Araştırma Makalesi

OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES

Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17 31 Mayıs 2026
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OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES

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Consulates, given certain commercial and legal privileges from the Ottoman Empire, served as entities that facilitated and maintained the commercial activities of foreign merchants. Capitulations provided the legal foundation for non-Muslim Europeans to engage in commerce in the Ottoman dominions. Large communities of European merchants conducted business in the empire’s major commercial hubs under the protection of their ambassadors in Istanbul, and consuls in several ports and cities. Besides capitulations, imperial decrees issued due to special circumstances were also a factor in determining the status of European communities and officials in Ottoman lands and could influence the living of a foreign community. The Ottoman authorities acknowledged the jurisdiction of their own ambassadors and consuls of foreign merchants. Articles within the ahdnames and berats stated the degree of authority consuls had in the Ottoman lands. Nonetheless, the articles on consular Consulates, having been granted specific commercial and legal privileges by the Ottoman Empire, functioned as entities that facilitated and upheld the commercial activities of foreign merchants. Capitulations laid the legal groundwork for the participation of non-Muslim Europeans in commerce within the Ottoman dominions. Extensive communities of European merchants engaged in business within the empire's major commercial hubs under the protection of their ambassadors in Istanbul and consuls in various ports and cities. In addition to capitulations, imperial decrees, issued due to special circumstances, played a role in determining the status of European communities and officials in Ottoman lands, thereby influencing the livelihood of foreign communities. The Ottoman authorities recognized the jurisdiction of their own ambassadors and consuls of foreign merchants. The articles within the ahdnames and berats specified the extent of authority consuls held in the Ottoman lands. Nevertheless, the articles pertaining to consular operations were notably limited and failed to encompass all aspects of consular activities. The precise implementation and functioning of consular privileges granted by the capitulations, aside from matters outlined in the articles, remain unknown. According to the capitulations, consuls emerged as semi-autonomous actors, enjoying complete freedom in their affairs and being accountable only to their superiors—either the resident ambassadors or the government in their home country. While this information may be accurate, it obscures the potential influence of Ottoman interventions and regulations. Alternative sources beyond the capitulations may offer a more comprehensive understanding. Several studies have explored consular legal activities, but relatively less attention has been devoted to the issues consuls addressed outside their legal responsibilities and their collaboration with the Ottoman administration. This research seeks to analyze the connections between consulates and Ottoman authorities, particularly in terms of appointment, ensuring their safety, and collecting consular fees. The investigation aims to reveal how the Ottoman administration managed consulates through the perspective of Ottoman archival sources, integrating Düvel-i Ecnebiye (registers of foreign states) and Mühimme registers from the Prime Ministry Ottoman State Archives for this purpose. Significantly, the Ottoman administration played a crucial role in appointing consuls, collecting consular fees, and creating an environment conducive to the safe execution of consular duties. By supporting consuls in these aspects, European consuls in the Empire were able to operate efficiently, and the consular system functioned without complications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Published Sources
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  4. AYDOĞAN, Mustafa, 26/1 Numaralı ve 1634-1666 Tarihli Fransa Atik Ahkâm Defteri Sayfa 80-156 (Değerlendirme-Transkripsiyon-Dizin), Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished Master Thesis), Elazığ 2018.
  5. BREWER, Jonah M., Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh: French Consuls and Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Levant, 1660-1699, Georgetown University (Unpublish Dissertation), Washington 2002.
  6. CHMİEL, Piotr. “Prehistory of consular diplomacy. A New Perspective on the Activity of 17th-century Venetian Consuls in the Ottoman Empire” The Seventeenth Century 37/6, 2022, pp. 1009-1029.
  7. ÇELİK, Gülnur Koç, 28 nolu Fransa Atik Ahkam Defterinin Transripsiyon ve Değerlendirmesi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished Master Thesis), Manisa 2016.
  8. DARLİNG, Linda T, “Capitulations”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, 2009, www.oxfordreference.com, Date Accessed 13 Sep. 2022.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Mayıs 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

10 Ekim 2023

Kabul Tarihi

9 Ocak 2024

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA
Göktaş, N. (2026). OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(17), 719-730. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1373892
AMA
1.Göktaş N. OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES. GTTAD. 2026;8(17):719-730. doi:10.53718/gttad.1373892
Chicago
Göktaş, Nagihan. 2026. “OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 (17): 719-30. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1373892.
EndNote
Göktaş N (01 Mayıs 2026) OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 17 719–730.
IEEE
[1]N. Göktaş, “OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES”, GTTAD, c. 8, sy 17, ss. 719–730, May. 2026, doi: 10.53718/gttad.1373892.
ISNAD
Göktaş, Nagihan. “OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/17 (01 Mayıs 2026): 719-730. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1373892.
JAMA
1.Göktaş N. OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES. GTTAD. 2026;8:719–730.
MLA
Göktaş, Nagihan. “OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy 17, Mayıs 2026, ss. 719-30, doi:10.53718/gttad.1373892.
Vancouver
1.Nagihan Göktaş. OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION AND EUROPEAN CONSULS: SUPPORTING CONSULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURIES. GTTAD. 01 Mayıs 2026;8(17):719-30. doi:10.53718/gttad.1373892