An Icon Of Virgin ‘Hodegitria Dexiokratousa’ At The Collection Of The Museum Of Byzantine Culture In Thessaloniki And The Parallel Examples

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 2020 Sonbahar Özel Sayı I/I, 100 - 114, 23.10.2020

İlkgül Kaya Zenbilci

Öz

In this study, an icon in the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki made with tempera on wood is discussed. The work was produced in a Cypriot workshop by a Byzantine master, in the early 1200s, while the island was in the hands of the Lusignans. The icon depicts the Virgin in the iconographical type of Hodegitria Dexiokratousa holding the Christ-child in her right side. Examples of the Hodegetria Dexiokratousa type in Byzantine Art begin to be seen from the 11th century onwards. The wall-mosaic depicting Hodegitria Dexiokratousa in the lunette on east wall of south cross-arm in the Katholikon of Hosios Loukas in Boiotia belongs to the first quarter of 11th century. Encolpion and seal samples with Hodegetria Dexiokratousa portrayals in various collections are between the 11th and 12th centuries. A unique mosaic icon portraying Hodegetria Dexiokratousa and reflecting the Byzantine artistic style is now in the Saint Catherine’s Monastery collection in Sinai, and the work belongs to the first quarter of the 13th century. Hodegetria Dexiokratousa appears in an example of a mid-14th century wooden icon in the Hilandar Monastery in the Holy Mountain. The wooden icon portraying Hodegetria Dexiokratousa in the narthex of the Church of the Acheiropoiitos in Thessaloniki is a work from the Late Byzantine and dates back to the 14th century/the second quarter of the 14th century. In the 13th century, many icons portraying the Virgin in this type were produced in Cypriot workshops. Most of the Cyprus icons are characterized by the style of the figure reflecting the Byzantine style and the preferred colour tones. The examples of the Hodegetria Dexiokratousa Virgin type in Crusader Art, in Franco-Byzantine and Italo-Byzantine styles have been encountered from the 13th century onwards. There are similar examples of icons and mural paintings portraying this type of the Virgin in post-Byzantine art, reflecting the Byzantine art style.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Byzantine Art, Provincial Art, Iconography, Icon, Virgin Mary

SELANİK’TEKİ BİZANS KÜLTÜRÜ MÜZESİ KOLEKSİYONUNDA YER ALAN MERYEM ‘HODEGİTRİA DEKSİOKRATOUSA’ İKONASI VE PARALEL ÖRNEKLER

Öz

Bu çalışmada Selanik’teki Bizans Kültürü Müzesi’nde yer alan ahşap üzerine tempera tekniğindeki bir ikona ele alınmaktadır. Eser Kıbrıs’taki bir atölyede, Bizanslı bir usta tarafından, 1200’lerin başında, adanın Lusignanlar’ın elinde olduğu dönemde üretilmiştir. İkonada betimlenen Meryem, ikonografik olarak Hodegitria Deksiokratousa tipindedir. Bu tipte çocuk İsa Meryem’in sağında yer alır. Bizans Sanatında bu tipin örnekleri 11. yüzyıldan itibaren görülmeye başlanır. Boiotia’daki Hosios Loukas Katholikonu’nun güney haç kolu lünetindeki Hodegitria Deksiokratousa tasvirli duvar mozaiği 11. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine aittir. Çeşitli koleksiyonlarda yer alan, Hodegitria Deksiokratousa betimli enkolpion ve mühür örnekleri 11.-12. yüzyıllar arasındandır. Bizans sanatsal üslubunu yansıtan, Hodegitria Deksiokratousa’yı betimleyen ünik bir mozaik ikona günümüzde Sina’daki Katherina Manastırı koleksiyonundadır ve eser 13. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine aittir. Athos’taki Hilandar Manastırı’ndan 14. yüzyıl ortalarına ait ahşap bir ikona örneğinde Hodegitria Deksiokratousa tasviri karşımıza çıkar. Selanik’teki Panagia Akheiropoiitos Kilisesi’nin narteksinde yer alan Hodegitria Deksiokratousa betimli ahşap ikona yine Geç Bizans Dönemi’nden bir eserdir ve 14. yüzyıl/14. yüzyıl ikinci çeyreğine tarihlenir. 13. yüzyılda Kıbrıs atölyelerinde, Meryem’i bu tipte tasvir eden çok sayıda ikona üretilmiştir. Kıbrıs ikonalarının çoğu Bizans stilini yansıtan figür üslubu ve tercih edilen renk tonlarıyla karakterizedir. Hodegitria Deksiokratousa Meryem tipinin Haçlı Sanatı’nda, Franko-Bizanten ve İtalo-Bizanten üsluptaki örnekleri 13. yüzyıldan itibaren karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Post-Bizans sanatında da bu Meryem tipinin tasvir edildiği, Bizans üslubunu yansıtan ikona ve duvar resmi örnekleri vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bizans Resim Sanatı, Eyalet Üslubu, İkonografi, İkona, Meryem

Kaynakça

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