CEO kökeni ve genel yönetsel beceriler: Borsa İstanbul’da işlem gören firmalar üzerine bir araştırma

Yıl 2024, , 431 - 446, 30.10.2024

Pelin Erden Çevik

https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.3.008

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde örtük bir şekilde kabul edilen, ancak hakkında yeterli ampirik kanıt bulunmayan, dışarıdan atanan CEO’ların yüksek genel yönetsel beceri düzeyine sahip olduğu varsayımını Türkiye bağlamında test etmektir. Araştırma, Borsa İstanbul’da işlem gören firmaların mevcut CEO’larından 2013-2023 yılları arasında göreve getirilmiş olan 239 CEO ile yürütülmüş ve araştırmada kullanılan tüm veriler yazar tarafından elle toplanmıştır. CEO kökeni belirlenirken, literatürde yaygın olarak kabul edilen yöntem izlenmiş ve CEO olmadan önce bir yıldan uzun süredir firmada çalışanlar içeriden, bir yıl ve daha az süredir çalışanlar ise dışarıdan CEO olarak tanımlanmıştır. CEO’ların genel yönetsel beceri düzeyi ise Custodio, Ferreira ve Matos (2013) tarafından geliştirilen “Genel Beceri Endeksi” ile ölçülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları, 112 CEO’nun firma içinden terfi ettirilerek, 127 CEO’nun ise dışarıdan atanarak bu pozisyona getirildiğini ve dışarıdan atanan CEO’ların genel yönetsel beceri düzeyinin içeriden terfi edenlere göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Böylece dışarıdan atanan CEO’ların genelci olduğu varsayımı, ülkemiz yönetici işgücü piyasası bağlamında doğrulanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, CEO değişimlerinde son yılların önemli trendlerinden biri haline gelen dışarıdan CEO transferinin önemli bir sebebinin, farklı kurumsal çevrelerde deneyim kazanmış genelci CEO’ların sahip olduğu, firmalar açısından gittikçe önem kazanan üstün genel yönetsel becerileri olduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

genel yönetsel beceri, dışarıdan CEO, içeriden CEO

CEO origin and general managerial skills: A research on firms listed on Borsa Istanbul

Öz

The aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that outsider CEOs have high general managerial skills, which is implicitly accepted in the literature but for which there is limited empirical evidence in the Turkish context. The research was conducted with 239 CEOs who were appointed between 2013-2023 among the current CEOs of the firms listed on Borsa Istanbul and the data used in the research were hand-collected. While determining the origin of CEOs, the method widely accepted in the literatüre is followed, and those who worked for a firm for more than one year prior to CEO position were defined as an insider CEO, while those who worked for one year or less were defined as an outsider CEO. The general managerial skill level of CEOs was measured by the “General Skill Index” developed by Custodio, Ferreira and Matos (2013). The results showed that 112 CEOs were insiders and 127 CEOs were outsiders, and the general managerial skill level of outsider CEOs was significantly higher than that of insiders. Thus, the assumption that outsider CEOs are generalists is confirmed in the context ofTurkey’s managerial labor market. The results of the research can be interpreted as a justification of external CEO transfers, which have become one of the most important trends in CEO turnover in recent years, that is the superior general managerial skills of generalist CEOs who have gained experience in different corporate environments, which have become increasingly important for firms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

general managerial skill, outsider CEO, insider CEO

Kaynakça

• Allen, M. P., Panian, S. K. ve Lotz, R. E. (1979). Managerial succession and organizational performance: A recalcitrant problem revisited. Administrative Science Quarterly, 167-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392492
• Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
• Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
• Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
• Bernthal, P. R., Rioux, S. M. ve Willins, R. S. (1999). The leadership forecast: A benchmarking study. Pittsburg: Development Dimensions International.
• Boeker, W. (1997). Strategic change: The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 152-170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/257024
• Boeker, W. ve Goodstein, J. (1993). Performance and successor choice: The moderating effects of governance and ownership. Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 172-186. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/256517
• Bower JL. (1970). Managing the resource allocation process: A study of corporate planning and investment. Harvard University: Boston, MA.
• Brockman, P., Lee, H. S. G. ve Salas, J. M. (2016). Determinants of CEO compensation: Generalist–specialist versus insider–outsider attributes. Journal of Corporate Finance, 39, 53-77. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.04.007
• Castanias, R. P. ve Helfat, C. E. (1991). Managerial resources and rents. Journal of Management, 17(1), 155-171. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700110
• Chatjuthamard, P., Ongsakul, V., Jiraporn, P. ve Uyar, A. (2022). Corporate governance and generalist CEOs: evidence from board size. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 22(1), 148-158. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2021-0058
• Chen, G., Huang, S., Meyer‐Doyle, P. ve Mindruta, D. (2021). Generalist versus specialist CEOs and acquisitions: Two‐sided matching and the impact of CEO characteristics on firm outcomes. Strategic Management Journal, 42(6), 1184-1214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3258
• Choi, H., Karim, K. ve Tao, A. (2023). CEO origin and stock price crash risk: Insider versus outsider CEOs. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 31(1), 105-126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12442
• Coff, R. W. (2002). Human capital, shared expertise, and the likelihood of impasse in corporate acquisitions. Journal of Management, 28(1), 107-128. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(01)00127-1
• Coff, R. ve Kryscynski, D. (2011). Invited editorial: Drilling for micro-foundations of human capital–based competitive advantages. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1429-1443. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310397772
• Crossland, C. ve Hambrick, D. C. (2007). How national systems differ in their constraints on corporate executives: A study of CEO effects in three countries. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), 767-789. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.610
• Crossland, C., Zyung, J., Hiller, N. J. ve Hambrick, D. C. (2014). CEO career variety: Effects on firm-level strategic and social novelty. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3), 652-674. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0469
• Custódio, C., Ferreira, M. A. ve Matos, P. (2013). Generalists versus specialists: Lifetime work experience and chief executive officer pay. Journal of Financial Economics, 108(2), 471-492. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.001
• Custódio, C., Ferreira, M. A. ve Matos, P. (2019). Do general managerial skills spur innovation?. Management Science, 65(2), 459-476. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2828
• Dalton, D. R. ve Kesner, I. F. (1985). Organizational performance as an antecedent of inside/outside chief executive succession: An empirical assessment. Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), 749-762. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/256235
• Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579-603. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.4.zok579
• Datta, D. K. ve Guthrie, J. P. (1994). Executive succession: Organizational antecedents of CEO characteristics. Strategic Management Journal, 15(7), 569-577. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150706
• Erden Çevik, P. ve Bingöl, D. (2022). Genelci mi, uzman mı? Üst kademe yöneticilerin yönetsel becerileri üzerine bir araştırma. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 190-205. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.ozelsayi9
• Evdokimov, E. ve Yusoff, I. (2024). CEO succession and auditor going concern decisions: An analysis of outsider CEOs and generalist skills. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 43, 107-159. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2023.107159
• Felin, T. ve Foss, N. J. (2005). Strategic organization: A field in search of micro-foundations. Strategic Organization, 3(4), 441-455. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127005055796
• Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. ve Cannella, A. (1996). Strategic leadership. Minneapolis, MN: West Publishing Company.
• Friedman, S. D. ve Singh, H. (1989). CEO succession and stockholder reaction: The influence of organizational context and event content. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 718-744. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/256566
• Frydman, C. (2005). Rising through the ranks. the evolution of the market for corporate executives, 1936-2003. Unpublished working paper, Harvard University.
• Goulder, A. W. (1954). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25: 161-178.
• Gounopoulos, D. ve Pham, H. (2018). Specialist CEOs and IPO survival. Journal of Corporate Finance, 48, 217-243. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.10.012
• Hambrick, D. C. ve Finkelstein, S. (1987). Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 369–406.
• Hambrick, D. C. ve Fukutomi, G. D. (1991). The seasons of a CEO's tenure. Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 719-742. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279621
• Hambrick, D. C. ve Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
• Hambrick, D. C. ve Quigley, T. J. (2014). Toward more accurate contextualization of the CEO effect on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 35(4), 473-491. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2108
• Hambrick, D. C., Geletkanycz, M. A. ve Fredrickson, J. W. (1993). Top executive commitment to the status quo: Some tests of its determinants. Strategic Management Journal, 14(6), 401-418. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140602
• Hamori, M. ve Koyuncu, B. (2015). Experience matters? The impact of prior CEO experience on firm performance. Human Resource Management, 54(1), 23-44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21617
• Hatch, N. W. ve Dyer, J. H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12), 1155-1178. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.421
• Helmich, D. L. ve Brown, W. B. (1972). Successor type and organizational change in the corporate enterprise. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3), 371-381. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392150
• Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Camp, S. M. ve Sexton, D. L. (2001). Guest editor's introduction to the special issue strategic entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 479-492.
• Huson, M. R., Malatesta, P. H. ve Parrino, R. (2004). Managerial succession and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 74(2), 237-275. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2003.08.002
• Karaevli, A. (2007). Performance consequences of new CEO ‘outsiderness’: Moderating effects of pre‐and post‐succession contexts. Strategic Management Journal, 28(7), 681-706. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.589
• Kesner, I. F. ve Dalton, D. R. (1994). Top management turnover and CEO succession: An investigation of the effects of turnover on performance. Journal of Management Studies, 31(5), 701-713. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1994.tb00635.x
• Kesner, I. F. ve Sebora, T. C. (1994). Executive succession: Past, present & future. Journal of Management, 20(2), 327-372. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639402000204
• Kosnik, R. D. (1987). Greenmail: A study of board performance in corporate governance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(2), 163-185. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393124
• Kuang, Y. F., Qin, B. ve Wielhouwer, J. L. (2014). CEO origin and accrual-based earnings management. Accounting Horizons, 28(3), 605-626. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50810
• Lauterbach, B., Vu, J. ve Weisberg, J. (1999). Internal vs. external successions and their effect on firm performance. Human Relations, 52, 1485-1504. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016980918820
• Li, M. ve Patel, P. C. (2019). Jack of all, master of all? CEO generalist experience and firm performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(3), 320-334. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.006
• Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
• Ma, Z., Ruan, L., Wang, D. ve Zhang, H. (2021). Generalist CEOs and credit ratings. Contemporary Accounting Research, 38(2), 1009-1036. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12662
• Mackey, A. (2008). The effect of CEOs on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29(12), 1357-1367. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.708
• Malmendier, U. ve Tate, G. (2009). Superstar ceos. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 1593-1638. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1593
• Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B. ve Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 78-102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392813
• Mishra, D. R. (2014). The dark side of CEO ability: CEO general managerial skills and cost of equity capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 29, 390-409. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2014.10.003
• Mueller, P. E., Georgakakis, D., Greve, P., Peck, S. ve Ruigrok, W. (2021). The curse of extremes: Generalist career experience and CEO initial compensation. Journal of Management, 47(8), 1977-2007. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320922308
• Murphy, K. J. ve Zabojnik, J. (2004). CEO pay and appointments: A market-based explanation for recent trends. American Economic Review, 94(2), 192-196.
• Murphy, K. J. ve Zabojnik, J. (2006). Managerial capital and the market for CEOs. Queen’s Economics Department (No. 1110). Working Paper.
• Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
• Palomino, F. ve Peyrache, E. (2013). Internal versus external CEO choice and the structure of compensation contracts. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48(4), 1301-1331. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109013000434
• Pfeffer, J. ve Salencik, G.R. (1978). The external control of organizations. New York: Harper and Row.
• Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. New York: Anchor Day Books.
• Puffer, S. ve Weintrop, J. (1991). Corporate performance and CEO turnover: A comparison of performance indicators. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(1), 1-19.
• Quigley, T. J. ve Hambrick, D. C. (2015). Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America's attention to corporate leaders. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 821-830. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2258
• Schepker, D. J., Kim, Y., Patel, P. C., Thatcher, S. M. ve Campion, M. C. (2017). CEO succession, strategic change, and post-succession performance: A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(6), 701-720. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.03.001
• Shen, W. ve Cannella Jr, A. A. (2002). Revisiting the performance consequences of CEO succession: The impacts of successor type, postsuccession senior executive turnover, and departing CEO tenure. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 717-733. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/3069306
• Shi, J. ve de Jong, J. (2020). Insider or outsider? The separate and joint effects of firm performance and diversification on CEO recruitment. Journal of Management and Governance, 24, 91-115. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-019-09463-3
• Simmons, R. ve Berri, D. J. (2009). Gains from specialization and free agency: The story from the gridiron. Review of Industrial Organization, 34, 81-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-009-9200-9
• Smith, M. ve White, M. C. (1987). Strategy, CEO specialization, and succession. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(2), 263-280. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393129
• Uzzi, B. (1999). Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: How social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. American Sociological Review, 64(4), 481-505. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400402
• Vancil, R. (1987). Passing the baton. Boston: Harvard University Press.
• Virany, B., Tushman, M. L. ve Romanelli, E. (1992). Executive succession and organization outcomes in turbulent environments: An organization learning approach. Organization Science, 3(1), 72-91. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.1.72
• Wagner, W. G., Pfeffer, J. ve O'Reilly III, C. A. (1984). Organizational demography and turnover in top-management group. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1), 74-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393081
• Whyte, W. H. ve Nocera, J. (1956). The organization man. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Wiersema, M. F. ve Bantel, K. A. (1993). Top management team turnover as an adaptation mechanism: The role of the environment. Strategic Management Journal, 14(7), 485-504. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140702
• Xu, X. (2024). Generalist CEOs, management risk and internal control weaknesses. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 51(1-2), 209-239. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12691
• Zhang, Y. ve Rajagopalan, N. (2003). Explaining new CEO origin: Firm versus industry antecedents. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 327-338. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/30040626
• Zhang, Y. ve Rajagopalan, N. (2004). When the known devil is better than an unknown god: An empirical study of the antecedents and consequences of relay CEO successions. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 483-500. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/20159598