ayhan E, Tuna Z, Oksuz C. Getting better results in flexor tendon surgery and therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9(2):e3432.
  • 13- Hong J, Kang H-J, Whang J-i, Sung S-Y, Kim S-H, Shin S-C, et al. Comparison of the wide-awake approach and conventional approach in extensor indicis proprius–to–extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer for chronic extensor pollicis longus rupture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(3):723-33.
  • 14- Kadhum M, Georgiou A, Kanapathy M, Reissis D, Akhavani M, Burr N, Nikkhah D. Operative outcomes for wide awake local anesthesia versus regional and general anesthesia for flexor tendon repair. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2022;41(1):125-30.
  • 15- Kiran S, Khan FAA, Hyder A, Farhina M, Gulzar S, Rashid S. Wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) surgery for tendon repair in hand trauma. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2022;72(3):966.
  • 16- Ribak S, Folberg CR, de Oliveira Alves JA. The Brazilian perspective of WALANT in fracture fixation from the hand to the elbow. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2022;4(6):471-6.
  • 17- Chung S-R, Lee EY, Tan DMK. Corrective osteotomies for digital overlap in phalangeal and metacarpal fracture malunion using wide awake local anesthesia No tourniquet (walant) technique: a technical note. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2021;26(03):485-9.
  • 18- Lalonde DH. WALANT for Adult Hand Fractures. Pediatr Adult Hand Fractures Clin Guide Manag. Springer; 2023. p. 381-7.
  • 19- Maliha SG, Cohen O, Jacoby A, Sharma S. A cost and efficiency analysis of the WALANT technique for the management of trigger finger in a procedure room of a major city hospital. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(11):e2509.
  • 20- Huang Y-C, Hsu C-J, Renn J-H, Lin K-C, Yang S-W, Tarng Y-W, et al. WALANT for distal radius fracture: open reduction with plating fixation via wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13:1-11.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ortopedi
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

Erkan Sabri Ertaş 0000-0002-3108-3297

Ali Özdemir 0000-0002-8835-9741

Musa Ergin 0000-0002-8690-6115

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Ertaş ES, Özdemir A, Ergin M. Retrospective Evaluation of WALANT in Upper Extremity Procedures: Surgical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction. Genel Tıp Derg. 2025;35(5):974-80.