Araştırma Makalesi
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KUTSAL TOPRAKLAR, KURGUSAL KİMLİKLER: GEORGE SANDYS’İN KUDÜS SEYAHATNAMESİNDE OSMANLI COĞRAFYASININ TEMSİLİ VE İNGİLİZ PROTO-ORYANTALİZMİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 85 - 114, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1716910

Öz

Bu makale, George Sandys’in 1615 tarihli hac seyahatnamesi A Relation of a Journey an Dom.1610. adlı eserinin Kudüs kitabını erken modern İngiltere’de proto-oryantalist seyahat yazınının erken bir örneği olarak incelemektedir. Sandys’in anlatısını dönemin imparatorluk ve din söylemleri bağlamında konumlandırmaktadır. Onun Osmanlı coğrafyasına, kutsal mekânlara ve farklı dinî topluluklara dair temsillerinin, 17. yüzyılın başlarında İngiliz kimliğinin inşasına nasıl ideolojik işlevler yüklediğini analiz eder. Yakın okuma ve kültürel-tarihsel bir yaklaşımla yürütülen bu inceleme, Sandys’in görünüşte nesnel betimlemelerinin daha geniş bir politik amaca hizmet ettiğini, İngiliz Protestan değerleriyle Doğulu adetler ve inançlar arasında karşıtlık kurarak İngiliz kimlik inşasına argüman sağladığını saptamıştır.

Eserin, çağdaşı metinler ve modern oryantalizm kuramlarıyla birlikte ele alınması ile Sandys’in yalnızca bir gezgin ya da gözlemci değil, dönemin kolonyal ve dinî söylemlerini şekillendiren erken bir aktör olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma metindeki coğrafi temsil stratejilerini ve söylemsel yapıları analiz ederek erken modern İngiliz kimliğinin inşasında Osmanlı coğrafyasının, insanlarının, dininin ve kültürünün nasıl araçsallaştırıldığını tartışır. Bu bağlamda İngiliz kimlik üretimini karşıtlık üzerinden sağlayan yazarın kutsal bölgeler ve Hristiyanlığı da İngiliz- protestan merkezli olarak idealize etmek için Müslüman, Yahudi, Doğu Hristiyanı, Katolik prototipleri yaratması ve söylem üretimi incelenir. Bir Rönesans yazarı olan Sandys’in antikiteyi dini, kültürel ve politik söylem üretiminde kullanışını ele alır. Sonuç olarak bu seyahatnamenin dini, kültürel ve politik söyleme katkısı yeniden ele alınarak erken dönem seyahat yazınının İngiliz ulusal kimliğinin oluşumundaki kurucu etkisine dikkat çekilir ve tarih inşasındaki rolü incelenir.

Kaynakça

  • AKDAĞ, Mustafa, Türk Halkının Dirlik ve Düzenlik Kavgası Celali İsyanları, Barış Kitabevi, Ankara 1999.
  • AVCIOĞLU, Nebahat, “Ahmed I and the Allegories of Tyranny in the Frontispiece to George Sandys’s "Relation of a Journey", Mukarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, pp. 203-226.
  • AVŞİN GÜNEŞ, Gülcan, “Osmanlı Kudüsü’nde Kale Müessesesi ve Görevlileri” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 16, S. 30, 2024, ss. 381-401.
  • BAHADORI, Mahdi N., “Passive Cooling System in Iranian Architecture”, Scientific American, Vol. 238, No. 2, 1978, pp. 144-155.
  • BURIAN, Orhan, “Türk Görüntüsünün Rönesans Dönemi İngiliz Edebiyatına Yansıması”, Belleten, çev. Çiğdem İpek, C. 56, S. 216, ss. 567-589.
  • CHEW, Samuel C., The Crescent and the Rose Islam and England during the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, New York 1937.
  • COHEN, Amnon, The Guilds of Ottoman Jerusalem, Brill, Leiden, Boston, Köln 2001.
  • COCHRAN CAGGIANO, Nicholas, “George Sandys The Ethnographer: A Man Before His Time”, in John J. Burns Library Blog for Making History Public Class-Spring 2014 exhibition by Prof. Sylvia Sellers-Garcia at Boston Collage History Department and Boston Collage Libraries, Boston 2014. Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://johnjburnslibrary.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/sandys/](https://johnjburnslibrary.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/sandys/).
  • CURZON, Robert, Visits To Monasteries in the Levant, Century Publishing Co., London 1983.
  • ELLISON, James, "Sandys, George (1578–1644), writer and traveller." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23 Sep. 2004; Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24651](https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24651).
  • FOUCAULT, Michel, Bilginin Arkeolojisi, çev. Veli Urhan, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • FRIEDMAN, Jack E., “A Critical Study of George Sandys’ Relation of His Journey to the Levant”, New York University, Doctoral Thesis, New York 1972.
  • FULLER, Peter, “The Geography of Mother Nature”, The Iconography of Landscape, eds. Denis Cosgrove, Stephen Daniels, Cambridge University Press, New York 1988, pp. 11-31.
  • GENÇ, Özlem, “Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında Hac Seyahatleri-II”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 12, S. 4, 2022, ss. 2468-2479.
  • GRIFFITHS, Antony, "Delaram, Francis (fl. 1615–1624), engraver" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23 Sep. 2004; Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7445](https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7445).
  • GROTIUS, Hugo, On the Law of War and Peace [De iure belli ac pacis] (1625), ed. Richard Tuck, from the edition by Jean Barbeyrac, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis 2005.
  • GÜÇER, Lütfi, XVI.-XVII. Asırlarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Hububat Meselesi ve Hububattan Alınan Vergiler, Sermet Matbaası, İstanbul 1964.
  • GÜNEŞ, Hasan Hüseyin, Kudüs Meğaribe Mahallesi, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara 2017.
  • HADFIELD, Andrew, “Traveller or Tourist? The Sensible Observation of Roland Barthes and George Sandys”, Nordic Journal of English Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 38-55.
  • HALL, Kim F., Things of Darkness Economies of Race and Gender in Early Modern England, Cornell University Press, Ithaco, London 1996.
  • HARLEY, J. B., “Maps, Knowledge and Power”, The Iconography of Landscape, eds. Denis Cosgrove, Stephen Daniels, Cambridge University Press, New York 1988, pp. 277-312.
  • HAYNES, Jonathan, The Humanist As Traveler: George Sandys’s Relation of a Journey Begun An. Dom. 1610, Toronto University Press, Toronticonogo 1986.
  • HOWARD, Clare, English Travellers of the Renaissance, John Lane Company, New York 1913.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, “Adaletnameler”, Belgeler, C. 2, S. 3-4, 1965, ss. 49-159.
  • KALIN, İbrahim, “Batı’daki İslam Algısının Tarihine Giriş”, Divan İlmi Araştırmalar, C. 8, S. 15, 2003, ss. 1-51.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Türk-İngiliz Münasebetlerinin Başlangıcı ve Gelişmesi (1553-1610), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1953.
  • LEWIS, Bernard, “Doğu’ya Giden Bazı İngiliz Seyyahları”, çev. Esim Erdim, Salih Özbaran, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, C. 2, S. 1, 1984, s. 245-264.
  • MACLEAN, Gerald, MATAR, Nabil, Britain and the Islamic World 1558-1713, New York 2011.
  • MAGUIRE, Laurie, Helen of Troy From Homer to Hollywood, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey 2009.
  • MATAR, Nabil, Islam in Britain 1558-1685, Cambridge University Press, New York 1998.
  • MITSI, Evi, “Nowhere is a Place: Travel Writing in Sixteenth-Century England”, Literature Compass, 2 (RE 135), Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey 2005, pp. 1-13.
  • NECİPOĞLU, Gülru, The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2005.
  • PAGITT, Ephraim, Christianographie: or, The Description of the Multitude and Sundry Sorts of Christians in the World Not Subject to the Pope. With Their Unity, and How They Agree with the Protestants in the Principal Points of Difference Between Them and the Church of Rome, The Second Edition Inlarged, Printed by W.J. and N. O. for Mathew Costerden, London 1636.
  • PARKER, D. C., Codex Sinaiticus: The Story of World’s Oldest Bible, The British Library Publishing Division, London 2010.
  • POCOCKE, Richard, A Description of the East and Other Countries, Printed for the Author, by W. Bowyer, Vol. 2, London 1743.
  • RIDLEY, R. T., “To be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carhage”, Classical Philology, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1986, pp. 140-146.
  • SAID, Edward, Şarkiyatçılık Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul 2013.
  • SANDYS, George, A Relation of a Journey Begun an Dom.1610, W. Barrett, London 1672.
  • SANDYS, George, A Relation of a Journey Begun an Dom.1610, The Elzevir Library, New York 1888.
  • SARI, Tanju, Gezginlerin Gözüyle Bir İmparatorluk İngiliz Seyahatnamelerinde 17. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İktisadi Yapısı, Göçebe Yayınları, İstanbul 1998.
  • SINGER, Amy, Palestinian Peasents and Ottoman Officials Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, New York 1994.
  • STAGL, Justin, A History of Curiosity The Theory of Travel 1550-1800, Routledge, New York, London 2004.
  • SZÖNY, György E., “Broadening Horizons of Renaissance Humanism from the Antiquity to the New World”, Primerjalna Književnost, Ljubljana 2018, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 5-34.
  • ŞAHİN, Gürsoy, “Avrupalıların Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Eski Eserlerle İlgili İzlenimleri ve Osmanlı Müzeciliği”, Türk Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 26, S. 42, 2007, ss. 101-125.
  • TAYLOR, Joan, “John’s Speed’s “Canaan” and British Travel to Palestine: A Journey with Maps”, In The King James Version at 400: Assessing its Genius as Bible Translation and its Literary Influence, eds. D. G. Burke, J. F. Kutsko, & P. H. Towner, Society of Biblical Literature, Georgia 2013, pp. 103-123.
  • TREVOR, Douglas, The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, New York 2004.
  • ÜÇEL AYBET, Gülgün, Avrupalı Seyyahların Gözünden Osmanlı Dünyası ve İnsanları (1530-1699), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2018.
  • WARREN, Christopher N., Literature and the Law of Nations 1580-1680, Oxford University Press, New York 2015.

HOLY LANDS, IMAGINED IDENTITIES: THE REPRESENTATION OF OTTOMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENGLISH PROTO-ORIENTALISM IN GEORGE SANDYS’ JERUSALEM TRAVELOGUE

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 85 - 114, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1716910

Öz

This article examines George Sandys’s 1615 travel account, A Relation of a Journey begun An. Dom. 1610, specifically focusing on its Jerusalem section as an early example of proto-Orientalist travel literature in early modern England. The study contextualizes Sandys’s narrative within the imperial and religious discourses of the period. It analyses how Sandys’s representations of Ottoman geography, sacred spaces, and diverse religious communities served ideological functions in constructing English identity during the early seventeenth century. Employing close reading alongside a cultural-historical approach, the analysis demonstrates that Sandys’s seemingly objective descriptions fulfilled broader political aims, establishing a distinct contrast between English Protestant values and Eastern customs and beliefs to consolidate a sense of Englishness.

By integrating contemporary texts and modern theories of Orientalism, the study positions Sandys as a figure who transcended the role of mere traveler or observer, highlighting his significant participation in shaping early colonial and religious discourses. The analysis explores the geographical representations and discursive structures within Sandys’s narrative, emphasizing how Ottoman geography, peoples, religions, and cultures were strategically instrumentalized to forge an English identity. Within this context, the article explores how Sandys constructed various religious prototypes—Muslim, Jewish, Eastern Christian, and Catholic—to idealize sacred territories and Christianity in a distinctly English-Protestant framework. Additionally, it discusses Sandys’s utilization of classical antiquity in producing religious, cultural, and political discourses. Ultimately, by reassessing the contribution of this travel account to religious, cultural, and political discourses, the article highlights the foundational role of early modern travel writing in shaping English national identity and examines its function in historical construction.

Kaynakça

  • AKDAĞ, Mustafa, Türk Halkının Dirlik ve Düzenlik Kavgası Celali İsyanları, Barış Kitabevi, Ankara 1999.
  • AVCIOĞLU, Nebahat, “Ahmed I and the Allegories of Tyranny in the Frontispiece to George Sandys’s "Relation of a Journey", Mukarnas, Vol. 18, 2001, pp. 203-226.
  • AVŞİN GÜNEŞ, Gülcan, “Osmanlı Kudüsü’nde Kale Müessesesi ve Görevlileri” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 16, S. 30, 2024, ss. 381-401.
  • BAHADORI, Mahdi N., “Passive Cooling System in Iranian Architecture”, Scientific American, Vol. 238, No. 2, 1978, pp. 144-155.
  • BURIAN, Orhan, “Türk Görüntüsünün Rönesans Dönemi İngiliz Edebiyatına Yansıması”, Belleten, çev. Çiğdem İpek, C. 56, S. 216, ss. 567-589.
  • CHEW, Samuel C., The Crescent and the Rose Islam and England during the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, New York 1937.
  • COHEN, Amnon, The Guilds of Ottoman Jerusalem, Brill, Leiden, Boston, Köln 2001.
  • COCHRAN CAGGIANO, Nicholas, “George Sandys The Ethnographer: A Man Before His Time”, in John J. Burns Library Blog for Making History Public Class-Spring 2014 exhibition by Prof. Sylvia Sellers-Garcia at Boston Collage History Department and Boston Collage Libraries, Boston 2014. Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://johnjburnslibrary.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/sandys/](https://johnjburnslibrary.wordpress.com/2014/10/15/sandys/).
  • CURZON, Robert, Visits To Monasteries in the Levant, Century Publishing Co., London 1983.
  • ELLISON, James, "Sandys, George (1578–1644), writer and traveller." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23 Sep. 2004; Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24651](https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24651).
  • FOUCAULT, Michel, Bilginin Arkeolojisi, çev. Veli Urhan, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • FRIEDMAN, Jack E., “A Critical Study of George Sandys’ Relation of His Journey to the Levant”, New York University, Doctoral Thesis, New York 1972.
  • FULLER, Peter, “The Geography of Mother Nature”, The Iconography of Landscape, eds. Denis Cosgrove, Stephen Daniels, Cambridge University Press, New York 1988, pp. 11-31.
  • GENÇ, Özlem, “Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında Hac Seyahatleri-II”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 12, S. 4, 2022, ss. 2468-2479.
  • GRIFFITHS, Antony, "Delaram, Francis (fl. 1615–1624), engraver" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23 Sep. 2004; Accessed 2 Jun. 2025. [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7445](https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7445).
  • GROTIUS, Hugo, On the Law of War and Peace [De iure belli ac pacis] (1625), ed. Richard Tuck, from the edition by Jean Barbeyrac, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis 2005.
  • GÜÇER, Lütfi, XVI.-XVII. Asırlarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Hububat Meselesi ve Hububattan Alınan Vergiler, Sermet Matbaası, İstanbul 1964.
  • GÜNEŞ, Hasan Hüseyin, Kudüs Meğaribe Mahallesi, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara 2017.
  • HADFIELD, Andrew, “Traveller or Tourist? The Sensible Observation of Roland Barthes and George Sandys”, Nordic Journal of English Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 38-55.
  • HALL, Kim F., Things of Darkness Economies of Race and Gender in Early Modern England, Cornell University Press, Ithaco, London 1996.
  • HARLEY, J. B., “Maps, Knowledge and Power”, The Iconography of Landscape, eds. Denis Cosgrove, Stephen Daniels, Cambridge University Press, New York 1988, pp. 277-312.
  • HAYNES, Jonathan, The Humanist As Traveler: George Sandys’s Relation of a Journey Begun An. Dom. 1610, Toronto University Press, Toronticonogo 1986.
  • HOWARD, Clare, English Travellers of the Renaissance, John Lane Company, New York 1913.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, “Adaletnameler”, Belgeler, C. 2, S. 3-4, 1965, ss. 49-159.
  • KALIN, İbrahim, “Batı’daki İslam Algısının Tarihine Giriş”, Divan İlmi Araştırmalar, C. 8, S. 15, 2003, ss. 1-51.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Türk-İngiliz Münasebetlerinin Başlangıcı ve Gelişmesi (1553-1610), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1953.
  • LEWIS, Bernard, “Doğu’ya Giden Bazı İngiliz Seyyahları”, çev. Esim Erdim, Salih Özbaran, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, C. 2, S. 1, 1984, s. 245-264.
  • MACLEAN, Gerald, MATAR, Nabil, Britain and the Islamic World 1558-1713, New York 2011.
  • MAGUIRE, Laurie, Helen of Troy From Homer to Hollywood, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey 2009.
  • MATAR, Nabil, Islam in Britain 1558-1685, Cambridge University Press, New York 1998.
  • MITSI, Evi, “Nowhere is a Place: Travel Writing in Sixteenth-Century England”, Literature Compass, 2 (RE 135), Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey 2005, pp. 1-13.
  • NECİPOĞLU, Gülru, The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2005.
  • PAGITT, Ephraim, Christianographie: or, The Description of the Multitude and Sundry Sorts of Christians in the World Not Subject to the Pope. With Their Unity, and How They Agree with the Protestants in the Principal Points of Difference Between Them and the Church of Rome, The Second Edition Inlarged, Printed by W.J. and N. O. for Mathew Costerden, London 1636.
  • PARKER, D. C., Codex Sinaiticus: The Story of World’s Oldest Bible, The British Library Publishing Division, London 2010.
  • POCOCKE, Richard, A Description of the East and Other Countries, Printed for the Author, by W. Bowyer, Vol. 2, London 1743.
  • RIDLEY, R. T., “To be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carhage”, Classical Philology, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1986, pp. 140-146.
  • SAID, Edward, Şarkiyatçılık Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul 2013.
  • SANDYS, George, A Relation of a Journey Begun an Dom.1610, W. Barrett, London 1672.
  • SANDYS, George, A Relation of a Journey Begun an Dom.1610, The Elzevir Library, New York 1888.
  • SARI, Tanju, Gezginlerin Gözüyle Bir İmparatorluk İngiliz Seyahatnamelerinde 17. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İktisadi Yapısı, Göçebe Yayınları, İstanbul 1998.
  • SINGER, Amy, Palestinian Peasents and Ottoman Officials Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-Century Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, New York 1994.
  • STAGL, Justin, A History of Curiosity The Theory of Travel 1550-1800, Routledge, New York, London 2004.
  • SZÖNY, György E., “Broadening Horizons of Renaissance Humanism from the Antiquity to the New World”, Primerjalna Književnost, Ljubljana 2018, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 5-34.
  • ŞAHİN, Gürsoy, “Avrupalıların Osmanlı Ülkesindeki Eski Eserlerle İlgili İzlenimleri ve Osmanlı Müzeciliği”, Türk Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 26, S. 42, 2007, ss. 101-125.
  • TAYLOR, Joan, “John’s Speed’s “Canaan” and British Travel to Palestine: A Journey with Maps”, In The King James Version at 400: Assessing its Genius as Bible Translation and its Literary Influence, eds. D. G. Burke, J. F. Kutsko, & P. H. Towner, Society of Biblical Literature, Georgia 2013, pp. 103-123.
  • TREVOR, Douglas, The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, New York 2004.
  • ÜÇEL AYBET, Gülgün, Avrupalı Seyyahların Gözünden Osmanlı Dünyası ve İnsanları (1530-1699), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2018.
  • WARREN, Christopher N., Literature and the Law of Nations 1580-1680, Oxford University Press, New York 2015.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Osmanlı Kurumları ve Medeniyeti (Diğer), Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi, Tarihçilik (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gülcan Avşin Güneş 0000-0002-5280-5834

Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Avşin Güneş, Gülcan. “KUTSAL TOPRAKLAR, KURGUSAL KİMLİKLER: GEORGE SANDYS’İN KUDÜS SEYAHATNAMESİNDE OSMANLI COĞRAFYASININ TEMSİLİ VE İNGİLİZ PROTO-ORYANTALİZMİ”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 16 (Ocak 2026): 85-114. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1716910.