Araştırma Makalesi
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Kuşadası'ndaki Ilıcatepe'nin Kyklopien Duvarları Üzerine Düşünceler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26, 119 - 139, 12.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1284559

Öz

Kuşadası-Davutlar modern kara yolunun hemen kenarında yer alan Ilıcatepe 540x315 metrelik bir alanı kaplayan, yaklaşık 50 metre yüksekliğe sahip kireçtaşı anakayadan oluşan tepenin etrafı kendi anakayasından kesilerek yapıldığı anlaşılan kiklopik taş işçiliğiyle inşa edilmiş bir duvar ile çevrelenmektedir. Batı Anadolu’da görmeye pek de alışık olunmayan bu duvar örgüsü tepeye gelen araştırmacıların da dikkatini çekmiş ve kimi araştırmacılar duvarın MÖ 2. bin yıla ait olabileceği görüşünü ileri sürmüşlerdir. Günümüzde birçok araştırmacının Arinnanda olarak kabul ettiği Mykale’nin yakınında yer alan ve Kadıkalesi’ne 4 km mesafede olan bu tepenin stratejik önemi göz ardı edilemez. Batı Anadolu’da anıtsal taşlar ile inşa edilen duvarlara genellikle şüphe ile yaklaşılsa da son yıllarda Karia’da yapılan araştırmalardaki bulgular da dikkate alındığında, Yunanistan ana karası, Girit, Ege Adaları ve Orta Anadolu’da varlığı bilinen benzer duvar örgülerine Batı Anadolu'da da rastlanılması son derece doğaldır. Batı Anadolu’da Arkaik Dönem’de anıtsal taşlarla örülen duvarlar bilinmekle birlikte, taşların birbirlerine yanaştırılmaları, taşlar arasındaki boşlukların doldurulması ve kullanılan taşçı aletlerinin cins ve malzeme farklılıkları duvarların tarihlenmesi için yardımcı olurlar. Ilıcatepe’nin yakın çevresinde gelişen tarihi olaylar tepenin stratejik önemini artırmaktadır. Hitit kralı II. Murşili’nin (MÖ 1322-1298) Batı Anadolu coğrafyasında yer alan Arzawa Ülkesi üzerine düzenlediği sefer bölge coğrafyasını tanımamız açısından oldukça önemlidir. II. Murşili Hitit kralı olduktan sonra saltanatının üçüncü yılında, Hitit topraklarından Arzawa Krallığı’na kaçan Hattili mültecilerin geri verilmeyişini bahane ederek Arzawa üzerine yürümüştür. O tarihte Arzawa Krallığı’nın başında Uhhaziti bulunmaktaydı. II. Murşili’nin söz konusu sefer sırasındaki güzergahı Hatti diyarından başlamış, Arzawa ülkesi ve Ege sahillerinde son bulmuştur. II. Murşili komutasındaki Hitit ordusu belirli güzergahları takip ederek son varış noktası olan Arinnanda Dağı olarak isimlendirilen araziye gelmiştir. Kralın bu sefer ile ilgili anlatımlarından yola çıkarak Arzawalıların bir bölümünün Hitit ordusu gelmeden Ege adalarına kaçtığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kayıtlarda Ege adalarına kaçmayanların Arinnanda Dağı’na çıkarak, tahkimli bir merkez olduğu anlaşılan Puranda’ya sığınarak burada savaş hazırlığı yaptıkları ifade edilmektedir. II. Murşili’nin Arinnanda Dağı’na kaçanlar ile giriştiği mücadeleyi anlattığı bölümler oldukça dikkat çekicidir.

Kaynakça

  • C. C. Aslan – C. B. Rose, City and Citadel at Troy from the Late Bronze Age through the Roman Period, in: S. Redford – N. Ergin (eds.), Cities and Citadels of Turkey: From the Iron Age to the Seljuks, Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA 2013, 7-38.
  • S. Ateşlier – A. Erön, Puranda ve Arkaik Priene’nin Lokalizasyonu Üzerine Yeni Bir Öneri: Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, Çatallar Tepe Mevkii, Lycus 6, 2022, 65-97.
  • A. Bammer, Ephesos in der Bronzezeit, ÖJh 57, 1986-1987, 1-38.
  • A. Bammer – U. Muss, Eines frühes Quellheiligtum am Ayasolukhügel in Ephesos, Anatolia Antiqua 15, 2007, 95-101.
  • N. G. Blackwell, Making the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae: Tool Marks and Foreign Influence, AJA 118.3, 2014, 451-488.
  • Y. Boswinkel, Labouring with Large Stones. A Study into the Investment and Impact of Constructon Project on Mycenaean Communities in Late Bronze Age Greece, Leiden 2021.
  • O. Broneer, The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology, Hesperia 35.4, 1966, 346-362.
  • T. Bryce, The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, London-New York 2009.
  • A. Brysbeart, ‘Set in stone’? Constructed symbolism viewed through an architectural energetics’ lens at Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece, in: C. Bakels – H. Kamermans (eds.), Excerpta Archaeologica Leidensia, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 45, Leiden 2015, 91-105.
  • J. Cook, G. Kleiner, P. Hommel, and W. Müller-Wiener, Panionion und Melie, Gnomon 41, 1969, 716-718.
  • M. E. Cooper, Uhha-Ziti, King of Arzawa: Tantalus, King of Lydia, Talanta 44, 2012, 81-106.
  • R. Duru, Tilmrn, A Forgotten Capital City, Istanbul 2003.
  • R. D. Fitzsimons, Monuments of Power and the Power of Monuments: The Evolution of Elite Architectural Styles at Bronze Age Mycenae (Diss. PhD, University of Cincinnati), Cincinnati 2006.
  • W. Gauß, Considerations on Aegean Bronze Age Fortifications, in: S. Hansen – R. Krause (eds.), Bronze Age Fortresses in Europe: Proceedings of the Second International LOEWE Conference, 9-13 October 2017 in Alba Julia, Bonn 2019, 53-79.
  • İ. Gezgin – L. Kutbay, Kuşadası ve Çevresinde Yapılan Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmaları, in: A. Şerifoğlu (ed.), Geçmişten Geleceğe Kuşadası Sempozyumu, 23-26 Şubat 2000 (Kuşadası 2000), 81-92.
  • A. M. Greaves – B. Helwing, Archaeology in Turkey: The Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, 1997-1999, AJA 105.3, 463-511.
  • J. D. Hawkins, Tarkasnawa King of Mira ‘Tarkondemos’, Boǧazköy Sealings and Karabel, AS 48, 1998, 1-31.
  • A. Herda, Panionion-Melia, Mykalessos-Mykale, Perseus und Medusa. Überlegungen zur Besiedlungsgeschichte der Mykale in der frühen Eisenzeit, IstMitt 56, 2006, 43-102.
  • F. Işık, Mimari’de Hitit Akha-İlişkileri, in: A. Erkanal- Ötkü (ed.), Hayat Erkanal’a Armağan: Kültürlerin Yansıması/Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections, İstanbul 2006, 440-450.
  • F. Işık – M. Atıcı – R. Tekelioğlu, Die nachhethitische Königsstele von Karakuyu beim Karabel-Pass. Zur kulturellen Kontinuität vom bronzezeitlichen Mira zum eisenzeitlichen Ionia, in: E. Schwertheim (ed.), Studien zum antiken Kleinasien VII (AMS 66), Bonn 2011, 1-33.
  • J. Keil, Zur Topographie der ionischen Küste südlich von Ephesos, ÖJh 11, 1908, 135–168
  • A. J. Koh – K. J. Birney – I. M. Roy – I. Liritzis, The Mycenaean Citadel and Environs of Desfina-Kastrouli: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Southern Phokis, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20/3, 2020, 47-73.
  • R. Krause, Fortresses and Fortifications. On Fortified Hilltop Settlements of the Bronze Age, in: S. Hansen – R. Krause (eds.), Bronze Age Fortresses in Europe: Proceedings of the Second International LOEWE Conference, 9-13 October 2017 in Alba Julia (Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Band 335), Bonn 2019, 1-16.
  • S. M. Liko, Second Order Centers and Regional Integration in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, PhD thesis, Florida State University, Florida 2012.
  • N. C. Loader, The definition of cyclopean: An investigation into the origins of the LH III fortifications on mainland Greece, PhD Thesis, Durham University, Durham 1995.
  • Ç. Maner, A Comparative Study of Hittite and Mycanaean Fortification Architecture, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – A. Kanta – A. Giannikouri (eds.), ATHANASIA, The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age, Irakleion 2012, 55-66.
  • Ç. Maner, When East Meets West: The Social Identity of Western Anatolia, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – Ç. Maner – K. Koponias (eds.), Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze, Early Iron Ages, Istanbul 2015, 835-848.
  • Ç. Maner, “Du sollst für die Ewigkeit bauen!” Untersuchungen zu hethitischen und mykenischen Befestigungen (UPA Band 338), Bonn 2019.
  • Ç. Maner, Form and Function of Ashlar in Middle and Late Bronze Age Anatolia, in: M. Devolder – I. Kreimerman (eds.), Ashlar Exploring the Materiality of Cut-Stone Masonry in the Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, Louvain 2020, 147-167.
  • R. Meriç, 1987 İzmir-Manisa-Aydın İlleri Yüzey Araştırması, VI. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Ankara 1988, 385-392.
  • R. Meriç, The Arzawa Lands. The Historical Geography of Izmir and its Environs during Late Bronze Age in the light of new archaeologi- cal research, TÜBA-AR 27, 2020, 151-177.
  • R. Naumann, Eski Anadolu Mimarlığı, Ankara 1991.
  • C. Nylander, Anatolians in Susa-And Persepolis? Acta Iranica VI (II. Sér. Monumentum H.S. Nyberg III), Leiden 1975, 317-323.
  • C. Nylander, Greek and Lydian Craftsmen in Achaemenid Persia, Atti Del XVI. Congresso Di Storia Dell’Architettura, Atene, 1969, Rome 1977, 141-145.
  • P. Pavúk, Between the Aegeans and the Hittites Western Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium BC, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – Ç. Maner – K. Koponias (eds.), Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze, Early Iron Ages, Istanbul 2015, 81-113.
  • A. Philippa-Touchais, The Middle Bronze Age Fortifications on the Aspis Hill at Argos, in: R. Frederiksen – S. Müth – P. I. Schneider – M. Schnelle (eds.), Focus on Fortifications. New Research on Fortifications in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Near East, Oxford-Philadelphia 2016, 645-661.
  • G. René – R. Martin, Dictionnaire méthodique de l’architecture grecque et romaine. Tome I. Matériaux, techniques de construction, techniques et formes du décor (Rome : École Française de Rome. Publications de l’École française de Rome 84), 1985.
  • N. K. Sandars, The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 BC., Ancient Peoples and Places 89, London 1978.
  • N. C. Scoufopoulos, Mycenaean citadels. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XXII, Gothenburg: Paul Åström 1971.
  • R. Lorentz Scranton, Greek Walls, Cambridge, Mass. 1941.
  • T. F. Tartaron, The Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project (Sharp). Investigations at Mycenaean Kalamianos, 2007-2009, Hesperia 80, 2011, 559-634.
  • T. F. Tartaron, Late Bronze Age architecture and regional Dynamics at Korphos in the Corinthia, in: A. L. Schallin – I. Tournavitou Stockholm (eds.), Mycenaeans up to date. The Archaeology of the North-eastern Peloponnese-current concepts and new directions, Stockholm 2015, 391-401.
  • T. F. Tartaron, The Settlement at Kalamianos: Bronze Age Small Worlds and the Saronic Coast of the Southeastern Corinthia, in: E. R. Gebhart – T. E. Gregory (eds.), Bridge of the Untiring Sea: The Corinthian Isthmus from Prehistory to Late Antiquity [Hesperia Supplement 48], Princeton, NJ 2015, 25-38.
  • A. Ünal, Arinnanda-Mykale Dağı ve Puranda-Priene Eşitlemesi Üzerine, in: P. Pınarcık – B. Gökçe – M. S. Erkek – S. C. Kandal (eds.), Prof. Dr. Recep Yıldırım’a Armağan, Ankara 2017, 19-35.
  • L. Vokotopoulos, A View of The Neopalatial Countryside: Settlement and Social Organization at Karoumes, Eastern Crete, Hesperia Supplements, 2011, Vol. 44, ΣТΕГА: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete, 2011, 137-149.
  • N. M. H. Wardle, Centre and periphery: the impact of Mycenaean civilization on its neighbours, PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol 2004.
  • T. Wiegand – H. Schrader, Priene: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898-1898, Berlin 1904.
  • J. C. Wright, Mycenaean Masonry. Practices and Elements of Construction, PhD. Diss. Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr 1978.
  • J. C. Wright, Offsets in Mycenaean Architecture, in: A. Dakouri-Hild – S. E. Sherratt (eds.), Autochthon. Papers Presented to O. T. P. K. Dickinson, Oxford 2005, 191-199.
  • J. Yakar, Anadolu’nun Etnoarkeolojisi, Istanbul 2007.
  • J. P. Zielinski, Cyclopean Architecture in Minoan Bronze Age Crete: A Study in the Social Organization of a Complex Society, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo 1998.

Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26, 119 - 139, 12.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1284559

Öz

Ilıcatepe, located right on the edge of the Kuşadası-Davutlar modern highway, covers an area of 540x315 meters and consists of limestone bedrock with a height of about 50 meters, and is surrounded by a wall built with Cyclopic stonework, which is understood to have been cut from its own bedrock. This masonry, which is not very common to see in Western Anatolia, attracted the attention of researchers who came to the hill, and some researchers suggested that the wall may belong to the 2nd millennium BC. The strategic importance of this hill, which is located on the slope of Mykale, which is considered by many researchers as Arinnanda, and 4 km away from Kadıkalesi, cannot be ignored. Although the walls built with monumental stones in Western Anatolia are generally approached with suspicion, considering the findings in the researches made in Caria in recent years, similar masonry known to exist in mainland Greece, Crete, Aegean Islands and Central Anatolia can be found in Western Anatolia. It is very natural to come across. Although the walls built with monumental stones in the Archaic Period are known in Western Anatolia, the juxtaposition of the stones, the filling of the gaps between the stones, and the differences in the type and material of the masonry tools used help in the dating of the walls. Historical events in the immediate vicinity of Ilıcatepe increase the strategic importance of the hill. The expedition organised by the Hittite king Murshili II (1322-1298 BC) against the Arzawa Country in Western Anatolia is very important in terms of our knowledge of the geography of the region. In the third year of his reign after becoming the Hittite king, Murshili II marched on Arzawa on the pretext of the non-return of the Hattian refugees who fled from the Hittite lands to the Arzawa Kingdom. At that time, Uhhaziti was at the head of the Arzawa Kingdom. The route of Murshili II during the said campaign started from the land of Hatti and ended in the country of Arzawa and the Aegean coast. The Hittite army under the command of Murshili II followed certain routes and arrived at its final destination, Mount Arinnanda. Based on the king's account of this campaign, it is understood that some of the Arzawans fled to the Aegean islands before the Hittite army arrived. The records indicate that those who did not flee to the Aegean islands ascended Mount Arinnanda, took refuge in Puranda, which is understood to be a fortified centre, and prepared for war there. The passages in which Murshili II describes his struggle with those who fled to Mount Arinnanda are quite remarkable.

Kaynakça

  • C. C. Aslan – C. B. Rose, City and Citadel at Troy from the Late Bronze Age through the Roman Period, in: S. Redford – N. Ergin (eds.), Cities and Citadels of Turkey: From the Iron Age to the Seljuks, Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA 2013, 7-38.
  • S. Ateşlier – A. Erön, Puranda ve Arkaik Priene’nin Lokalizasyonu Üzerine Yeni Bir Öneri: Samsun (Mykale) Dağı, Çatallar Tepe Mevkii, Lycus 6, 2022, 65-97.
  • A. Bammer, Ephesos in der Bronzezeit, ÖJh 57, 1986-1987, 1-38.
  • A. Bammer – U. Muss, Eines frühes Quellheiligtum am Ayasolukhügel in Ephesos, Anatolia Antiqua 15, 2007, 95-101.
  • N. G. Blackwell, Making the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae: Tool Marks and Foreign Influence, AJA 118.3, 2014, 451-488.
  • Y. Boswinkel, Labouring with Large Stones. A Study into the Investment and Impact of Constructon Project on Mycenaean Communities in Late Bronze Age Greece, Leiden 2021.
  • O. Broneer, The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology, Hesperia 35.4, 1966, 346-362.
  • T. Bryce, The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, London-New York 2009.
  • A. Brysbeart, ‘Set in stone’? Constructed symbolism viewed through an architectural energetics’ lens at Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece, in: C. Bakels – H. Kamermans (eds.), Excerpta Archaeologica Leidensia, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 45, Leiden 2015, 91-105.
  • J. Cook, G. Kleiner, P. Hommel, and W. Müller-Wiener, Panionion und Melie, Gnomon 41, 1969, 716-718.
  • M. E. Cooper, Uhha-Ziti, King of Arzawa: Tantalus, King of Lydia, Talanta 44, 2012, 81-106.
  • R. Duru, Tilmrn, A Forgotten Capital City, Istanbul 2003.
  • R. D. Fitzsimons, Monuments of Power and the Power of Monuments: The Evolution of Elite Architectural Styles at Bronze Age Mycenae (Diss. PhD, University of Cincinnati), Cincinnati 2006.
  • W. Gauß, Considerations on Aegean Bronze Age Fortifications, in: S. Hansen – R. Krause (eds.), Bronze Age Fortresses in Europe: Proceedings of the Second International LOEWE Conference, 9-13 October 2017 in Alba Julia, Bonn 2019, 53-79.
  • İ. Gezgin – L. Kutbay, Kuşadası ve Çevresinde Yapılan Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmaları, in: A. Şerifoğlu (ed.), Geçmişten Geleceğe Kuşadası Sempozyumu, 23-26 Şubat 2000 (Kuşadası 2000), 81-92.
  • A. M. Greaves – B. Helwing, Archaeology in Turkey: The Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, 1997-1999, AJA 105.3, 463-511.
  • J. D. Hawkins, Tarkasnawa King of Mira ‘Tarkondemos’, Boǧazköy Sealings and Karabel, AS 48, 1998, 1-31.
  • A. Herda, Panionion-Melia, Mykalessos-Mykale, Perseus und Medusa. Überlegungen zur Besiedlungsgeschichte der Mykale in der frühen Eisenzeit, IstMitt 56, 2006, 43-102.
  • F. Işık, Mimari’de Hitit Akha-İlişkileri, in: A. Erkanal- Ötkü (ed.), Hayat Erkanal’a Armağan: Kültürlerin Yansıması/Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections, İstanbul 2006, 440-450.
  • F. Işık – M. Atıcı – R. Tekelioğlu, Die nachhethitische Königsstele von Karakuyu beim Karabel-Pass. Zur kulturellen Kontinuität vom bronzezeitlichen Mira zum eisenzeitlichen Ionia, in: E. Schwertheim (ed.), Studien zum antiken Kleinasien VII (AMS 66), Bonn 2011, 1-33.
  • J. Keil, Zur Topographie der ionischen Küste südlich von Ephesos, ÖJh 11, 1908, 135–168
  • A. J. Koh – K. J. Birney – I. M. Roy – I. Liritzis, The Mycenaean Citadel and Environs of Desfina-Kastrouli: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Southern Phokis, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20/3, 2020, 47-73.
  • R. Krause, Fortresses and Fortifications. On Fortified Hilltop Settlements of the Bronze Age, in: S. Hansen – R. Krause (eds.), Bronze Age Fortresses in Europe: Proceedings of the Second International LOEWE Conference, 9-13 October 2017 in Alba Julia (Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Band 335), Bonn 2019, 1-16.
  • S. M. Liko, Second Order Centers and Regional Integration in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, PhD thesis, Florida State University, Florida 2012.
  • N. C. Loader, The definition of cyclopean: An investigation into the origins of the LH III fortifications on mainland Greece, PhD Thesis, Durham University, Durham 1995.
  • Ç. Maner, A Comparative Study of Hittite and Mycanaean Fortification Architecture, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – A. Kanta – A. Giannikouri (eds.), ATHANASIA, The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age, Irakleion 2012, 55-66.
  • Ç. Maner, When East Meets West: The Social Identity of Western Anatolia, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – Ç. Maner – K. Koponias (eds.), Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze, Early Iron Ages, Istanbul 2015, 835-848.
  • Ç. Maner, “Du sollst für die Ewigkeit bauen!” Untersuchungen zu hethitischen und mykenischen Befestigungen (UPA Band 338), Bonn 2019.
  • Ç. Maner, Form and Function of Ashlar in Middle and Late Bronze Age Anatolia, in: M. Devolder – I. Kreimerman (eds.), Ashlar Exploring the Materiality of Cut-Stone Masonry in the Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, Louvain 2020, 147-167.
  • R. Meriç, 1987 İzmir-Manisa-Aydın İlleri Yüzey Araştırması, VI. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Ankara 1988, 385-392.
  • R. Meriç, The Arzawa Lands. The Historical Geography of Izmir and its Environs during Late Bronze Age in the light of new archaeologi- cal research, TÜBA-AR 27, 2020, 151-177.
  • R. Naumann, Eski Anadolu Mimarlığı, Ankara 1991.
  • C. Nylander, Anatolians in Susa-And Persepolis? Acta Iranica VI (II. Sér. Monumentum H.S. Nyberg III), Leiden 1975, 317-323.
  • C. Nylander, Greek and Lydian Craftsmen in Achaemenid Persia, Atti Del XVI. Congresso Di Storia Dell’Architettura, Atene, 1969, Rome 1977, 141-145.
  • P. Pavúk, Between the Aegeans and the Hittites Western Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium BC, in: N. Chr. Stampolidis – Ç. Maner – K. Koponias (eds.), Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze, Early Iron Ages, Istanbul 2015, 81-113.
  • A. Philippa-Touchais, The Middle Bronze Age Fortifications on the Aspis Hill at Argos, in: R. Frederiksen – S. Müth – P. I. Schneider – M. Schnelle (eds.), Focus on Fortifications. New Research on Fortifications in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Near East, Oxford-Philadelphia 2016, 645-661.
  • G. René – R. Martin, Dictionnaire méthodique de l’architecture grecque et romaine. Tome I. Matériaux, techniques de construction, techniques et formes du décor (Rome : École Française de Rome. Publications de l’École française de Rome 84), 1985.
  • N. K. Sandars, The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 BC., Ancient Peoples and Places 89, London 1978.
  • N. C. Scoufopoulos, Mycenaean citadels. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XXII, Gothenburg: Paul Åström 1971.
  • R. Lorentz Scranton, Greek Walls, Cambridge, Mass. 1941.
  • T. F. Tartaron, The Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project (Sharp). Investigations at Mycenaean Kalamianos, 2007-2009, Hesperia 80, 2011, 559-634.
  • T. F. Tartaron, Late Bronze Age architecture and regional Dynamics at Korphos in the Corinthia, in: A. L. Schallin – I. Tournavitou Stockholm (eds.), Mycenaeans up to date. The Archaeology of the North-eastern Peloponnese-current concepts and new directions, Stockholm 2015, 391-401.
  • T. F. Tartaron, The Settlement at Kalamianos: Bronze Age Small Worlds and the Saronic Coast of the Southeastern Corinthia, in: E. R. Gebhart – T. E. Gregory (eds.), Bridge of the Untiring Sea: The Corinthian Isthmus from Prehistory to Late Antiquity [Hesperia Supplement 48], Princeton, NJ 2015, 25-38.
  • A. Ünal, Arinnanda-Mykale Dağı ve Puranda-Priene Eşitlemesi Üzerine, in: P. Pınarcık – B. Gökçe – M. S. Erkek – S. C. Kandal (eds.), Prof. Dr. Recep Yıldırım’a Armağan, Ankara 2017, 19-35.
  • L. Vokotopoulos, A View of The Neopalatial Countryside: Settlement and Social Organization at Karoumes, Eastern Crete, Hesperia Supplements, 2011, Vol. 44, ΣТΕГА: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete, 2011, 137-149.
  • N. M. H. Wardle, Centre and periphery: the impact of Mycenaean civilization on its neighbours, PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol 2004.
  • T. Wiegand – H. Schrader, Priene: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898-1898, Berlin 1904.
  • J. C. Wright, Mycenaean Masonry. Practices and Elements of Construction, PhD. Diss. Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr 1978.
  • J. C. Wright, Offsets in Mycenaean Architecture, in: A. Dakouri-Hild – S. E. Sherratt (eds.), Autochthon. Papers Presented to O. T. P. K. Dickinson, Oxford 2005, 191-199.
  • J. Yakar, Anadolu’nun Etnoarkeolojisi, Istanbul 2007.
  • J. P. Zielinski, Cyclopean Architecture in Minoan Bronze Age Crete: A Study in the Social Organization of a Complex Society, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo 1998.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Suat Ateşlier

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateşlier, S. (2023). Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası. Gephyra, 26, 119-139. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1284559
AMA Ateşlier S. Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası. GEPHYRA. Kasım 2023;26:119-139. doi:10.37095/gephyra.1284559
Chicago Ateşlier, Suat. “Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası”. Gephyra 26, Kasım (Kasım 2023): 119-39. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1284559.
EndNote Ateşlier S (01 Kasım 2023) Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası. Gephyra 26 119–139.
IEEE S. Ateşlier, “Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası”, GEPHYRA, c. 26, ss. 119–139, 2023, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.1284559.
ISNAD Ateşlier, Suat. “Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası”. Gephyra 26 (Kasım 2023), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1284559.
JAMA Ateşlier S. Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası. GEPHYRA. 2023;26:119–139.
MLA Ateşlier, Suat. “Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası”. Gephyra, c. 26, 2023, ss. 119-3, doi:10.37095/gephyra.1284559.
Vancouver Ateşlier S. Reflections on the Cyclopean Walls of Ilıcatepe in Kuşadası. GEPHYRA. 2023;26:119-3.