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Post-Keynesyen para arzının içselliğinin Türkiye’de geçerliliği: Faizler de içsel olabilir mi? Fractional Fourier ADL eş bütünleşme analizi ile kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 357 - 375, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.3.003

Öz

Post-Keynesyen iktisat görüşü Ortodoks iktisat görüşünün aksine para arzının içselliğini savunmaktadır. Bu içselliği sağlayan aktarım mekanizması ise kredilerdir. Fakat Post-Keynesyen görüş para arzının içselliğinde bir tartışma olmaksızın kendi içinde faizlerin içsel olduğunu savunan yapısalcı görüş ve faizlerin dışsal olduğunu savunan uyumcu görüş olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışma Türkiye için para arzının içselliğini/dışsallığını araştırmakla birlikte faizlerinde dışsallığını da araştırmaktadır. Çalışma 2013:Q2-2023:Q3 dönemi verileriyle inceleme gerçekleştirmektedir. Fourier modeller yumuşak kırılmalara izin veren modellerdir. Bu çalışma ekonometrik yaklaşımı ile literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır. Çalışmada Fractional Fourier ADL eş bütünleşme testi ve Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları Türkiye’de para arzını etkileyen en önemli faktörün enflasyon olduğunu yönündedir. Krediler ve para arzı arasında hem nedensellik ilişkisi bulunması hem de eş bütünleşme ilişkisi olması Post-Keynesyen görüşün savunduğu para arzının içselliği hipotezinin Türkiye için geçerli olduğu göstermektedir. İlaveten faizlerin ise Türkiye için dışsal olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar Post-Keynesyen yaklaşımdan uyumcu görüşün Türkiye’de geçerli olduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma etik kurul onayı gerektirmeyen türden bir araştırmadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır

Kaynakça

  • Asensio, A. (2017). Insights on endogenous money and the liquidity preference theory of interest. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 40(3), 327-348. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2017.1319248
  • Badarudin, Z. E., Khalid, A. M. ve Ariff, M. (2012). Exogenous or endogenous money supply: Evidence from Australia. The Singapore Economic Review, 57(04), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500257
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V. ve Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Hurn, S. (2006). Modeling inflation and money demand using a Fourier-series approximation. Contributions to Economic Analysis, 276, 221-246. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0573-8555(05)76009-0
  • Bindseil, U. ve König, P. J. (2013). Basil J. Moore's horizontalists and verticalists: An appraisal 25 years later. Review of Keynesian Economics, 1(4), 383-390. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2013.04.01
  • Büyükılgaz, U. (2019). İçsel para teorisi ve Joan Robinson. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 11(20), 219-230. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.531907
  • Cai, Y. ve Omay, T. (2021). Using double frequency in Fourier Dickey–Fuller unit root test. Computational Economics, 1-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-020-10075-5
  • Cyrille, S. M. ve Christophe, M. (2022). The endogenous money hypothesis: Empirical evidence from the CEMAC area (1990–2017). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 45(1), 73-99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2020.1835493
  • Deleidi, M. (2020). Post‐Keynesian endogenous money theory: Horizontalists, structuralists and the paradox of illiquidity. Metroeconomica, 71(1), 156-175. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12271
  • Deleidi, M. ve Levrero, E. S. (2017). The money creation process: A theoretical and empirical analysis for the United States. Metroeconomica, 70(4), 552-586. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12238
  • Demirgil, B. (2020). Para arzı içsellik analizi: Türkiye örneği. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 144-152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.675968
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Erataş, F., Nur, H. B. ve Çınar, S. (2015). Para arzının Post Keynesyen yorumu: Gelişmiş ülkeler örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(15), 398-409. Doi: https://doi.org/10.16992/asos.755
  • Faisal, F., Rahman, S. U., Chander, R., Ali, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Ozatac, N., Ullah, M. N. ve Tursoy, T. (2021). Investigating the nexus between GDP, oil prices, FDI, and tourism for emerging economy: Empirical evidence from the novel fourier ARDL and hidden cointegration. Resources Policy, 74, 102368. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102368
  • Feldman, G. D. (2023). The nature of money under a commodity standard: exogenous or endogenous?. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 46(2), 207-218. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2022.2134031
  • Fontana, G. (2003). Post Keynesian approaches to endogenous money: a time framework explanation. Review of political economy, 15(3), 291-314. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250308431
  • Friedman, M. (1966). Interest rates and the demand for money. The Journal of Law and Economics, 9, 71-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/466620
  • Howells, P. ve Hussein, K. (1998). The endogeneity of money: evidence from the G7. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 45(3), 329-340. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00099
  • Işık, S. (2020). Post-Keynesyen paranın içselliği yaklaşımında faiz oranı nedenselliği: Türkiye örneği. Bankacılar Dergisi, 31(115), 69-88.
  • Işık, S., Alkın, H. ve Uluğ, M. (2018). Avrupa birliği üyesi 13 ülkede Post-Keynesyen para arzının içselliği hipotezinin test edilmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(17). 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9775/kauiibfd.2018.001
  • Kaldor, N. (1985). The scourge of monetarism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230228306_7
  • Kaldor, N. ve Trevithick, J. (1981). A Keynesian perspective on money. Lloyds Bank Review, 139(1), 1-19.
  • Kofoğlu, Ġ. H. (2018). Para arzı içsellik analizi Türkiye örneği (2006-2017). Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 9(25), 136-152.
  • Köksel, B. (2016). Türkiye ekonomisinde para arzının içselliği: 2006-2014 dönemi üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 455-471.
  • Lavoie, M. (2001). The reflux mechanism and the open economy. In LouisPhilippe Rochon and Matias Vernengo (eds.), Credit, ınterest rates, and the open economy: Essays on Horizontalism. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 215-242. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782542827.00023
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y. ve Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Moore, B. J. (1986). How credit drives the money supply: the significance of institutional developments. Journal of Economic Issues, 20(2), 443-452. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1986.11504515
  • Moore, B. J. (1988). The endogeneity of money: A comment. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 35(3), 291-294. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1988.tb01054.x
  • Moore, B. J. (1989). The endogeneity of credit money. Review of Political Economy, 1(1), 65-93. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09538258900000005
  • Moore, B. J. (1991). Has the demand for money been mislaid? A reply to “Has Moore become too horizontal?”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 14(1), 125-133. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1991.11489885
  • Moore, B. J. ve Threadgold, A. R. (1985). Corporate bank borrowing in the UK, 1965-1981. Economica, 52(205), 65-78. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2553991
  • Moore, B.J. (1983). Unpacking the Post Keynesian black box: Bank lending and the money supply. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 5(4), 537-556. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1983.11489391
  • Narta, M., Yayla, N. ve Çeviş, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de enflasyon hedeflemesi rejimi altında para arzının içselliği. In ICOAEF VI International Conference on Applied Economics and Finance & Extended Wıth Socıal Scıences. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Nayan, S., Kadir, N., Abdullah, M. S. ve Ahmad, M. (2013). Post Keynesian endogeneity of money supply: Panel evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 48-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(13)00217-7
  • Nell, K. S. (2000). The endogenous/exogenous nature of South Africa’s money supply under direct and indirect monetary control measures. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(2), 313-329. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2000.11490283
  • Nesanır, Ö. (2014). Türkiye’de para arzı-banka kredileri ilişkisi: VAR analizi (1986-2010). Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 115-133.
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The validity of the Post-Keynesian endogeneity of the money supply in Türkiye: Can interest rates also be endogenous? Evidence from Fractional Fourier ADL cointegration analysis

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 357 - 375, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.3.003

Öz

Post-Keynesian economics, unlike orthodox economics, defends the endogeneity of the money supply. The transfer mechanism that ensures this endogeneity is credit. However, the Post-Keynesian view is divided into two: the structuralist view arguing that the interest rates are internal, and the accommodationist view, which argues that interest rates are external, without discussing the internality of the money supply. This study examines the internality/externality of the money supply for Türkiye and the externality of interest rates. The study examines data for the period 2013:Q2-2023:Q3. Fourier models are models that allow for soft breaks. This study contributes to the literature with its econometric approach. The Fractional Fourier ADL cointegration test and the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test were applied in the study. The results of the study indicate that the most important factor affecting money supply in Türkiye is inflation. Since there is both a causality and a cointegration relationship between loans and money supply, it was concluded that the endogeneity of the money supply hypothesis advocated by the Post-Keynesian view is valid for Türkiye. In addition, interest rates were found to be exogenous for Türkiye. These results can be interpreted to mean that the accommodationist view of the Post-Keynesian approach is valid for Türkiye.

Kaynakça

  • Asensio, A. (2017). Insights on endogenous money and the liquidity preference theory of interest. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 40(3), 327-348. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2017.1319248
  • Badarudin, Z. E., Khalid, A. M. ve Ariff, M. (2012). Exogenous or endogenous money supply: Evidence from Australia. The Singapore Economic Review, 57(04), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500257
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V. ve Lee, H. (2017). Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Hurn, S. (2006). Modeling inflation and money demand using a Fourier-series approximation. Contributions to Economic Analysis, 276, 221-246. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0573-8555(05)76009-0
  • Bindseil, U. ve König, P. J. (2013). Basil J. Moore's horizontalists and verticalists: An appraisal 25 years later. Review of Keynesian Economics, 1(4), 383-390. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2013.04.01
  • Büyükılgaz, U. (2019). İçsel para teorisi ve Joan Robinson. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 11(20), 219-230. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.531907
  • Cai, Y. ve Omay, T. (2021). Using double frequency in Fourier Dickey–Fuller unit root test. Computational Economics, 1-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-020-10075-5
  • Cyrille, S. M. ve Christophe, M. (2022). The endogenous money hypothesis: Empirical evidence from the CEMAC area (1990–2017). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 45(1), 73-99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2020.1835493
  • Deleidi, M. (2020). Post‐Keynesian endogenous money theory: Horizontalists, structuralists and the paradox of illiquidity. Metroeconomica, 71(1), 156-175. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12271
  • Deleidi, M. ve Levrero, E. S. (2017). The money creation process: A theoretical and empirical analysis for the United States. Metroeconomica, 70(4), 552-586. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12238
  • Demirgil, B. (2020). Para arzı içsellik analizi: Türkiye örneği. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 144-152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.675968
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Erataş, F., Nur, H. B. ve Çınar, S. (2015). Para arzının Post Keynesyen yorumu: Gelişmiş ülkeler örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(15), 398-409. Doi: https://doi.org/10.16992/asos.755
  • Faisal, F., Rahman, S. U., Chander, R., Ali, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Ozatac, N., Ullah, M. N. ve Tursoy, T. (2021). Investigating the nexus between GDP, oil prices, FDI, and tourism for emerging economy: Empirical evidence from the novel fourier ARDL and hidden cointegration. Resources Policy, 74, 102368. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102368
  • Feldman, G. D. (2023). The nature of money under a commodity standard: exogenous or endogenous?. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 46(2), 207-218. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2022.2134031
  • Fontana, G. (2003). Post Keynesian approaches to endogenous money: a time framework explanation. Review of political economy, 15(3), 291-314. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250308431
  • Friedman, M. (1966). Interest rates and the demand for money. The Journal of Law and Economics, 9, 71-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/466620
  • Howells, P. ve Hussein, K. (1998). The endogeneity of money: evidence from the G7. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 45(3), 329-340. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00099
  • Işık, S. (2020). Post-Keynesyen paranın içselliği yaklaşımında faiz oranı nedenselliği: Türkiye örneği. Bankacılar Dergisi, 31(115), 69-88.
  • Işık, S., Alkın, H. ve Uluğ, M. (2018). Avrupa birliği üyesi 13 ülkede Post-Keynesyen para arzının içselliği hipotezinin test edilmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(17). 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9775/kauiibfd.2018.001
  • Kaldor, N. (1985). The scourge of monetarism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230228306_7
  • Kaldor, N. ve Trevithick, J. (1981). A Keynesian perspective on money. Lloyds Bank Review, 139(1), 1-19.
  • Kofoğlu, Ġ. H. (2018). Para arzı içsellik analizi Türkiye örneği (2006-2017). Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 9(25), 136-152.
  • Köksel, B. (2016). Türkiye ekonomisinde para arzının içselliği: 2006-2014 dönemi üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 455-471.
  • Lavoie, M. (2001). The reflux mechanism and the open economy. In LouisPhilippe Rochon and Matias Vernengo (eds.), Credit, ınterest rates, and the open economy: Essays on Horizontalism. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 215-242. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782542827.00023
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y. ve Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Moore, B. J. (1986). How credit drives the money supply: the significance of institutional developments. Journal of Economic Issues, 20(2), 443-452. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1986.11504515
  • Moore, B. J. (1988). The endogeneity of money: A comment. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 35(3), 291-294. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1988.tb01054.x
  • Moore, B. J. (1989). The endogeneity of credit money. Review of Political Economy, 1(1), 65-93. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09538258900000005
  • Moore, B. J. (1991). Has the demand for money been mislaid? A reply to “Has Moore become too horizontal?”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 14(1), 125-133. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1991.11489885
  • Moore, B. J. ve Threadgold, A. R. (1985). Corporate bank borrowing in the UK, 1965-1981. Economica, 52(205), 65-78. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2553991
  • Moore, B.J. (1983). Unpacking the Post Keynesian black box: Bank lending and the money supply. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 5(4), 537-556. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1983.11489391
  • Narta, M., Yayla, N. ve Çeviş, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de enflasyon hedeflemesi rejimi altında para arzının içselliği. In ICOAEF VI International Conference on Applied Economics and Finance & Extended Wıth Socıal Scıences. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Nayan, S., Kadir, N., Abdullah, M. S. ve Ahmad, M. (2013). Post Keynesian endogeneity of money supply: Panel evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 48-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(13)00217-7
  • Nell, K. S. (2000). The endogenous/exogenous nature of South Africa’s money supply under direct and indirect monetary control measures. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(2), 313-329. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2000.11490283
  • Nesanır, Ö. (2014). Türkiye’de para arzı-banka kredileri ilişkisi: VAR analizi (1986-2010). Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 115-133.
  • Omay, T. (2015). Fractional frequency flexible Fourier form to approximate smooth breaks in unit root testing. Economics letters, 134, 123-126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2015.07.010
  • Özgür, G. (2008). İçsel para teorisi’ne genel bir bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 51-79.
  • Özkan, Ö. (2022). Bankaların ekonomideki rolleri ve parasal genişlemeye etkilerinin bilançolar üzerinden analizi. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(2), 552-571. Doi: https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1085507
  • Palley, T. I. (1994). Competing views of the money supply process: Theory and evidence. Metroeconomica, 45(1), 67-88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999x.1994.tb00013.x
  • Palley, T. I. (1996). Accommodationism versus structuralism: Time for an accommodation. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 18(4), 585-594. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1996.11490088
  • Park, W. (2023). Two theories of endogenous money: An empirical study of Korea. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 46(2), 303-333. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2023.2170248
  • Pata, U. K. ve Aydin, M. (2020). Testing the EKC hypothesis for the top six hydropower energy-consuming countries: Evidence from Fourier Bootstrap ARDL procedure. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121699. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121699
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pollin, R. (1991). Two theories of money supply endogeneity: some empirical evidence. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 13(3), 366-396. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1991.11489855
  • Rochon, L. P. (2001). Cambridge's contribution to endogenous money: Robinson and Kahn on credit and money. Review of Political Economy, 13(3), 287-307. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250120055159
  • Rossi, S. (1998). Endogenous money and banking activity: Some notes on the workings of modern payments system. Studi Economici, 66(3), 23–56.
  • Serel, A. ve Akşehirli, N. (2023). Post Keynesyen içsel para arzı: Türkiye için bir sınama. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(15), 41-57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.54831/vanyyuiibfd.1272421
  • Shanmugam, B., Nair, M. ve Li, O. W. (2003). The endogenous money hypothesis: empirical evidence from Malaysia (1985-2000). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 25(4), 599-611. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2020.1835493
  • Sieron, A. (2019). Endogenous versus exogenous money: Does the debate really matter?. Research in Economics, 73(4), 329-338. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2019.10.003
  • Türk, M. M. ve Barışık, S. (2021). Türkiye’de 2008 sonrası para arzının içselliği-dışsallığı analizi. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 416-443. Doi: https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.972538
  • Vera, A. P. (2001). The endogenous money hypothesis: some evidence from Spain (1987–1998). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(3), 509-526. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2001.11490296
  • Vera, L., Guijarro, J. C. ve Pérez, B. (2022). Testing the global extent of the endogenous-money hypothesis: a panel vector autoregression approach. Review of Keynesian Economics, 10(3), 316-347. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2022.03.02
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  • Wray, L.R. (1995). Keynesian monetary theory: Liquidity preference or black box horizontalism. Journal of Economic Issues, 29(1), 273-282. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1995.11505654
  • Yılmaz, E. (2020). Parayı kim yaratır?. Vergi Dünyası Dergisi, 1(466), 50-65.
  • Yilanci, V., Bozoklu, S. ve Gorus, M. S. (2020). Are BRICS countries pollution havens? Evidence from a bootstrap ARDL bounds testing approach with a Fourier function. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102035. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102035
  • Yurtkur, A. K. (2019). Para arzının içselliği hipotezi: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz (2006-2018). Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (24), 131-150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.539915
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Para-Bankacılık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serhat Alpağut 0000-0001-7326-4048

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Alpağut, S. (2024). Post-Keynesyen para arzının içselliğinin Türkiye’de geçerliliği: Faizler de içsel olabilir mi? Fractional Fourier ADL eş bütünleşme analizi ile kanıtlar. Gazi İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 10(3), 357-375. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.3.003
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Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.