A framework for the evaluation of buildings in the context of climate change for Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 249 - 272, 29.07.2021

Pelin Sarıcıoğlu İdil Ayçam

https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.934644

Öz

A framework which evaluates buildings in the context of climate risks is suggested for Turkey. The study is aimed to create a framework based on literature which can assess climate change effects on building scale. The framework has risk identification, risk analysis, risk assessment and conclusion-recommendations steps. According to these steps, high temperature and flood risks are critical for Turkey. In the method for risk analysis step, these climate risks for buildings are assessed with a qualitative method which is focused on a certain area with specific climatic data. In the risk assessment step, the method is done with using a 5-point Likert scale by taking expert opinion. After the results of risk score, suggestions can be made in the recommendation/conclusion phase. In conclusion, high temperature, flood and wildfire risk effects buildings’ energy demand, building parts, energy consumption, building materials respectively. Since this proposed framework is a general framework, it gives results that vary according to the climate data according to the region/city/building. Regarding the potential risk scenarios, it was understood that building design must be adapted to the climate change effects and should have been evaluated by a climate-risk assessment framework properly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

disaster risk reduction, climate change, assessment frameworks, resiliency, buildings

Kaynakça

• Ahsan, S. M. M. (2013). Resilient cities for the poor or by the poor. (Master of Science). A case study from Bangkok. Technische Universität, Berlin. Retrieved from: https://www.urbanmanagement.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/f6_urbanmanagement/Study_Course/student_work/Thesis_Ahsan_Resilient_Cities_for_the_Poor_or_by_the_Poor.pdf.
• Balaban, Ş. M. (2009). Risk society and planning: the case of flood disaster management in Turkish cities. (Philosophy of Doctorate Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Bassett, T.J.; Fogelman, C. (2013)Déjà vu or something new? The adaptation concept in the climate change literature. Geoforum, 48, 42–53. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.010.
• Basyouni, M. E. (2017). Resilient Buildings: A Path towards Adaptability Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Interventions for Buildings Resilience. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 7, 12. Retrieved from: https://inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Paper25481-492.pdf.
• Başkan, E.G. (2016). A Proposed model for understanding the impacts of climate change on tangible cultural heritage. (Doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Batan, M. (2014). Global climate change and its expected consequences (Doctoral dissertation). Dicle University, Diyarbakır.
• Birkmann, J., Cardona, O. D., Carreño, M. L., Barbat, A. H., Pelling, M., Schneiderbauer, S., ... & Welle, T. (2013). Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE framework. Natural hazards, 67(2), 193-211. Doi: 10.1007/s11069-013-0558-5.
• Booth, C. A., Hammond, F. N., Proverbs, D. G., Lamond, J. (2012). Solutions for climate change challenges in the built environment (Digitally). United States: John Wiley & Sons.
• Bozoğlu, B. (2018). What Turkey Should Do About the Early Warning System under the Paris Climate Agreement. (Doctoral dissertation). Ankara University, Ankara.
• Cerѐ, G., Rezgui, Y., Zhao, W. (2017). Critical review of existing built environment resilience frameworks: directions for future research. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 25, 173-189. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.018
• Chambers, R. (1989). Vulnerability, coping and policy. Institue of Development Studies, 20(2):1–7. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/9551.
• Cimellaro, G. P. (2016). Urban Resilience for Emergency Response and Recovery. Fundamental Concepts and Applications (Digitally). Switzerland : Springer International Publishing.
• Critto, A. (2016). Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability approaches [Powerpoint slides] Retrieved March, 13 2021, from: https://www.climamed.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/Climate-Change-Impacts-Adaptation-and-Vulnerability-Approaches.pdf.
• Dino, I. G. and C. M. Akgul (2019). "Impact of climate change on the existing residential building stock in Turkey: An analysis on energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and occupant comfort." Renewable Energy, 141: 828-846.
• Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. (2019). Types of disasters. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from: https://www.afad.gov.tr/afet-turleri.
• DNV-GL. (2020) .B- Ready. Retrieved March 20, 2021 from: https://www.dnv.com/services/b-ready-106852.
• Downing, T. E., Patwardhan, A., Klien, R., Mukhala, E., Stephen, L., Winograd, M., & Ziervogel, G. (2003). Vulnerability assessment for climate adaptation. APF technical paper, 3.
• Escarameia, M. and Tagg, A. (2021). Flood Resilience of Critical Buildings: Assessment Methods and Tools. In Climate Resilient Urban Areas (pp. 67-83). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Fakhruddin, B., Boylan, K., Wild, A., & Robertson, R. (2020). Chapter 12 - Assessing vulnerability and risk of climate change. In J. Sillmann, S. Sippel, & S. Russo (Eds.), Climate Extremes and Their Implications for Impact and Risk Assessment (pp. 217-241): Elsevier.
• Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global environmental change, 16(3), 253-267. Retrieved April 10, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
• Gero, A.; Méheux, K.; Dominey-Howes, D. (2011). Integrating community based disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: examples from the Pacific. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 101–113. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-101-2011.
• Gero, A.; Méheux, K.; Dominey-Howes, D. (2011). Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the Pacific. Climate and Development, 3, 310–327. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2011.624791.
• Holling, C. S. (1996). Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. Engineering within ecological constraints, 31(1996), 32. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qXxOAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT39&ots=lKThoDMnFu&sig=uOsgnwC7XK4vkf.
• Hosseini, S., Barker, K., Ramirez, M., Jose E. (2016). A review of definitions and measures of system resilience. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 47-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006
• IPCC. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. In Contribution of WG II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2001. Retrieved March, 26, 2021 from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_TAR_full_report.pdf.
• IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University. Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg3/ .
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-32.
• Kantamaneni, K. (2017). Assessing Coastal Vulnerability: Development of a Combined Physical and Economic Index. (Philosophy of Doctorate Thesis). University of Wales Trinity Saint David, United Kingdom.
• Kelly, P.M., Adger, W.N. (2000). Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climate Change, 47, 325–352. Retrieved March 26, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005627828199.
• Lei, Y.; Wang, J. (2014). A preliminary discussion on the opportunities and challenges of linking climate change adaptation with disaster risk reduction. Natural Hazards, 71, 1587–1597. Retrieved March 30, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0966-6.
• Lindsey, R. (2009). Climate and earth’s energy budget. NASA Earth Observatory, 680.
• McEntire, D., Crocker, C. G., & Peters, E. (2010). Addressing vulnerability through an integrated approach. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1 (1). Retrieved April 15, 2021, from: https://doi.org/10.1108/17595901011026472.
• Onur, A.C. (2014). Evaluation of Urbanization in Istanbul in the Framework of Adaptation to Climate Change. (Doctoral dissertation). İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul.
• Opach, T., Glaas, E., Hjerpe, M., Navarra, C. (2020). Vulnerability Visualization to Support Adaptation to Heat and Floods: Towards the EXTRA Interactive Tool in Norrköping, Sweden. Sustainability, 12(3), 1179. Retrieved March 28, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031179.
• Özdem, Y., Dal, B., Öztürk, N., Sönmez, D., & Alper, U. (2014). What is that thing called climate change? An investigation into the understanding of climate change by seventh-grade students. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 23(4), 294-313.
• Papathoma-Köhle, M., Promper, C., Glade, T. (2016). A common methodology for risk assessment and mapping of climate change related hazards—implications for climate change adaptation policies. Climate, 4(1), 8. Retrieved April 1, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010008.
• Pidgeon, N., Fischhoff, B. (2011). The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks, Nature Climate Change 1, 35–41. Retrieved April 6, 2021 from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1080.
• Pievc Program (2018). Climate change impacts on the housing infrastructure at Oneida Nation of the Thames. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from: https://pievc.ca/2018/07/24/climate-change-impacts-on-the-housing-infrastructure-at-oneida-nation-of-the-thames/.
• PreventionWeb (The knowledge platform for disaster risk reduction). (2015) .Disaster risk. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from: https://www.preventionweb.net/disaster-risk/risk/disaster-risk/.
• Rajkovich, N. B., Okour, Y. (2019). Climate Change Resilience Strategies for the Building Sector: Examining Existing Domains of Resilience Utilized by Design Professionals. Sustainability, 11(10). Retrieved April 5, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102888
• Redman, C.L. (2014). Should sustainability and resilience be combined or remain distinct pursuits? Ecology and Society,19, 1. Retrieved April 2, 2021 from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss2/art37/.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.(2018). Seventh national statement of Turkey. Retrieved July 13, 2021 from: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cygm/icerikler/yed-nc--ulusal-b-ld-r-m-20190909092640.pdf
• Scribbr. (2020). Designing and analyzing Likert scales. Retrieved July 13, 2021, from: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/likert-scale/
• Smith, P. F. (2005). Architecture in a climate of change. Elsevier, Oxford, United Kingdom.
• Tanik, A., Tekten, D. (2018). Planning Climate Change Adaptation Activities for Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 9(9). Retrieved April 2, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2018.9.9.1110
• Thinkhazard. (2020). Turkey river flood. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from: https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/249-turkey/FL.
• Thinkhazard. (2020). Turkey coastal flood. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from: https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/249-turkey/CF.
• United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat. (2008). Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved March 13, 2021, from: https://www.unisdr.org/files/4146_ClimateChangeDRR.pdf.
• UNFCC (2021). What do adaptation to climate change and climate resilience mean?. Retrieved July 15, 2021, from: https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big-picture/what-do-adaptation-to-climate-change-and-climate-resilience-mean.
• UNDP (2002). A Climate Risk Management Approach to Disaster Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from: https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/njlite/srex/njlite_download.php?id=7078.
• Un-Spider Knowledge Portal. (2021). Disaster management. Retrieved March 18, 2021, from: https://www.un-spider.org/risks-and-disasters.
• Viner, D, Ekstrom, M, Hulbert, M, Warner, NK, Wreford, A, Zommers, Z. (2020). Understanding the dynamic nature of risk in climate change assessments—A new starting point for discussion. Atmosferic Science Letters, 21:e958, Retrieved April 2, 2021 from: https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.958
• Yıldız, Y.(2012). Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis to Reduce Cooling Requirement of Low-rise Apartment Blocks in the Hot-Humid Climate Region of Turkey. (Doctoral dissertation). İzmir High Technology University, İzmir.