Healing Gardens as an Environmental Factor to be Fit

Abstract

It is known that throughout his history human being has used the nature for different aims to keep his fitness. It is possible to define gardens that are the part of the nature as the secure areas that people choose for recreation, entertainment, active or passive activities. Advanced engineering and technology and overpopulation have caused an understanding of dense urbanisation. In these cities very far from the nature and where mostly concrete is revalent, people are exposed to the psychological disorders such as depression which is said to be the plague of our age. Today many authors have researched the contributions of an environment that is natural or designed naturally on the health and found considerable important evidence. The aim of this study is to review the papers dealing with the favourable effects of the health gardens and their design factors on the children treated in the rehabilitation centres, the old in the charity houses and psychologically treated patients in hospitals and their social lives; and to interpret the outcomes of these studies.

Keywords

• Healing gardens, horticultural theraphy, outdoor space

Sağlık Bulma Yönünde Çevresel Bir Etken Olarak İyileştirme Bahçeleri

Öz

Tarih boyunca insanların doğayı sağlık bulma yönünde çeşitli amaçlarla kullandığı bilinmektedir. Doğanın bir parçası olan bahçeyi; insanların dinlenmek, eğlenmek, kendilerini iyi hissetmek, aktif veya pasif aktivitelerde bulunmak için seçtikleri güvenilir alanlar olarak tanımlamak olasıdır. İlerleyen mühendislik ve teknoloji, artan nüfus yoğun bir şehircilik anlayışını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Tabiattan gittikçe uzaklaşan, daha çok betonun hakim olduğu bu şehirlerde insanlar çağın vebası olarak kabul edilen depresyon ve buna bağlı bir çok psikolojik rahatsızlıklara maruz kalmışlardır. Günümüzde birçok bilim adamı doğal veya düzenlenmiş çevrenin sağlıklı kalma ve iyileşme üzerine katkılarını araştırmakta olup bu konuda önemli sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı rehabilitasyon merkezlerinde tedavi edilen zihinsel ve fiziksel özürlü çocukların, huzurevlerinde kalan yaşlıların ve hastanelerde tedavi gören hastaların psikolojik ve fiziksel sağlıkları ile sosyal yaşantıları üzerine sağlık bahçelerinin olumlu etkilerini ve bu etkilerin oluşmasındaki tasarım ilkelerinin belirlenmesini konu alan araştırmaları incelemek ve bu araştırmaların sonuçlarını ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• iyileştirme bahçeleri, bitkisel terapi, açık alan

Kaynakça

1. Anonim, 2006a. Sulis Design, Healing gardens. http//www.sustland.umn.edu.
2. Anonim, 2006b. Yaşam ‘’dünyada yaşlı nüfus artıyor’’
3. Anadolu Ajans. http//www.maksimum.com.
4. Anonim, 2006c. Haber “Türkiye Nüfusunun Yüzde 12.29’u Özürlü’’. http//www. cnntürk.com.
5. Beer, A., 2003. How do we know what users of spaces need - those less able bodied Environmental settings to support the particular needs of those who have difficulties moving around the problems of the elderly. http// www.Thesteelvalleyproject info
6. Billings, K., 2004. Elderly of Yakima, http://online.caup.Washington.edu/course/larc571/ archival/kristen-archival. pdf.
7. Bozar, M., 2003. Huzurevleri ve Yaşlı Bakımevlerinde Dış Mekan Tasarımı: Ankara Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
8. Brawley, E., 2005. Raising the Bar In Designing Senior Environments. The 12th Annual Affordable Housing Conference Spokane Convention Center 334 West Spokane Falls BlvdSpokane, Washington

9. Burgess, C.W., 1990. Horticulture and its application to the institutionalized elderly. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 14(3):51-61.
10. Caspersen, C.J., Bloemberg ,B.P., Saris,W.H., 1991. The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary hearth disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study,1985. American Journal of Epidomology, 133 (11), 1078-1092.
11. Cooper-Marcus, C. ve Barnes, M., 1999. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 323-384.Davis, J., 2004 Psychologıcal Benefıts Of Nature Experıences: An Outlıne Of Research And Theory With Special Reference to Transpersonal Psychology. Naropa University and School of Lost Borders. http//www.johndavis.com.tr.
12. Devlin, A.S. ve Arneill, A.B., 2003. Health Care Environments and Patient Outcomes: A Rewiew of the Literature. Environment and Behavior, 35(5): 665-694.
13. Elings, M., 2006. People-plant interaction: the physiological, psychological and sociological effects of plants on people. Farming for Health-Springer Agriculture Book. Ed: Jan Hassink and Majken van Dijk (eds). Printed ın the Netherlands .Chapter 4: 43-55.
14. Hass, K.L. ve McCartney, R., 1996. The Therapeutic Quality of Plants, Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 8:61-67.
15. Hart, R. 1993. Kids need wild places, gentle guidance. American Horticulturalist 72(11):3.
16. Hill, C.O. ve P.D. Relf., 1983. Gardening as an outdoor activity in geriatric institutions. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 3 (1): 47-54.
17. Horsburgh, C.R. Jr., 1995. Healing by design. The New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 735-740.
18. Joseph, A., Zimring, C., Harris-Kojetin, L. ve Kiefer, K., 2005. Presence and visibility of outdoor and indoor physical activity features and participation in physical activity among older adults in retirement communities. Journal of Housing for the Elderly. 19(3/4): 143-167
19. Karaelmas, O.,1998. Başbakanlık Sosyal Hizmetler ve Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Saray Rehabilitasyon Merkezi Dış Mekan Planlaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı. Ankara.
20. Kellert, S. ve Derr, V., 1998. National study of outdoor wilderness experience. Washington, DC: Island Press
21. Said, I., 2003. Garden as an Environmental Intervention in Healing Process of Hospitalized Children .Kustem 2nd Annual Seminar on Sustainability Science and Management, Environment.
22. Sherman, Sandra A., Mardelle McCuskey Shepley and James W. Varni., 2005. Children’s Environments and Health- Related Quality of Life: Evidence Ġnforming Pediatric Healthcare Environmental Design. Children, Youth and Environments 15(1): 186-223.
23. Stigsdotter, A., 2005. Landscape Architecture and Health. Evidence-based health-promoting design and planning.Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science Department of Landscape Planning, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp.
24. Ulrich, R.S., 1999. Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes: Theory and Research. In C. CooperMarcus and Barnes, eds. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 27-85.
25. Whitehouse, S.,Varni, J.W., Seid, M., Cooper-Marcus, C., Ensberg, M.J., Jacobs, J.R. and Mehlenbeck , R.S., 2001. Evaluating a Children’s Hospital Garden Environment. Utilization and Consumer Satisfaction, Journal of Environmental Psychology. 21, 301-314.