Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Syndrome and It’s Components

Öz

Ketogenic diets are generally low carbohydrate, high fat and protein diets. Today, common applications include obesity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. In addition, very low calorie ketogenic diet forms are also used in weight management. Due to the difficulties in the implementation and sustainability of the classical ketogenic diet in the clinical setting, the nutritional composition and administration of the diet has been changed and modified into various forms such as the modified Atkins diet, medium chain triglyceride diet or low glycemic index diet. Although the classical ketogenic diet has the potential to induce nutritional ketosis, it may produce various side effects in the short term and long term. It has also been observed to affect the bacterial population on the gut microbiota. Therefore, the controlled application of the ketogenic diet should be considered in terms of preventing side effects. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome have been updated by various organizations and are currently defined as having at least three of the following criteria: abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia (high triglycerides or low HDL-cholesterol) and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ketogenic diet intervention on metabolic syndrome and its components. In this context, the effects of ketogenic diet on weight loss in the short term, reduction in waist circumference and body fat percentage, improvement in glucose parameters such as fasting glucose level, insulin levels, HbA1c, on lipid profile; decrease in triglyceride level, increase in HDL-cholesterol and potentially decrease in LDL-cholesterol were observed and the potential to change blood pressure was emphasized. Based on the observed studies, it was concluded that the ketogenic diet may be effective in combating obesity, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in the short term, but more studies are needed to prove the long-term effectiveness of these diets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ketogenic diet
• metabolic syndrome
• obesity
• insulin sensitivity
• dyslipidemia

Ketojenik Diyetin Metablolik Sendrom ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Ketojenik diyet, genel olarak düşük karbonhidratlı, yüksek yağ ve protein içeren diyetlerdir. Günümüzde yaygın uygulama alanları arasında obezite, insülin direnci ve tip-2 diyabet yer alır. Ayrıca ağırlık yönetiminde çok düşük kalorili ketojenik diyet formlarına da başvurulmaktadır. Klasik ketojenik diyetin klinik ortamda uygulanması ve sürdürülebilirliğindeki zorluklar dolayısıyla diyetin besin kompozisyonu ve uygulanışı değiştirilerek modifiye Atkins diyeti, orta zincirli trigliserid diyeti veya düşük glisemik indeks diyeti gibi çeşitli formlara modifiye edilmiştir. Klasik ketojenik diyet beslenme ketozisi oluşturma potansiyeline rağmen kısa vadede ve uzun vadede çeşitli yan etkiler oluşturabilmektedir. Ayrıca, bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinde bakteri popülasyonunu etkilediği görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla ketojenik diyetin denetimli uygulanması yan etkileri önleme açısından önemsenmelidir. Metabolik sendrom tanı kriterleri çeşitli kuruluşlar tarafından güncellenmiştir ve günümüzde abdominal obezite, insülin direnci, dislipidemi (yüksek trigliserid veya düşük HDL-kolesterol) ve hipertansiyon kriterlerinden en az üçüne sahip olma durumu ile ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile ketojenik diyet müdahalesinin metabolik sendrom ve bileşenleri üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ketojenik diyetin kısa vadede ağırlık kaybı, bel çevresi ve vücut yağ oranında azalma, açlık glukoz düzeyi, insülin seviyeleri, HbA1c gibi glukoz parametrelerinde iyileşme, lipid profili üzerinde; trigliserid düzeyinde azalma, HDL-kolesterolde artma ile birlikte LDL-kolesterolü potansiyel olarak azaltma etkileri gözlemlenmiş ve kan basıncını değiştirebilme potansiyeli üzerinde durulmuştur. Gözlemlenen çalışmalardan yola çıkarak ketojenik diyetin kısa vadede obezite, tip-2 diyabet ve kardiyovasküler hastalık riski ile mücadelede etkili olabileceği ancak bu diyetlerin uzun vadeli etkinliğini kanıtlamak için daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ketojenik diyet
• metabolik sendrom
• obezite
• insülin direnci
• dislipidemi

Kaynakça

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