Araştırma Makalesi

MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES

Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2 31 Mart 2026
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MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES

Öz

In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to fatty acid and triglyceride (TAG) profiles of extra virgin olive oils (n=40) obtained from Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) during the 2023/2024 harvest season to diagnose and address matrix instabilities caused by multicollinearity and linear dependence. A total of 34 variables (23 experimental and 11 derived) were used to reduce data dimensionality and determine sample variability. The initial PCA attempt with standardized variables showed poor factorability (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure, KMO=0.13; measure of sampling adequacy, MSA<0.40), and Bartlett’s test of sphericity could not be calculated because the correlation matrix was not positive definite. Multicollinearity and linear dependence were assessed using Pearson correlations and regression-based diagnostics (variance inflation factor, V IF; t olerance i ndex, T I; condition index, CI; and variance decomposition proportions, VDP). Most derived variables showing high correlations and redundant information were removed from the dataset, reducing the number of variables to 23, and in the repeated PCA, Bartlett’s test of sphericity became significant (P<0.001), but the KMO value of 0.49 indicated that the model still had insufficient factorability. An optimized 17-variable model was obtained through a stepwise screening based on MSA (<0.40) and multicollinearity criteria (VIF>10; TI<0.10). The final m odel p roduced 5 principal c omponents ( PCs) t hat e xplained 7 4% of t he t otal variance and reached an acceptable level of sampling adequacy (KMO=0.70). After Promax rotation, variables were mostly loaded uniquely and strongly on the relevant PCs in the pattern matrix, while secondary loadings were limited in the structure matrix. In the score analysis, most samples showed separation on the PC1-PC2 plane. Additionally, only 10 samples (25%) exceeded the standardized z-score threshold (|z|>2). Overall, the results indicated that for reliable and interpretable PCA modelling of the olive oil data, it is necessary to clearly manage factorability and multicollinearity issues and to carefully examine the correlation matrix structures and the score distributions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Etik kurul raporu gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  1. Abdi, H., Williams, L.J. (2010). Principal component analysis. WIREs Computational Statistics, 2, 433-459. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101
  2. Agozzino, P., Avellone, G., Bongiorno, D., Ceraulo, L., Indelicato, S., Indelicato, S., Vèkey, K. (2010). Determination of the cultivar and aging of Sicilian olive oils using HPLC‐MS and linear discriminant analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 45, 989-995. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1791
  3. Amaral, J.S., Mafra, I., Oliveira, M.B.P. (2010). Characterization of three Portuguese varietal olive oils based on fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phytosterols and vitamin E profiles: application of chemometrics. In: Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention, Preedy, V.R., Watson, R.R. (Eds.). Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 581-589.
  4. AOCS, 2009. Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids (Ce 2-66). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, The Association, IL, USA.
  5. Bosque-Sendra, J.M., Cuadros-Rodríguez, L., Ruiz-Samblás, C., de la Mata, A.P. (2012). Combining chromatography and chemometrics for the characterization and authentication of fats and oils from triacylglycerol compositional data—A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 724, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aca.2012.02.041
  6. Brown, J.D. (2009). Principal components analysis and exploratory factor analysis - Definitions, differences, and choices. Shiken: JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 13, 26-30.
  7. Dıraman, H. (2010). Characterization by chemometry of the most important domestic and foreign olive cultivars from the National Olive Collection Orchard of Turkey. Grasasy Aceites, 61, 341-351.
  8. Ergin, M., Can, A.S., Koşkan, Ö. (2023). Factor rotation methods in factor analysis: An application on agricultural data. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18, 134-142. https://doi.org/10.54975/isubuzfd.1370165

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Gıda Mühendisliği

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

17 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gül, A. G., & Çolakoğlu, A. S. (2026). MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES. Gıda, 51(2), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD26019
AMA
1.Gül AG, Çolakoğlu AS. MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES. GIDA. 2026;51(2):409-422. doi:10.15237/gida.GD26019
Chicago
Gül, Ayşe Gizem, ve Abdullah Sinan Çolakoğlu. 2026. “MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES”. Gıda 51 (2): 409-22. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD26019.
EndNote
Gül AG, Çolakoğlu AS (01 Mart 2026) MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES. Gıda 51 2 409–422.
IEEE
[1]A. G. Gül ve A. S. Çolakoğlu, “MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES”, GIDA, c. 51, sy 2, ss. 409–422, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD26019.
ISNAD
Gül, Ayşe Gizem - Çolakoğlu, Abdullah Sinan. “MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES”. Gıda 51/2 (01 Mart 2026): 409-422. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD26019.
JAMA
1.Gül AG, Çolakoğlu AS. MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES. GIDA. 2026;51:409–422.
MLA
Gül, Ayşe Gizem, ve Abdullah Sinan Çolakoğlu. “MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES”. Gıda, c. 51, sy 2, Mart 2026, ss. 409-22, doi:10.15237/gida.GD26019.
Vancouver
1.Ayşe Gizem Gül, Abdullah Sinan Çolakoğlu. MANAGING MULTICOLLINEARITY AND LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN PCA OF OLIVE OIL USING FATTY ACID AND TRIGLYCERIDE PROFILES. GIDA. 01 Mart 2026;51(2):409-22. doi:10.15237/gida.GD26019

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