Libya'da Sürdürülebilir Konut Politikası: Tripoli Örnek Alan Çalışması

Öz

Bir çok toplumda; mimarlar, altyapı mühendisleri ve şehir plancıları gibi uzmanlar, insanların zamanlarının çoğunu geçirdiği mekan olarak konutun, gelişimi için önemli olan sürdürülebilir konutlara özel bir önem verirler. Libya’da da konut binaları Libya'daki herhangi bir kentin toplam alanının % 50'sinden fazlasını kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada alan incelemesi olarak Libya’nın Trablusgarp şehri ele alınmıştır. 1970'lerde yüksek petrol fiyatları nedeniyle şehrin büyümesi artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, komşu şehirlerden göçün yanı sıra doğal nüfus artışında da bir artış olmuştur. Nüfus artışına uyum sağlamak için, hükümetler özellikle konut sektöründe bir dizi kalkınma projesi gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da, farklı kalkınma projelerindeki konut politikaları bağlamında konut kullanıcılarının memnuniyetini değerlendirmektir. Veriler anketler yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Bu anketlerde konut sakinlerinin sosyal durumlarına göre konutların bugün ve gelecekte Libya ailesine uygunluğu sorgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, gelecekteki konut projelerini uygularken hangi özelliklerin dikkate alınması gerektiği sorusu da anketlerde sorulmuştur. Çalışmada, “Sürdürülebilir Konut” ilkelerini uygulamak üzere oluşturulmuş konut projeleri üzerinden kullanıcıların memnuniyetini değerlendirmek amacıyla da sorgulama yapılmaktadır. Örnekler, Trablusgarp'ta dört farklı alandaki konut projelerini içermektedir. Bu alanlar: (i) Havaalanı Yolu Doğu Konut Projesi (ii) Al Hadba Khdra Konut Projesi (iii) Ghot Ash-Ahaal Konut Projesi (iv) Souq-Atolata (Kuzey) Konut Projesi. Çalışma aynı zamanda, Trablusgarp ve Libya'da, sosyal sürdürülebilirlik prensiplerini konutta uygulamak amacıyla “Libya'da Sürdürülebilir Konut Politikası: Tripoli Örnek Alan Çalışması”nın sonuçlarından da yararlanmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu makalenin planlama ve mimarlık profesyonelleri için de faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• sürdürülebilirlik,sürdürülebilir konut,Libya,Trablusgarp (Tripoli),ekoloji,iklim değişikliği

Satisfaction Assessment of Housing Users in Tripoli – Libya

Öz

Most communities, especially professionals such as architects, infrastructural engineers and city planners, pay particular attention to sustainable housing, which is important for housing development as the first place in which people spend most of their time. In addition, residential buildings cover more than 50% of the total area of any city in Libya. For the city of Tripoli as a case study, the growth of the city has increased due to the growth of the Libyan economy as well as due to high oil prices during the 1970s. As a result, there has been an increase in natural population growth as well as migration from neighbouring cities. To accommodate population growth, governments have implemented a number of development projects, particularly in the housing sector. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the satisfaction of housing users in accordance with the previous housing policies of successive Libyan governments. The data was collected by means of questionnaires concerning the social aspects of housing occupants and their suitability for the Libyan family both currently and in the future. Moreover, there remains the question of what characteristics should be taken into account when implementing future housing projects. The study included cases of housing projects implemented for the purpose of assessing the satisfaction of users with projects to implement the principles of “Sustainable Housing.” The survey included four residential projects carried out in the city of Tripoli for the research. The sites are: (i) Airport Road East Housing Project (ii) Al Hadba Khdra Housing Project (iii) Ghot Ash-Ahaal Housing Project (iv) Souq-Atolata (North) Housing Project. The paper also aims to benefit from the study results for the implementation of the “Sustainable Housing Policy in Libya: A Case Study of Tripoli” for the purpose of applying the principles of social sustainability to housing, especially in Tripoli and Libya in general. Additionally, this paper will be useful for planning and architectural professionals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sustainable,Libya,Tripoli,housing,ecology,Sustainability

Kaynakça

1. Aisha A. Almansuri, Steve Curwell, David Dowdle, (2010), Designing a Dwelling Unit in Tripoli - Libya by Using Sustainable Architectural Principles, University of Salford, UK.
2. Almansuri A. Dowdle D. Curwell S. (2008) The Effects of Passive Design and Renewable Energy in Producing Low Energy Efficiency Architecture and Special Identity – (Case Study Libyan Desert Zone – Ghadames). In: Cásenský M. Ahmed V. Eaton D. Sutrisna M. ed. BuHu 8th International Postgraduate Research Conference. Prague, Czech Republic: University of Salford.
3. Awotona, A. (1990). Housing in Libya: 1950-1980, HABITATINTL. Vol 14, No.1
4. Betchart Expeditions. Retrieved from http://www.betchartexpeditions.com. Accessed on 11th Dec 2018.
5. Climate, Average Weather of Libya. Retrieved from http://www.libya.climatemps.com. Accessed on Jun 2018.
6. Doxiadis Associates. (1964), b. Housing in Libya: Vol. 2- Problems, Policies, programs, a report prepared for the Government of Libya.
7. ECOU and AKT-IAURIF. (2009). Tripoli Urban and Architectural Charter. Tripoli, ECOU.
8. Edwards B. and David Turrent. (2005). Sustainable Housing Principles & Practice, this edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, UK.

9. Elaiab, Fatima M. (2014). Thermal comfort investigation of multi-story residential buildings in the Mediterranean climate with reference to Darnah, Libya. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
10. Housing and Infrastructure Board (HIB), Program Management Department (PMD), (2009), Guidance Document “Design Criteria for Housing Projects”, AECOM.
11. Inita Henilane,(2016), Housing Concept and Analysis of Housing Classification, Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management, ISSN: 2255-9671 (online)
12. Kshedan, H. S (1984). The Spatial Structure of Tripoli City As Example of A Third World Socialist City. Oklahoma City, USA: University of Oklahoma.
13. Lawrence, R. (2002). What makes a house a home? Reconsidered. Paper presented at the 17th Conference of the International Association for People-Environment.
14. Mumtaz, K. (1995). Housing Finance. Manual for Developing Countries ABC associates, USA Proposal by PICIC.
15. NCB (National Consulting Bureau). (2009). Analysis of the existing satiation of the Master plan of Greater Tripoli. Authority of Urban Planning Libya.
16. NCID (National Corporation for Information and Documentation) .(1995).Survey of Building, Housing Establishment in Libya. Government Printers. Tripoli, NCB.
17. Omar, A., (2003). An Evaluation of Low-Income Housing Projects in Developing Countries Case Study: Tripoli-Libya, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT.
18. Oyebanji, A.O. et al (2017). Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for achieving sustainable social housing (SSH). International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.03.006
19. Paul G. Tuohy, (2006). Sustainable Housing, thesis constructs a review of current thinking on sustainable housing, UK.
20. Paul Hendler and Lisa Thompson-Smeddle, (2000), Sustainable Housing, Department of Housing, National Housing Code, Pretoria: Department of Housing.
21. Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., and Swartz, E. (1998) Doing research in business and management. London: Sage.
22. Roaf, S., Crichton, D., Nicol, F., (2005). Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate
23. Change. Architectural Press, Elsevier.
24. Jeffrey R. Edwards & Others, (2000), On the Nature and Direction of Relationships Between Constructs and Measures, Copyright 2000 by the American Psychological Association.
25. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: design and methods (3th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business: a skill-building approach, 2ed edition, New York, Wiley.
27. UN-Habitat. (2012). Sustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities, A Policy Framework for Development countries, first published in Nairobi in 2012.
28. World Bank. (1960). the Economic Development of Libya. Baltimore, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Socialist City, unpublished PHD thesis, University of Oklahoma, Graduate College, USA.