DİZ OSTEOARTRİTİNİN EVRELERİNE GÖRE AĞRI, STATİK VE DİNAMİK DENGE İLE EKLEM HAREKET AÇIKLIĞI İLİŞKİLERİ
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 40 - 50, 31.12.2025
Muhlis Yiğitcan Dağ
,
Ahmet Ergün
,
Sevgi İkbali Afşar
,
Caner İncekaş
Öz
Osteoartrit (OA), dünyada en sık görülen artrit türü olup diz eklemi en sık etkilenen eklemdir. Yük taşıyan eklemlerde ilerleyen, kıkırdak yıkımı, osteofit oluşumu ve subkondral skleroz ile karakterize kronik dejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada erken ve ileri evre diz OA’lı bireylerde ağrı, denge ve eklem hareket açıklığı (EHA) parametrelerinin incelenmesi, bu parametreler arasındaki ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi ve gruplar arası farklılıkların karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, Amerikan Romatoloji Derneği (ACR) kriterleri doğrultusunda diz OA tanısı alan ve Kellgren-Lawrence evrelendirmesine göre sınıflandırılan, 40–65 yaş aralığında 128 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar erken evre (1–2) ve ileri evre (3–4) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Diz eklemi hareket açıklığı gonyometri ile, ağrı Görsel Analog Skala (VAS) ile, statik ve dinamik denge ise Kinesthetic Ability Trainer 3000 (KAT3000) cihazı ile değerlendirildi. OA evresi ilerledikçe diz fleksiyon açıları ile statik ve dinamik denge puanları azalırken ağrı şiddeti arttı (p<0,001). Erken evrede istirahat VAS puanı ile statik denge arasında pozitif yönde zayıf korelasyon bulundu (p<0,05, r=0,252). İleri evrede VAS puanı ile hem statik hem de dinamik denge arasında pozitif yönde zayıf korelasyon vardı (p<0,05, r=0,360 ve r=0,363). EHA ile denge arasında erken evrede negatif yönde zayıf, ileri evrede ise orta düzeyde korelasyon saptandı. Diz OA şiddeti arttıkça EHA azalmakta, denge bozulmakta ve ağrı artmaktadır. Bulgular, EHA ve ağrı parametrelerinin denge bozuklukları ve fonksiyonel kısıtlılıklar açısından öngörücü olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Etik Beyan
Etik kurul onayı, Başkent Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (Araştırma proje numarası: KA22/11; Karar numarası: 22/22; Tarih: 26 Ocak 2022). Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya dahil edilmeden önce tüm katılımcılardan yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Çalışma, herhangi bir finansman kuruluşundan, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen sektörlerden mali destek almamıştır.
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, çalışmaya katılan tüm katılımcılara değerli zamanları ve iş birlikleri için teşekkür eder. Ayrıca, hasta alım sürecine katkıda bulunan klinik personeline özel olarak teşekkür edilmektedir.
Kaynakça
-
1. Bennell KL, Hinman RS. Effect of experimentally induced knee pain on standing balance in healthy older individuals. Rheumatology. 2005;44(3):378-81. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh493.
-
2. Sarıdoğan ME. Osteoartrit. Romatolojik Hastalıklar – Sempozyum Dizisi No:34. İstanbul; 2003: 11-18.
-
3. Marks R, Quinney HA, Wessel J. Proprioceptive sensibility in women with normal and osteoarthritic knee joints. Clin Rheumatol. 1993;12(2):170-5. doi:10.1007/BF02231522.
-
4. Koralewicz LM, Engh GA. Comparison of proprioception in arthritic and age-matched normal knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(11):1582-8. doi:10.2106/00004623-200011000-00011.
-
5. Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29(8):1039-49. doi:10.1002/art.1780290816.
-
6. Ünver B. Diz osteoartritli hastalarda klinik bulgular ile yaş, cinsiyet, vücut kütlesi ve radyolojik şiddet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;26(2):59-64. doi:10.21653/tfrd.280062.
-
7. Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16(4):494–501. doi:10.1136/ard.16.4.494.
-
8. Van Der Esch M, Steultjens M, Harlaar J, Knol D, Lems W, Dekker J. Joint proprioception, muscle strength, and functional ability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(5):787-93. doi:10.1002/art.22779.
-
9. Masui T, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi J, Kanoh T, Ishiguro N, Suzuki S. Increasing postural sway in rural-community-dwelling elderly persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11(4):353-8. doi:10.1007/s00776-006-1034-9.
-
10. Ozcakir S, Raif SL, Sivrioglu K, Kucukcakir N. Relationship between radiological severity and clinical and psychological factors in knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(12):1521-6. doi:10.1007/s10067-011-
1768-4.
-
11. Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17(1):45–56. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4.
-
12. Li Y, Xu L, Shan G, et al. The effects of resistance exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30(10):947-59. doi:10.1177/0269215515610039.
-
13. Polat CS, Doğan A, Sezgin Özcan D, Köseoğlu BF, Koçer Akselim S. Is there a possible neuropathic pain component in knee osteoarthritis? Arch Rheumatol. 2017;32(4):333-8. doi:10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2017.6006.
-
14. Bennell KL, Hinman RS, Metcalf BR, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy management of knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):906-12. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.026526.
-
15. Altındağ Ö, Sirmatel Ö, Tabur H. Diz osteoartriti olan hastalarda demografik özellikler ve klinik parametrelerle ilişkisi. Harran Univ Med J. 2006;3(2):62-6.
-
16. Hassan BS, Mockett S, Doherty M. Static postural sway, proprioception, and maximal voluntary quadriceps contraction in patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal control subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60(6):612-8.
doi:10.1136/ard.60.6.612.
-
17. Silva A, Serrão PR, Driusso P, Mattiello SM. The effects of therapeutic exercise on the balance of women with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Braz J Phys Ther. 2012;16(1):1-9. doi:10.1590/S1413-35552012005000005.
-
18. Sanghi D, Srivastava RN, Singh A, Kumari R, Mishra R, Mishra A. The association of anthropometric measures and osteoarthritis knee in non-obese subjects: a cross sectional study. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(2):275-9. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322011000200016.
-
19. Taş S, Güneri S, Baki A, Yildirim T, Kaymak B, Erden Z. Effects of severity of osteoarthritis on the temporospatial gait parameters in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2014;48(6):635-41. doi:10.3944/AOTT.2014.13.0071.
-
20. Carlesso LC, Segal NA, Frey-Law L, et al. The effect of widespread pain on knee pain worsening, incident knee osteoarthritis (OA), and incident knee pain: The Multicenter OA (MOST) study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(4):493-8. doi:10.3899/jrheum.160853.
-
21. Daşkapan A, Anaforoğlu B, Özünlü Pekyavaş N, Tüzün EH, Coşar SN, Karataş M. Comparison of mini-squats and straight leg raises in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Turk J Rheumatol. 2013;28(1):16-26. doi:10.5606/tjr.2013.2392.
-
22. Taş S, Erden Z, Bek N. Immediate effects of different elastic tape applications on pain, isokinetic muscle strength, proprioception and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis: placebo-controlled, doubleblinded cross study. Turk Klin J Health Sci. 2016;1(1):16-23. doi:10.5336/healthsci.2015-44437.
-
23. Cai G, Jiang M, Cicuttini F, Jones G. Association of age, sex and BMI with the rate of change in tibial cartilage volume: a 10.7-year longitudinal cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):273. doi:10.1186/s13075-019-2063-z.
-
24. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1062-72. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04781.x.
-
25. Afşar Sİ, Bölük H, Özen S. Relationship among the symptom severity of knee osteoarthritis, quality of life and sleep quality. Ankara Med J. 2018;18(4):719-27. doi:10.17098/amj.497329.
-
26. Yoldaş B, Akdemir E, Anıl B, Korkmaz E, Kumru D, Yılmaz C, et al. Pain, quality of life, proprioception and physical function in patient with knee osteoarthritis: comparison of different grades. Medicine Science. 2024;13(2):406-14. doi:10.5455/medscience.2024.04.037.
-
27. Wang K, Kim HA, Felson DT, Xu L, Kim DH, Nevitt MC, et al. Radiographic knee osteoarthritis and knee pain: cross-sectional study from five different racial/ethnic populations. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1364. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19470-3.
-
28. Felson DT. Osteoarthritis as a disease of mechanics. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(1):10-5. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.012.
-
29. Ay S, Evcik D, Eden E, Belirlenmesi P. Diz osteoartritinde obezite, radyolojik evre ve fonksiyonel kapasite arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Romatol Tıp Rehabil. 2016;18(3):83-90.
-
30. Hilfiker R, Jüni P, Nüesch E, Dieppe PA, Reichenbach S. Association of radiographic osteoarthritis, pain on passive movement and knee range of motion: a cross-sectional study. Man Ther. 2015;20(2):361-5. doi:10.1016/j.math.2014.11.014.
-
31. Labanca L, Barone G, Zaffagnini S, Bragonzoni L, Benedetti MG. Postural stability and proprioception abnormalities in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(4):1469. doi:10.3390/app11041469.
-
32. Rice D, McNair P, Huysmans E, Letzen J, Finan P. Best evidence rehabilitation for chronic pain. Part 5: osteoarthritis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(11):1769. doi:10.3390/jcm8111769.
-
33. Wang Q, Man GC, Choi BC, Yeung Y, Qiu J, Lu X, et al. The predictors to self-reported and performance-based physical function in knee osteoarthritis patients: a cross-sectional study. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1406830. doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1406830.
-
34. Rosadi R, Jankaew A, Wu PT, Kuo LC, Lin CF. Factors associated with falls in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(48):e32146. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032146.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PAIN, STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE, AND RANGE OF MOTION ACCORDING TO THE STAGES OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 40 - 50, 31.12.2025
Muhlis Yiğitcan Dağ
,
Ahmet Ergün
,
Sevgi İkbali Afşar
,
Caner İncekaş
Öz
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis worldwide, and the knee joint is the most frequently affected site. It is a chronic degenerative disease of weight-bearing joints characterized by cartilage destruction, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis. This study aimed to examine pain, range of motion (ROM), and balance parameters in individuals with early and advanced stage knee OA, to evaluate the relationships among these variables, and to compare differences between the groups. A total of 128 patients aged 40–65 years who were diagnosed with knee OA according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and classified using the Kellgren–Lawrence grading system were included. Patients were divided into early-stage (grades 1–2; mean age: 57.5±0.83 years; BMI: 30.8±0.53 kg/m²) and advanced-stage (grades 3–4; mean age: 59.05±0.74 years; BMI: 31.07±0.57 kg/m²) groups. Knee ROM was assessed by goniometric measurement, pain level at rest and during activity by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and static and dynamic balance by the Kinesthetic Ability Trainer 3000 (KAT3000). Significant differences were found between the early and advanced OA groups: the advanced OA group exhibited lower knee flexion angles, static balance scores, and dynamic balance scores, and higher pain severity (p<0.001). In early-stage patients, a weak positive correlation was found between resting VAS scores and static balance (p<0.05, r=0.252). In advanced stages, weak positive correlations were observed between resting VAS scores and static balance (p<0.05, r=0.360) and dynamic balance (p<0.05, r=0.363). The relationship between ROM and balance was weakly negative in early stages (static: r = -0.348, p = 0.005; dynamic: r = –0.337, p = 0.006) and moderately negative in advanced stages (static: r = -0.548, p < 0.001; dynamic: r = -0.652, p < 0.001). With increasing OA severity, ROM decreases, balance deteriorates, and pain intensity rises. These findings suggest that ROM and pain parameters may serve as predictors of balance impairments in knee OA.
Etik Beyan
Ethics approval was obtained from the Başkent University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Research project number: KA22/11; Decision number: 22/22; Date: January 26, 2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.
Destekleyen Kurum
The study did not receive any financial support from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Teşekkür
The authors would like to thank all participants for their valuable time and cooperation throughout the study. Special thanks are also extended to the clinical staff who facilitated the recruitment process
Kaynakça
-
1. Bennell KL, Hinman RS. Effect of experimentally induced knee pain on standing balance in healthy older individuals. Rheumatology. 2005;44(3):378-81. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh493.
-
2. Sarıdoğan ME. Osteoartrit. Romatolojik Hastalıklar – Sempozyum Dizisi No:34. İstanbul; 2003: 11-18.
-
3. Marks R, Quinney HA, Wessel J. Proprioceptive sensibility in women with normal and osteoarthritic knee joints. Clin Rheumatol. 1993;12(2):170-5. doi:10.1007/BF02231522.
-
4. Koralewicz LM, Engh GA. Comparison of proprioception in arthritic and age-matched normal knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(11):1582-8. doi:10.2106/00004623-200011000-00011.
-
5. Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29(8):1039-49. doi:10.1002/art.1780290816.
-
6. Ünver B. Diz osteoartritli hastalarda klinik bulgular ile yaş, cinsiyet, vücut kütlesi ve radyolojik şiddet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;26(2):59-64. doi:10.21653/tfrd.280062.
-
7. Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16(4):494–501. doi:10.1136/ard.16.4.494.
-
8. Van Der Esch M, Steultjens M, Harlaar J, Knol D, Lems W, Dekker J. Joint proprioception, muscle strength, and functional ability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(5):787-93. doi:10.1002/art.22779.
-
9. Masui T, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi J, Kanoh T, Ishiguro N, Suzuki S. Increasing postural sway in rural-community-dwelling elderly persons with knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11(4):353-8. doi:10.1007/s00776-006-1034-9.
-
10. Ozcakir S, Raif SL, Sivrioglu K, Kucukcakir N. Relationship between radiological severity and clinical and psychological factors in knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(12):1521-6. doi:10.1007/s10067-011-
1768-4.
-
11. Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17(1):45–56. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4.
-
12. Li Y, Xu L, Shan G, et al. The effects of resistance exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30(10):947-59. doi:10.1177/0269215515610039.
-
13. Polat CS, Doğan A, Sezgin Özcan D, Köseoğlu BF, Koçer Akselim S. Is there a possible neuropathic pain component in knee osteoarthritis? Arch Rheumatol. 2017;32(4):333-8. doi:10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2017.6006.
-
14. Bennell KL, Hinman RS, Metcalf BR, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy management of knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):906-12. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.026526.
-
15. Altındağ Ö, Sirmatel Ö, Tabur H. Diz osteoartriti olan hastalarda demografik özellikler ve klinik parametrelerle ilişkisi. Harran Univ Med J. 2006;3(2):62-6.
-
16. Hassan BS, Mockett S, Doherty M. Static postural sway, proprioception, and maximal voluntary quadriceps contraction in patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal control subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60(6):612-8.
doi:10.1136/ard.60.6.612.
-
17. Silva A, Serrão PR, Driusso P, Mattiello SM. The effects of therapeutic exercise on the balance of women with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Braz J Phys Ther. 2012;16(1):1-9. doi:10.1590/S1413-35552012005000005.
-
18. Sanghi D, Srivastava RN, Singh A, Kumari R, Mishra R, Mishra A. The association of anthropometric measures and osteoarthritis knee in non-obese subjects: a cross sectional study. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(2):275-9. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322011000200016.
-
19. Taş S, Güneri S, Baki A, Yildirim T, Kaymak B, Erden Z. Effects of severity of osteoarthritis on the temporospatial gait parameters in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2014;48(6):635-41. doi:10.3944/AOTT.2014.13.0071.
-
20. Carlesso LC, Segal NA, Frey-Law L, et al. The effect of widespread pain on knee pain worsening, incident knee osteoarthritis (OA), and incident knee pain: The Multicenter OA (MOST) study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(4):493-8. doi:10.3899/jrheum.160853.
-
21. Daşkapan A, Anaforoğlu B, Özünlü Pekyavaş N, Tüzün EH, Coşar SN, Karataş M. Comparison of mini-squats and straight leg raises in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Turk J Rheumatol. 2013;28(1):16-26. doi:10.5606/tjr.2013.2392.
-
22. Taş S, Erden Z, Bek N. Immediate effects of different elastic tape applications on pain, isokinetic muscle strength, proprioception and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis: placebo-controlled, doubleblinded cross study. Turk Klin J Health Sci. 2016;1(1):16-23. doi:10.5336/healthsci.2015-44437.
-
23. Cai G, Jiang M, Cicuttini F, Jones G. Association of age, sex and BMI with the rate of change in tibial cartilage volume: a 10.7-year longitudinal cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):273. doi:10.1186/s13075-019-2063-z.
-
24. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1062-72. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04781.x.
-
25. Afşar Sİ, Bölük H, Özen S. Relationship among the symptom severity of knee osteoarthritis, quality of life and sleep quality. Ankara Med J. 2018;18(4):719-27. doi:10.17098/amj.497329.
-
26. Yoldaş B, Akdemir E, Anıl B, Korkmaz E, Kumru D, Yılmaz C, et al. Pain, quality of life, proprioception and physical function in patient with knee osteoarthritis: comparison of different grades. Medicine Science. 2024;13(2):406-14. doi:10.5455/medscience.2024.04.037.
-
27. Wang K, Kim HA, Felson DT, Xu L, Kim DH, Nevitt MC, et al. Radiographic knee osteoarthritis and knee pain: cross-sectional study from five different racial/ethnic populations. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1364. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19470-3.
-
28. Felson DT. Osteoarthritis as a disease of mechanics. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(1):10-5. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.012.
-
29. Ay S, Evcik D, Eden E, Belirlenmesi P. Diz osteoartritinde obezite, radyolojik evre ve fonksiyonel kapasite arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Romatol Tıp Rehabil. 2016;18(3):83-90.
-
30. Hilfiker R, Jüni P, Nüesch E, Dieppe PA, Reichenbach S. Association of radiographic osteoarthritis, pain on passive movement and knee range of motion: a cross-sectional study. Man Ther. 2015;20(2):361-5. doi:10.1016/j.math.2014.11.014.
-
31. Labanca L, Barone G, Zaffagnini S, Bragonzoni L, Benedetti MG. Postural stability and proprioception abnormalities in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(4):1469. doi:10.3390/app11041469.
-
32. Rice D, McNair P, Huysmans E, Letzen J, Finan P. Best evidence rehabilitation for chronic pain. Part 5: osteoarthritis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(11):1769. doi:10.3390/jcm8111769.
-
33. Wang Q, Man GC, Choi BC, Yeung Y, Qiu J, Lu X, et al. The predictors to self-reported and performance-based physical function in knee osteoarthritis patients: a cross-sectional study. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1406830. doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1406830.
-
34. Rosadi R, Jankaew A, Wu PT, Kuo LC, Lin CF. Factors associated with falls in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(48):e32146. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032146.