Avrupa Birliği’nde vergi rekabeti: Kişi başı gelir eşik değer etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 115 - 123, 18.02.2022

Tuğay Günel

https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2022.8.1.008

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı panel veri analizi yöntemi ile 1996-2019 döneminde Avrupa Birliği’nde vergi rekabetini araştırmaktır. Avrupa Birliği’nde doğrudan yabancı yatırımları çekmek için ülkelerin kurumlar vergisi gelirlerinde veya oranlarında değişikliğe gitmelerinden dolayı çalışmada kurumlar vergisi oranı vergi rekabetinin bir göstergesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ülkelerin kişi başı gelir eşik değerine göre kurumlar vergisinin doğrudan yabancı yatırımları nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koyması açısından farklılaşmaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen temel sonuçlar Avrupa Birliği’nde vergi rekabetinin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca kişi başı eşik değer 30.000 dolar olarak bulunmuştur. Buna göre bu eşik değerin altında veya üstünde kurumlar vergisi oranındaki değişikler yabancı sermaye yatırımını farklı şekilde etkilemektedir. Bu bulgu vergi rekabetinin ekonomik büyümenin düşük olduğu ülkelerde daha fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Fakat bu negatif ilişki ekonomik büyümesi eşik değerin üstünde olan ülkelerde pozitif olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vergi Rekabeti, Kurumlar Vergisi, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Kişi Başı Gelir

Tax competition in European Union: The threshold effect of gross domestic product per capita

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate tax competition in the EU countries using the panel data method from 1996 to 2019. Since the EU countries primarily attempt to attract foreign direct investment through the alteration of corporate tax revenues or rates, the corporate tax rate is used as an indicator of tax competition. This study differs from previous studies by examining the effect of corporate tax on foreign capital investment according to the threshold value of per capita income of the countries. The main result shows the existence of tax competition in the European Union. Moreover, the threshold value of per capita income was found to be $30,000, according to the results achieved. Changes in the corporate tax rate above and below the threshold value have different effects on foreign direct investment. This finding indicates that tax competition is fiercer in the countries with lower economic growth rates. However, this negative association becomes positive in the countries with per capita income which is more than this value.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tax Competition, Corporate Tax, Foreign Direct Investment, GDP Per Capita

Kaynakça

• Abdioğlu, N., Biniş, M. and Arslan, M. (2016). The effect of the corporate tax rate on foreign direct investment: A panel study for OECD countries. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 16(4), 599-610.
• Agostini, C. A. (2007). The impact of state corporate taxes on FDI location. Public Finance Review, 35(3), 335-360.
• Alvarado, R., Iñiguez, M. and Ponce, P. (2017). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Latin America. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 176-187.
• Auriol, E. and Warlters, M. (2005). Taxation base in developing countries. Journal of Public Economics, 89(4), 625-646.
• Azémar, C., Desbordes, R. and Wooton, I. (2020). Is international tax competition only about taxes? A market-based perspective. Journal of Comparative Economics, 48(4), 891-912.
• Banociova, A. and Tahlova, S. (2019). European States in a bout of corporate tax competition. Journal of Competitiveness, 11(3), 19.
• Bellak, C. and Leibrecht, M. (2009). Do low corporate income tax rates attract FDI?–Evidence from Central-and East European countries. Applied Economics, 41(21), 2691-2703.
• Breusch, T. S., and A. R. Pagan. (1980). “The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics.” The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Crivelli, E., De Mooij, R. A. snd Keen, M. M. (2015). Base erosion, profit shifting and developing countries. International Monetary Fund.
• Egger, P. and Raff, H. (2015). Tax rate and tax base competition for foreign direct investment. International Tax and Public Finance, 22(5), 777-810.
• Ferede, E. and Dahlby, B. (2012). The impact of tax cuts on economic growth: Evidence from the Canadian provinces. National Tax Journal, 65(3), 563-594.
• Gresik, T. A., Schindler, D. and Schjelderup, G. (2015). The effect of tax havens on host country welfare.
• Hebous, S. (2021). Has Tax Competition Become Less Harmful?. De Mooij, Klemm, and Perry (2021), 87-106.
• Huňady, J. and Orviská, M. (2014). Corporate tax competition and its potential implication for tax policies in EU countries. In 19th International Conference on Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Public Finance (pp. 126-136).
• Kargi, V. and YAYĞIR, T. (2016). Küreselleşme, vergi rekabeti ve Türkiye’de vergi yükü. International Journal of Public Finance, 1(1), 1-22.
• Karimi, M., Akbarian, R., Shahnazi, R. and Sadraei, A. (2020). An Investigation of the effective factors on foreign direct investment with emphasis on the optimal tax rate in selected countries. Journal of Econometric Modelling.
• Mardan, M. (2017). Why countries differ in thin capitalization rules: The role of financial development. European Economic Review, 91, 1-14.
• Öz-Yalaman, G. (2020). The effect of corporate tax on foreign dırect investment. Erciyes Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Faküeltesi Dergisi, (55), 221-243.
• Pesaran, H. M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
• Pesaran, H. M. (2007) “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence.” Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Pigott, Victor., Walsh, K. (2014). Corporation tax –A note on the context and concentration of payments: part of the economic impact assessment of ireland’s corporation tax policy. statistics and economicresearchbranch.http://www.budget.gov.ie/budgets/2015/Documents/Corporation_Tax_Context_Concentration_Corporation_Tax_Payments_Revenue.pdf.
• Salihu, I. A., Annuar, H. A. and Obid, S. N. S. (2015). Foreign investors' interests and corporate tax avoidance: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 11(2), 138-147.
• Sato, T. (2012). Empirical analysis of corporate tax and foreign direct investment. Public Policy Review, 8(1), 1-20.
• Sujarwati, A. I. and Qibthiyyah, R. M. (2020). Corporate income tax rate and foreign direct investment: A Cross-country empirical study. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 66, 25-46.
• Teather, R. (2005). The benefits of tax competition. IEA Hobart Paper, (153).
• Yakita, A. Effects of capital taxation on economies with different demographic changes: short term versus long term. J Popul Econ 27, 257–273 (2014).