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KRALİYET COĞRAFYA CEMİYETİ’NİN TÜRKİSTAN’DAKİ İNGİLİZ KEŞİF FAALİYETLERİNDEKİ ROLÜ (1834-1880)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 199 - 216, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1740502

Öz

19. yüzyılda Türkistan’da, İngiltere ve Çarlık Rusya arasındaki rekabetin bir sonucu olarak çok sayıda coğrafi keşif faaliyeti yürütüldü. Çarlık Rusya’nın farklı bilim dallarından araştırmacı grupları göndererek Hazar Denizi’nin doğu kıyılarından Kaşgar bölgesine kadar uzanan geniş bir sahada topoğrafya, değerli madenler, yol güzergahları ve su kaynakları gibi stratejik öneme sahip konularda yürüttüğü araştırmalar karşısında İngiltere de benzer bir politika izledi. İngiltere’nin Hindistan ve çevresine yönelik yürüttüğü coğrafi keşif faaliyetleri 19. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Afganistan ve Türkistan sahasına doğru genişletildi. Bu bağlamda İngiliz araştırmacılar İngiliz hükümeti ve Hindistan Genel Valiliği’nin dış politikası doğrultusunda Türkistan’ın çeşitli bölgelerinde keşifler yaptılar. Keşifler öncesinde Türkistan İngilizler için tanıdık bir coğrafya olmaktan uzaktı. Dolayısıyla keşfe gönderilecek bir araştırmacı için bölgenin tarihsel dokusu ve araştırma yöntemleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak, teknik ekipman ve masrafların karşılanması gibi konular önem arz ediyordu. İngiltere’de Elizabeth Dönemi Coğrafya Cemiyeti’yle başlayan kurumsal geleneğin devamı niteliğinde sonraki dönemlerde kurulan coğrafya cemiyetleri araştırmacıların bu tür ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması noktasında önemli roller üstlendiler. Ancak bu coğrafya cemiyetleri genelde bölgeseldi ve bu durum coğrafi kapsamlarını kısıtlıyordu. 1830’da kurulan Kraliyet Coğrafya Cemiyeti (KCC) belli bir bölgeye yönelik olmaktan ziyade dünya genelinde araştırma yürüten kaşifleri desteklemek ve İngiltere’de coğrafya araştırmalarını bilimsel bir zemine oturtmak amacıyla öne çıktı. Kaşifler için pratik kılavuzlar, teknik ekipman, maddi yardım ve ödüller vererek coğrafya araştırmalarını teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan cemiyet, kısa zamanda dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde çalışmalar yürüten birçok kişiye destek verdi. Cemiyetin etkin bir rol üstlendiği bölgelerden bir tanesi Türkistan sahasıydı. 19. yüzyılda İngilizlerin bölgeye olan ilgisi neticesinde coğrafi keşif için bölgeye giden araştırmacıların birçoğunun çalışması cemiyet tarafından ödüllendirildi ve bazı çalışmalara maddi yardımda bulunuldu. Bölgede yürütülen araştırmaların özet şeklindeki raporları ise KCC’nin yayın organlarında yayınlandı. Bu çalışmada, KCC’nin Türkistan’daki İngiliz keşif faaliyetlerine ne düzeyde destek olduğu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Türkistan’daki araştırmalarından dolayı KCC’nin teşvik politikasından faydalanan kişilerin araştırmalarının İngiltere’nin bölgedeki istihbarat çalışmalarında nasıl bir öneme sahip olduğu ve bu çalışmaların içerikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmada, KCC’nin yayın organlarında yer alan ilgili raporlar, Türkistan’a giden araştırmacıların kişisel notları ve kitapları ve konu ile ilgili yabancı arşiv belgelerinden faydalanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • “Palestine Association”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 4, 1834, ss. 1-4.
  • “Prospectus of the Royal Geographical Society”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 1, 1831, ss. 7-12.
  • ADYE, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London 1897.
  • ARNOLD, David, The Age of Discovery 1400-1600, İkinci Baskı, Routledge, London & New York 2002.
  • BECKINGHAM, C. F., “A History of the Royal Asiatic Society 1823-1973”, The Royal Asiatic Society: Its History and Treasures, Ed. Stuart Simmonds, E. J. Brill, Leiden and London 1979, ss. 1-77.
  • BLYTH, Robert J., “Bombay Geographical Society”, The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, C. 1, Ed. David Buisseret, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, ss. 118-119.
  • BOAHEN, A. Adu, “The African Association, 1788-1805”, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, C. 5, S. 1, 1961, ss. 43-64.
  • BOUTAKOFF, A., MICHELL, John, “The Delta and Mouths of the Amu-Daria, or Oxus”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 37, 1867, ss. 152-160.
  • BRIDGES, Roy, “Patrons, Sponsors, and Supporters”, The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, C. 1, Ed. David Buisseret, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, ss. 25.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 1, John Murray, London 1834.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 2, John Murray, London 1834.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 3, John Murray, London 1835.
  • BUTAKOFF, Alexey, “Survey of the Sea of Aral”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 23, 1853, ss. 93-101.
  • BUTLIN, Robin A., Geographies of Empire European Empires and Colonies c. 1880-1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008.
  • CHAPUIS, Olivier, “Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine (Depository of Maps and Plans of the Navy; France)”, The History of Cartography, C. 4, Ed: Matthew H. Edney, Mary Sponberg Pedley, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 2019, ss. 349-352.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • DAVID, Saul, Victoria’s Wars The Rise of Empire, Penguin Books, London 2006.
  • DONNELLY, Alton S., “Peter the Great and Central Asia”, Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, C. 17, S. 2/3, Yaz ve Güz 1975, ss. 202-217.
  • DRIVER, Felix, Geography Militant Cultures of Exploration and Empire, Blackwell Publishers, Great Britain 2001.
  • ERDOĞAN, Aysel, “Yakub Beg Döneminde Doğu Türkistan Şehirlerini Ziyaret Eden Avrupalı Temsilciler (1865- 1878)”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 21, S. 3, 2024, ss. 1458-1472.
  • FROMKIN, David, “The Great Game in Asia”, Foreign Affairs, C. 58, S. 4, Bahar 1980, ss. 936-951.
  • FRY, Michael, “Frederick John Robinson, First Viscount Goderich, First Earl of Ripon”, Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers, Ed. Robert Eccleshall and Graham Walker, London 1998, ss. 120-123.
  • GILBERT, Edmund, GOUDIE, W. Andrew, “Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, Bart, KCB 1792-1871”, The Geographical Journal, C. 137, S. 4, Aralık, 1971, ss. 505-511.
  • GOLDSMID, Frederic J., “Obituary: Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G. C. B., etc.”, The Geographical Journal, C. 5, S. 5, May 1895, ss. 490- 497.
  • GORDON, T. E., “The Watershed of Central Asia, East and West”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 46, 1876, ss. 381-396.
  • HAMILTON, Earl J., “Wages and Subsistence on Spanish Treasure Ships, 1503-1660”, Journal of Political Economy, C. 37, S. 4, Ağustos 1929, ss. 430-450.
  • HAMMETT, Daniel, “Past, present, future: The RGS-­ IBG political geography research group within British political geographys”, Area, 57, 2025, ss. 1-9.
  • HAYWARD, George W., “Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin”, JRGSL, C. 41, 1871, ss. 1-41.
  • HOPKIRK, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, Great Britain 1990.
  • INGRAM, Edward, “Great Britain’s Great Game: An Introduction”, The International History Review, C. 2, S. 2, Nisan 1980, ss. 160-171.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA10, ‘Abstract of Letters From India 1870’.
  • IOR/Mss Eur/F111/388, ‘Military Report on Russian Turkistan or Central Asia’.
  • JENKINSON, Anthony, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, C. 1, Ed. E. Delmar Morgan ve C. H. Coote, Burt Franklin, New York 1886.
  • JERDAN, William, National Portrait Gallery of Illustrious and Eminent Personages of the Nineteenth Century, C. 2, Fisher, Son and Jackson, London 1831.
  • JOHNSON, W. H., “Report on His Journey to Ilchí, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 37, 1867, ss. 1-47
  • JONES, Wilbur Devereux, ‘Prosperity’ Robinson The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782-1859, Macmillan, New York 1967.
  • KORFF, Baron S. A., Russia’s Foreign Relations During the Last Half Century, The Macmillan Company, New York 1922.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • LOBANOV-ROSTOVSKY, A., Russia and Asia, George Wahr Publishing Company, 1951.
  • MARKHAM, Clements R., The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society, John Murray, London 1881.
  • MICHELL, Robert, “The Jaxartes or Syr-Daria, from Russian Sources”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 38, 1868, ss. 429-459.
  • MONTGOMERIE, T. G., “On the Geographical Position of Yarkund, and Some Other Places in Central Asia”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 36, 1866, ss. 157-172.
  • MURCHISON, Roderick Impey, “A Few Observations on the Ural Mountains, to Accompany a New Map of a Southern Portion of That Chain”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 13, 1843, ss. 269-278.
  • ÖZDEMİR, Emin, “Rus İşgalinden Önceki Dönemde Türkistan’a Gelen Batılı Seyyahlar ve Türkistan Tarihine Kaynak Olarak Seyahatnameleri”, History Studies, C. 2, S. 2, 2010, ss. 113-126.
  • ÖZGÜN, Tevfik Orçun, “George Hayward’s Journey to the Central Asia: The Periphery of the British Imperialıst Politics”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, S. 34, Bahar 2021, ss. 175-195.
  • PORTER, Andrew, “Introduction: Britain and the Empire in the Nineteenth Century”, The Oxford History of the British Empire, C. 3, Ed: Andrew Porter, Oxford University Press, New York 1999, ss. 1-28.
  • PURVER, Margery, The Royal Society: Concept and Creation, Routledge, London 2009.
  • RITCHIE, G. S., “Sir John Barrow, Bart., F. R. S.”, The Geographical Journal, C. 130, S. 3, Eylül 1964, ss. 350-354.
  • ROYAL SOCIETY, Certificate of Election for Alexander Burnes, 1834, Royal Society Archives, EC/1834/11.
  • RYWKIN, Michael, Russia in Central Asia, First Edition, Ed. Michael T. Florinsky, The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, New York 1963.
  • SHAW, R. B., “A Prince of Kâshghar on the Geography of Eastern Turkistan”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London’da (PRGSL), C. 20, S. 6, 1875-1876, ss. 482-493.
  • SINCLAIR, William, “The African Association of 1788”, Journal of the Royal African Society, C. 1, S. 1, 1901, ss. 145-149.
  • SPRAT, Thomas, The History of the Royal-Society of London: For the Improving of Natural Knowledge, The Second Edition, London 1702.
  • STANOYEVICH, Miliyov S., Russian Foreign Policy in the East, Liberty Publishing Company, Oakland ve San Francisco 1916.
  • TALBOT, Michael, “Divine Imperialism: The British in Palestine, 1753–1842”, The British Abroad Since the Eighteenth Century, C. 2, Ed: Martin Farr, Xavier Guégan, Palgrave Macmillan, UK 2013, ss. 36-53.
  • TAŞAĞIL, Ahmet, “Türkistan”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 41, İstanbul 2012, s. 556-560.
  • TERENTYEF, M. A., Russia and England in Central Asia, C. 2, Çev. F. C. Daukes, The Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, H., “On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 48, 1878, ss. 173-234.
  • WALKER, Lynne, “The Royal Geographical Society's House: An Architectural History”, The Geographical Journal, C. 146, S. 2, Temmuz 1980, ss. 178-189.
  • WOOD, Herbert, “Notes on the Lower Amú-darya, Syr-darya and Lake Aral, in 1874”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 45, 1875, ss. 367-413.
  • WOOD, Lieut., “Report of a Journey to the Sources of the Āmú Deryá (Oxus); With Some Observations on the River Indus”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 10, 1840, ss. 530-536.
  • YILMAZ, Özgür, “Kraliyet Coğrafya Derneği ve Anadolu’ya Yönelik Faaliyetleri (1835-1845)”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, C. 17, S. 33, 2019, ss. 319-348.

THE ROLE OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN BRITISH EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES IN TURKESTAN (1834-1880)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 199 - 216, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1740502

Öz

In the 19th century, there were many geographic exploration activities in Turkestan as a result of the rivalry between Britain and Tsarist Russia. In the face of Tsarist Russia’s sending groups of researchers from different disciplines to explore strategically important areas such as topography, precious metals, road routes and water resources in a wide area extending from the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea to the Kashgar region, Britain followed a similar policy. Britain’s geographical exploration activities in and around India were extended to Afghanistan and Turkestan towards the middle of the 19th century. In this context, in line with the foreign policy of the British government and the General Governorate of India, British researchers made explorations in various parts of Turkestan. Before the explorations, Turkestan was far from being a familiar geography for the British. Therefore, for a researcher to be sent on an expedition, it was important to be familiar with the historical fabric of the region and research methods, as well as to have technical equipment and to cover expenses. As a continuation of the institutional tradition that began with the Elizabethan Geographical Society in England, geographical societies founded in later periods played important roles in meeting such needs of researchers. However, these geographical societies were generally regional and this limited their geographical scope. Founded in 1830, the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) came to prominence with the aim of supporting explorers conducting research around the world, rather than focusing on a specific region, and to put geographical research in England on a scientific basis. Aiming to encourage geographical research by providing practical guides, technical equipment, financial aid and prizes for explorers, the society soon supported many people working in different parts of the world. One of the regions where the Society played an active role was Turkestan. In the 19th century, as a result of the British interest in the region, many of the researchers who went to the region for geographical exploration were rewarded by the society and some studies were financially supported. The summarized reports of the research conducted in the region were published in the RGS’s publications. This study examines the extent to which the RGS supported British exploration activities in Turkestan. In addition, the importance of the researches of the people who benefited from the RGS’s incentive policy for their research in Turkestan in Britain’s intelligence work in the region and the contents of these studies are given. In the study, the relevant reports in the RGS’s publications, personal notes and books of the researchers who went to Turkestan, and foreign archival documents on the subject were utilized.

Kaynakça

  • “Palestine Association”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 4, 1834, ss. 1-4.
  • “Prospectus of the Royal Geographical Society”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 1, 1831, ss. 7-12.
  • ADYE, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London 1897.
  • ARNOLD, David, The Age of Discovery 1400-1600, İkinci Baskı, Routledge, London & New York 2002.
  • BECKINGHAM, C. F., “A History of the Royal Asiatic Society 1823-1973”, The Royal Asiatic Society: Its History and Treasures, Ed. Stuart Simmonds, E. J. Brill, Leiden and London 1979, ss. 1-77.
  • BLYTH, Robert J., “Bombay Geographical Society”, The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, C. 1, Ed. David Buisseret, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, ss. 118-119.
  • BOAHEN, A. Adu, “The African Association, 1788-1805”, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, C. 5, S. 1, 1961, ss. 43-64.
  • BOUTAKOFF, A., MICHELL, John, “The Delta and Mouths of the Amu-Daria, or Oxus”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 37, 1867, ss. 152-160.
  • BRIDGES, Roy, “Patrons, Sponsors, and Supporters”, The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, C. 1, Ed. David Buisseret, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, ss. 25.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 1, John Murray, London 1834.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 2, John Murray, London 1834.
  • BURNES, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara, C. 3, John Murray, London 1835.
  • BUTAKOFF, Alexey, “Survey of the Sea of Aral”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 23, 1853, ss. 93-101.
  • BUTLIN, Robin A., Geographies of Empire European Empires and Colonies c. 1880-1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008.
  • CHAPUIS, Olivier, “Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine (Depository of Maps and Plans of the Navy; France)”, The History of Cartography, C. 4, Ed: Matthew H. Edney, Mary Sponberg Pedley, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 2019, ss. 349-352.
  • ÇAPRAZ, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • DAVID, Saul, Victoria’s Wars The Rise of Empire, Penguin Books, London 2006.
  • DONNELLY, Alton S., “Peter the Great and Central Asia”, Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, C. 17, S. 2/3, Yaz ve Güz 1975, ss. 202-217.
  • DRIVER, Felix, Geography Militant Cultures of Exploration and Empire, Blackwell Publishers, Great Britain 2001.
  • ERDOĞAN, Aysel, “Yakub Beg Döneminde Doğu Türkistan Şehirlerini Ziyaret Eden Avrupalı Temsilciler (1865- 1878)”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 21, S. 3, 2024, ss. 1458-1472.
  • FROMKIN, David, “The Great Game in Asia”, Foreign Affairs, C. 58, S. 4, Bahar 1980, ss. 936-951.
  • FRY, Michael, “Frederick John Robinson, First Viscount Goderich, First Earl of Ripon”, Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers, Ed. Robert Eccleshall and Graham Walker, London 1998, ss. 120-123.
  • GILBERT, Edmund, GOUDIE, W. Andrew, “Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, Bart, KCB 1792-1871”, The Geographical Journal, C. 137, S. 4, Aralık, 1971, ss. 505-511.
  • GOLDSMID, Frederic J., “Obituary: Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G. C. B., etc.”, The Geographical Journal, C. 5, S. 5, May 1895, ss. 490- 497.
  • GORDON, T. E., “The Watershed of Central Asia, East and West”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 46, 1876, ss. 381-396.
  • HAMILTON, Earl J., “Wages and Subsistence on Spanish Treasure Ships, 1503-1660”, Journal of Political Economy, C. 37, S. 4, Ağustos 1929, ss. 430-450.
  • HAMMETT, Daniel, “Past, present, future: The RGS-­ IBG political geography research group within British political geographys”, Area, 57, 2025, ss. 1-9.
  • HAYWARD, George W., “Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin”, JRGSL, C. 41, 1871, ss. 1-41.
  • HOPKIRK, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, Great Britain 1990.
  • INGRAM, Edward, “Great Britain’s Great Game: An Introduction”, The International History Review, C. 2, S. 2, Nisan 1980, ss. 160-171.
  • IOR/L/PS/20/CA10, ‘Abstract of Letters From India 1870’.
  • IOR/Mss Eur/F111/388, ‘Military Report on Russian Turkistan or Central Asia’.
  • JENKINSON, Anthony, Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, C. 1, Ed. E. Delmar Morgan ve C. H. Coote, Burt Franklin, New York 1886.
  • JERDAN, William, National Portrait Gallery of Illustrious and Eminent Personages of the Nineteenth Century, C. 2, Fisher, Son and Jackson, London 1831.
  • JOHNSON, W. H., “Report on His Journey to Ilchí, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 37, 1867, ss. 1-47
  • JONES, Wilbur Devereux, ‘Prosperity’ Robinson The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782-1859, Macmillan, New York 1967.
  • KORFF, Baron S. A., Russia’s Foreign Relations During the Last Half Century, The Macmillan Company, New York 1922.
  • KURAT, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, 2. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1987.
  • LOBANOV-ROSTOVSKY, A., Russia and Asia, George Wahr Publishing Company, 1951.
  • MARKHAM, Clements R., The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society, John Murray, London 1881.
  • MICHELL, Robert, “The Jaxartes or Syr-Daria, from Russian Sources”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 38, 1868, ss. 429-459.
  • MONTGOMERIE, T. G., “On the Geographical Position of Yarkund, and Some Other Places in Central Asia”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 36, 1866, ss. 157-172.
  • MURCHISON, Roderick Impey, “A Few Observations on the Ural Mountains, to Accompany a New Map of a Southern Portion of That Chain”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 13, 1843, ss. 269-278.
  • ÖZDEMİR, Emin, “Rus İşgalinden Önceki Dönemde Türkistan’a Gelen Batılı Seyyahlar ve Türkistan Tarihine Kaynak Olarak Seyahatnameleri”, History Studies, C. 2, S. 2, 2010, ss. 113-126.
  • ÖZGÜN, Tevfik Orçun, “George Hayward’s Journey to the Central Asia: The Periphery of the British Imperialıst Politics”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, S. 34, Bahar 2021, ss. 175-195.
  • PORTER, Andrew, “Introduction: Britain and the Empire in the Nineteenth Century”, The Oxford History of the British Empire, C. 3, Ed: Andrew Porter, Oxford University Press, New York 1999, ss. 1-28.
  • PURVER, Margery, The Royal Society: Concept and Creation, Routledge, London 2009.
  • RITCHIE, G. S., “Sir John Barrow, Bart., F. R. S.”, The Geographical Journal, C. 130, S. 3, Eylül 1964, ss. 350-354.
  • ROYAL SOCIETY, Certificate of Election for Alexander Burnes, 1834, Royal Society Archives, EC/1834/11.
  • RYWKIN, Michael, Russia in Central Asia, First Edition, Ed. Michael T. Florinsky, The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, New York 1963.
  • SHAW, R. B., “A Prince of Kâshghar on the Geography of Eastern Turkistan”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London’da (PRGSL), C. 20, S. 6, 1875-1876, ss. 482-493.
  • SINCLAIR, William, “The African Association of 1788”, Journal of the Royal African Society, C. 1, S. 1, 1901, ss. 145-149.
  • SPRAT, Thomas, The History of the Royal-Society of London: For the Improving of Natural Knowledge, The Second Edition, London 1702.
  • STANOYEVICH, Miliyov S., Russian Foreign Policy in the East, Liberty Publishing Company, Oakland ve San Francisco 1916.
  • TALBOT, Michael, “Divine Imperialism: The British in Palestine, 1753–1842”, The British Abroad Since the Eighteenth Century, C. 2, Ed: Martin Farr, Xavier Guégan, Palgrave Macmillan, UK 2013, ss. 36-53.
  • TAŞAĞIL, Ahmet, “Türkistan”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 41, İstanbul 2012, s. 556-560.
  • TERENTYEF, M. A., Russia and England in Central Asia, C. 2, Çev. F. C. Daukes, The Foreign Department Press, Calcutta 1876.
  • TROTTER, H., “On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 48, 1878, ss. 173-234.
  • WALKER, Lynne, “The Royal Geographical Society's House: An Architectural History”, The Geographical Journal, C. 146, S. 2, Temmuz 1980, ss. 178-189.
  • WOOD, Herbert, “Notes on the Lower Amú-darya, Syr-darya and Lake Aral, in 1874”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 45, 1875, ss. 367-413.
  • WOOD, Lieut., “Report of a Journey to the Sources of the Āmú Deryá (Oxus); With Some Observations on the River Indus”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, C. 10, 1840, ss. 530-536.
  • YILMAZ, Özgür, “Kraliyet Coğrafya Derneği ve Anadolu’ya Yönelik Faaliyetleri (1835-1845)”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, C. 17, S. 33, 2019, ss. 319-348.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Orta Asya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Furkan Külünk 0000-0002-9844-283X

Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Külünk, Furkan. “KRALİYET COĞRAFYA CEMİYETİ’NİN TÜRKİSTAN’DAKİ İNGİLİZ KEŞİF FAALİYETLERİNDEKİ ROLÜ (1834-1880)”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 16 (Ocak 2026): 199-216. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1740502.