ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞINDA ERKEN MÜDAHALEDE HEDEF ODAKLI YAKLAŞIMLAR: GELENEKSEL DERLEME

Öz

Erken müdahale hizmetleri, neonatal dönemden başlayan ve 3 yaşına kadar devam eden, çocuklarda olası sorunları azaltmak ve gelişimi en üst düzeyde destekleyebilmek için mümkün olduğunca çabuk ve hızlı sonuçlar almayı amaçlayan transdisipliner yaklaşım içeren hizmetlerdir. Erken müdahalenin etkinliğinin anlaşılmasıyla önemi giderek artmakta ve literatürde erken müdahale ile ilgili yapılan çalışma sayısı her geçen gün daha da yükselmektedir. Bazı çalışmalar, aile eğitimi ve ailenin desteğinin erken müdahale programlarına eklenmesi sayesinde yöntemlerin etkinliğinin artırılabileceğini göstermektedir. Hedef odaklı erken müdahale yaklaşımları çocuğun aktiviteleri ve gelişimiyle ilgilenmesinin yanı sıra aile eğitimi ve ailenin gelişimini de destekleyen yaklaşımlardır. Bu yaklaşımların her biri hedefler doğrultusunda düzenlemeler, aktiviteler ve görevler içerir. Son yıllarda yeni geliştirilen ve uzmanlar tarafından uygulanan birçok hedef odaklı erken müdahale yaklaşımı mevcuttur. Yaklaşımların hepsi çözüm hedefli olup çocuk ve ailenin gelişimine odaklanması ve programın ilerleyişi yönünden bazı ayrımlara sahiptir. Her bir program kendi içerisindeki bakış açısı itibariyle küçük farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu derlemede çocukluk çağında sıkça uygulanan hedef odaklı erken müdahale programlarının felsefesine, özelliklerine, uygulama yöntemlerine, benzerliklerine ve farklılıklarına yer verilmektedir. Erken müdahaledeki uzman personelin, bu yöntemlerin özellikleri ve farklılıkları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi sahibi olması ve bu doğrultuda çocuğun ihtiyacına yönelik doğru yöntemi uygulaması önemlidir. Bu nedenle ortak bir amaca sahip, işbirlikçi, kanıta dayalı hizmetler üreten, çocuğu ve ebeveynleri destekleyen bir ya da birkaç yöntemin birlikte kullanılmasının erken müdahalede daha etkili ve verimli olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : erken müdahale
• ; hedef odaklı yaklaşım
• pediatrik rehabilitasyon
• ; aile merkezli yaklaşım
• çevresel zenginleştirme

GOAL – ORIENTED EARLY INTERVENTION APPROACHES IN CHILDHOOD: TRADITIONAL REVIEW

Abstract

The early intervention services include a transdisciplinary approach, starting from the neonatal period until the age of three, aiming to achieve results immediately to reduce possible problems in children and to support optimal development. After understanding their effectiveness, the importance gradually become evident and the relevant studies in the literature is growing than ever. According to some studies, integrating family awareness and parental support to early intervention programs might enhance their effectiveness. The goal-oriented early intervention approaches support the education and development of the family as well as dealing with the activities and development of the child. Each of these approaches includes enrichment, activities and tasks for the objectives. Currently, there are many such intervention approaches recently developed and implemented by experts. All of the approaches are solution-oriented and have some differences by focusing on the development of the child and family and progressing the program. Each program differs slightly by its approaching. This review includes the concept, characteristics, application methods, similarities and differences of early intervention programs commonly used in childhood includes the philosophy, characteristics, application methods, similarities and differences of these programs frequently used during childhood. The professionals in early intervention must have detailed knowledge of the features and differences of these approaches, as well as the proper method of the child in this regard. As a conclusion, we believe that it would be more advantageous if professionals adopted one or more methods that provide cooperative, evidence-based services, thereby supporting children and parents in early intervention.

Keywords

• early intervention
• goal-oriented approach
• pediatric rehabilitation
• family centered approach
• environmental enrichment

Kaynakça

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