Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

“EIGHT WHITE TENTS” AS A CULT OF CHINGGIS KHAN: A SYMBOL OF SACREDNESS AND LEGITIMACY

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 35 - 48, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1807822

Öz

Chinggis Khan strategically stationed his principal khatuns across four major tribal territories—including his ancestral homeland and three regions secured through conquest—to represent the dynasty locally. In each territory, an ordo (palatial tent complex) was established for the khatun, and these together formed the empire’s key political-administrative nodes, collectively known as the “Four Great Ordos” (Mongolian: Dörben Yeke Ordos). Far from being mere royal residences, these complexes functioned as sacred centers where governance and ritual converged, materializing imperial authority and divine legitimacy. During Chinggis Khan’s lifetime, crucial political deliberations and military planning were undertaken in these sites, thereby sustaining dynastic cohesion and the continuity of the Mongol ulus. After his death, the “Four Great Ordos” progressively shifted from administrative hubs to sanctuaries of the ancestral cult, serving as spiritual repositories of the Borjigid dynastic legacy through regular sacrificial rites that underwrote the persistence of Mongol political order. Following the Mongol conquest of China, the Yuan court maintained and protected Chinggisid relics with particular care; after the dynasty’s fall in 1368, these objects were repatriated to the Mongolian heartland. The late fourteenth century’s fragmentation of Mongol unity inaugurated a prolonged instability in which intergroup rivalries intensified and sacred paraphernalia—especially those associated with the ordos—were repeatedly relocated. In this turbulent context, safeguarding relics and maintaining ritual continuity became central to the khans’ survival and the highest expression of political legitimacy. Enthronements conducted at ordo sites crystallized into the practice of “ascending the throne in the presence of Chinggis Khan,” embedding a pronounced sacred dimension within rulership and reinforcing the perception of the khan’s authority as divinely sanctioned. Over time, the relic ensemble was consolidated within eight white tents—four corresponding to the original ordos and four additional shelters for other sacred objects—constituting the institution known as the “Eight White Tents” (Mongolian: Naiman Chaghan Ger). By the mid-fifteenth century, escalating Ming–Mongol conflict—especially in the wake of the 1449 “Tumu Incident”—prompted a withdrawal to the central steppes of Inner Mongolia, where the relics were likewise transferred; the area housing the “Eight White Tents” became known as Ordos. Until the rise of the Manchus in the early seventeenth century, sacrificial rites, ancestral observances, and enthronement ceremonies performed at the “Eight White Tents” continued to fuse sacrality and sovereignty, facilitating the intergenerational renewal of Mongol collective identity. This article traces the transformation from the “Four Great Ordos” to the “Eight White Tents” and analyzes their emergence as the principal cultic locus of Chinggis Khan—where sacrality and political legitimacy intersected in the post-Yuan Mongol world—through the intertwined dynamics of religion, ritual, and power.

Kaynakça

  • AGATAY, Otkirbay, “An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan”, Golden Horde Review, C. 9, S. 4, Kazan 2021, ss. 684-714.
  • ATWOOD, Christopher P., Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File, Inc., New York 2004.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Suhe, BÖRÇİGİN, Surina, “Chengjisi Han De Shouling Buluo — E’erduosi Bu (Beiyuan Shiqi) 成吉思汗的守灵部落—鄂尔多斯部”, Menggu Ba Bu 蒙古八部, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 2013, ss. 2-45.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, “Manduhai Hatun Yu Dayan Han 满都海哈屯与达延汗”, Mongolian History: Its Sources and Philological Criticism 文献学与语文学视野下的蒙古史研究, Ed. Bo Yinhu薄音湖, Yu Moying于默颖, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2021, ss. 299-326.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Erdeni-yin Topçi 蒙古源流, Neimengu Daxue Chuban She, Hohhot 2000a.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Menggu Yuanliu Yanjiu 蒙古源流研究, Liaoning Minzu Chuban She, Shenyang 2000b.
  • BROADBRIDGE, Anne F., Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2018.
  • CAO 曹, Yongnian 永年, “Yexian Yu ‘Da Yuan’ - Yexian Wang Hao, Nianhao he Han Hao De Kaocha 也先与‘大元’——也先王号、年号和汗号的考察”, Menggu Shi Yanjiu, S. 5, Hohhot 1997, ss. 169-176.
  • CHEN 陈, Dezhi 得之, “Chinasi Zhi Di Xiao Kao 赤那思之地小考”, Mengyuan Shi Yanjiu Cong Gao 蒙元史研究丛稿, Renmin Chuban She, Beijing 2005, ss. 266-269.
  • CHEN 陈, Yuning 育宁, “Mingdai Menggu Zhi Ru Ju Hetao Diqu 明代蒙古之入居河套”, Shixue Yuekan, S. 2, Zhengzhou 1984, ss. 40-44.
  • Cengiz İmparatorluğu Hakkında İlk Tarih Kayıtları: Meng Ta pei lu ve Hei Ta shi lu, çev. Ankhbayar Danuu, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2021.
  • CHİMEDDORJ, Ganjidmaa, 17. Yüzyıl Moğol Müverrihi Sagan Seçen’in Had-un Ündüsün-ü Erdeni-Yin Tobçi: Hanların Menşei Hakkında Hazinelerinin Tarihi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul 2017.
  • DING 丁, Wei伟, The Research of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Sacrifice 成吉思汗陵祭祀研究, İç Moğolistan Üniversitesi Tarih ve Turizm Kültürü Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2008.
  • DE NICOLA, Bruno, Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China, University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu 2006.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, “The Legend of Muna Mountain”, Inner Asia, C. 8, S. 1, Cambridge 2006, ss. 99-122.
  • FAVEREAU, Marie, Moğollar Dünyayı Nasıl Değiştirdi? Orda, çev. M. Murtaza Özeren, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2024.
  • FRANKE, Herbert, TWITCHETT, Denis, “Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368”, The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
  • GUO 郭, Zaoqing 造卿, ve GUO 郭, Yingchong 应宠, “Lulong Sai Lue 卢龙塞略”, Mingdai Menggu Hanji Shiliao Huibian 6 明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编 第六辑, Ed. Bo Yinhu 薄音湖, Yu Moying 于默颖, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2009, ss. 9-192.
  • GU 谷, Yingtai 应泰, Ming Shi Jishi Benmo 明史纪事本末, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1977.
  • GÜLENSOY, Tuncer (Ed.), Altan Topçi (Moğol Tarihi), Kültür Ajansı, Ankara 2008.
  • HAN 韩, Rulin 儒林 (Ed.), Yuan Shi 元史, Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chuban She, Beijing-Shanghai 1985.
  • HU 胡, Fan 凡, MENG 孟, Xiu 修, “Mingdai Chenghua Hongzhi Shiqi Dui Menggu Zu De ‘Daochao’ Zuozhan 明代成化弘治时期对蒙古族的‘捣巢’作战”, Ming Zhang Ling Yingjian 600 Zhounian Xueshu Yantao Hui Wenji 明长陵营建600周年学术研讨会论文集, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2010, ss. 468-475.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “A Discussion of Tribal Groups of Northern Yuan Dynasty 简析北元各蒙古部落分布情况”, Journal of Western Mongolian Studies, S. 4, Hohhot 2016, ss. 25-31.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “Bei Yuan Kehan De Quanli Shuairuo De Shenhua-Tan Quanchen Alutai He Mahamu, Tuo Huan Fuzi Weishou De Dongxi Menggu Zhengba Douzheng 北元可汗权力衰弱的深化-谈权臣阿鲁台和马哈木、脱欢父子为首的东西蒙古争霸斗争”, Yuwen Xuekan, S. 12, Beijing 2012, ss. 66-67.
  • LI 李, Qinpu 勤璞, Hou Jin Shidai He Qingchao Chuqi Zang Chuan Fo Jiao Chuanbo Shi Yanjiu 后金时代和清朝初期藏传佛教传播史研究, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2020.
  • LI 李, Xin 欣, Lun Beiyuan Zhongxing Mingzhu Dayan Hehan De Zhengzhi Gaige 论北元中兴明主达延合汗的政治改革, İç Moğolistan Milliyetler Üniversitesi Azınlıklar Tarihi Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2010.
  • LANE, George, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, Greenwood Press, Westport 2006.
  • Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi, çev. Mehmet Levent Kaya, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • OKADA, Hidehiro, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies”, Journal of Asian and African Studies, S. 27, London 1984, ss. 147-154.
  • ONON, Urgunge, The Secret History of the Mongols - The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan, Routledge Curzon Press, Oxford 2001.
  • RATCHNEVSKY, Paul, Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, çev. Thomas Nivison Haining, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford 1991.
  • REŞÎDÜDDÎN FAZLULLAH-ı HEMEDÂNÎ, Cami’ut Tevarih (Çince tercümesi: La Shi Te Shiji 拉施特《史集》第一卷, 第二分册), çev. Yu Dajun 余大钧, Zhou Jianqi 周建奇, Shangwu Yinshu Guan, Beijing 1993.
  • SAIYINJIRIGALA赛音吉日嘎拉, Bogd-a-in Yeke Manglay Tögel 成吉思汗祭典, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1987.
  • SERRUYS, Henry, Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming, Tome II: The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions (1400-1600), Peeters Publishers, Bruxelles 1967.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “The Relation of Origin between Guarding Palace during the Period of Mongolian Yuan and Genghis Khan Mausoleum 蒙元时期的‘守宫’与今日成吉思汗陵的渊源关系:兼论成吉思汗陵的性质”, Nei Menggu Daxue Xuebao, C. 46, S. 1, Hohhot 2014, ss. 11-16.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “Genghis Khan’s Eight White Place in Qing Dynasty and Symbol of Major God 清代成吉思汗八白室及其主祭神象征物考辨”, Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), C. 43, S. 6, Hohhot 2011, ss. 5-10.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, HYER, Paul, Mongolia’s Culture and Society, Routledge Curzon Taylor & Francis, New York 2018.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “E’erdousi Bu De Youlai Kao 鄂尔多斯部的由来考”, Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, C. 34, S. 6, Hohhot 2013, ss. 44-48.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Archaeological Sources: Mongolia and the Yuan”, Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, Ed. Michal Biran, Hodong Kim, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2023, ss. 1275-1311.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Avraga Site: The ‘Great Ordū’ of Genghis Khan”, Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, Ed. Linda Komaroff, Brill, Leiden-Boston 2006, ss. 83-93.
  • SONG 宋, Lian 濂, Yuan Shi 元史, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1976.
  • SUN 孙, Jizong 继宗, Ming Yingzong Shi Lu 明英宗实录, Zhongyang Yanjiu Yuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiu Suo, Taipei 1962.
  • TEMULE, Temur, “The Great Wall as Perilous Frontier for the Mongols in 16th Century: Reconsidering Nomadic-Sedentary Relations in Premodern Inner Asia”, International Journal of Korean History, C. 21, S. 1, Seoul 2016, ss. 121-156.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, An Anthropological Study of Chingis Khan Memorial Ceremony as Intangible Cultural Heritage 信仰的薪火相传:成吉思汗祭奠的人类学研究, Peking University Press, Beijing 2013.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, “Shixi Chengjisihan Jidian De Lishi Bianqian 试析成吉思汗祭奠的历史变迁”, Lan Zhou Xuekan, C. 150, S. 3, Lanzhou 2006, ss. 38-41.
  • VLADIMIRTSOV, Boris Yakovleviç, Abşçestvennıy Stroy Mangolov (Çince çeviri: 蒙古社会制度史), çev. Liu Rongxuan 刘荣焌, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Chongqing 1980.
  • YANG 杨, Yiqing 一清, Yang Yiqing Ji 杨一清集, Ed. Tang Jingshen 唐景绅, Xie Yujie 谢玉傑, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 2001.
  • ZHANG 张, Tingyu 廷玉, Ming Shi 明史, Zhonghua Shuju Chuban She, Beijing 1974.
  • ZHAO 赵, Xianhai 现海, The History of Nine Frontier Fortification in the Great Wall Region of Ming Dynasty - A Study on System of the Great Wall from the Perspective of Chinese Frontier Thesis (1) 明代九边长城军镇史(上)-中国边疆假说视野下的长城制度史研究, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2012.
  • ZHOU 周, Song 松, “On Affiliated Alutai Tribe in Ming Dynasty 明代内附阿鲁台族人辨析”, Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science), S. 5, Lanzhou 2011, ss. 74-82.
  • ZHU 朱, Rongga 荣嘎, Çakravarti Altan Kagani Tuguci 阿勒坦汗传, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2014.
  • ZHU 朱, Feng 风 (Ed.), Altan Topçi 汉译蒙古黄金史纲, Neimenggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1985.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 35 - 48, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1807822

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AGATAY, Otkirbay, “An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan”, Golden Horde Review, C. 9, S. 4, Kazan 2021, ss. 684-714.
  • ATWOOD, Christopher P., Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File, Inc., New York 2004.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Suhe, BÖRÇİGİN, Surina, “Chengjisi Han De Shouling Buluo — E’erduosi Bu (Beiyuan Shiqi) 成吉思汗的守灵部落—鄂尔多斯部”, Menggu Ba Bu 蒙古八部, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 2013, ss. 2-45.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, “Manduhai Hatun Yu Dayan Han 满都海哈屯与达延汗”, Mongolian History: Its Sources and Philological Criticism 文献学与语文学视野下的蒙古史研究, Ed. Bo Yinhu薄音湖, Yu Moying于默颖, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2021, ss. 299-326.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Erdeni-yin Topçi 蒙古源流, Neimengu Daxue Chuban She, Hohhot 2000a.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Menggu Yuanliu Yanjiu 蒙古源流研究, Liaoning Minzu Chuban She, Shenyang 2000b.
  • BROADBRIDGE, Anne F., Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2018.
  • CAO 曹, Yongnian 永年, “Yexian Yu ‘Da Yuan’ - Yexian Wang Hao, Nianhao he Han Hao De Kaocha 也先与‘大元’——也先王号、年号和汗号的考察”, Menggu Shi Yanjiu, S. 5, Hohhot 1997, ss. 169-176.
  • CHEN 陈, Dezhi 得之, “Chinasi Zhi Di Xiao Kao 赤那思之地小考”, Mengyuan Shi Yanjiu Cong Gao 蒙元史研究丛稿, Renmin Chuban She, Beijing 2005, ss. 266-269.
  • CHEN 陈, Yuning 育宁, “Mingdai Menggu Zhi Ru Ju Hetao Diqu 明代蒙古之入居河套”, Shixue Yuekan, S. 2, Zhengzhou 1984, ss. 40-44.
  • Cengiz İmparatorluğu Hakkında İlk Tarih Kayıtları: Meng Ta pei lu ve Hei Ta shi lu, çev. Ankhbayar Danuu, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2021.
  • CHİMEDDORJ, Ganjidmaa, 17. Yüzyıl Moğol Müverrihi Sagan Seçen’in Had-un Ündüsün-ü Erdeni-Yin Tobçi: Hanların Menşei Hakkında Hazinelerinin Tarihi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul 2017.
  • DING 丁, Wei伟, The Research of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Sacrifice 成吉思汗陵祭祀研究, İç Moğolistan Üniversitesi Tarih ve Turizm Kültürü Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2008.
  • DE NICOLA, Bruno, Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China, University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu 2006.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, “The Legend of Muna Mountain”, Inner Asia, C. 8, S. 1, Cambridge 2006, ss. 99-122.
  • FAVEREAU, Marie, Moğollar Dünyayı Nasıl Değiştirdi? Orda, çev. M. Murtaza Özeren, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2024.
  • FRANKE, Herbert, TWITCHETT, Denis, “Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368”, The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
  • GUO 郭, Zaoqing 造卿, ve GUO 郭, Yingchong 应宠, “Lulong Sai Lue 卢龙塞略”, Mingdai Menggu Hanji Shiliao Huibian 6 明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编 第六辑, Ed. Bo Yinhu 薄音湖, Yu Moying 于默颖, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2009, ss. 9-192.
  • GU 谷, Yingtai 应泰, Ming Shi Jishi Benmo 明史纪事本末, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1977.
  • GÜLENSOY, Tuncer (Ed.), Altan Topçi (Moğol Tarihi), Kültür Ajansı, Ankara 2008.
  • HAN 韩, Rulin 儒林 (Ed.), Yuan Shi 元史, Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chuban She, Beijing-Shanghai 1985.
  • HU 胡, Fan 凡, MENG 孟, Xiu 修, “Mingdai Chenghua Hongzhi Shiqi Dui Menggu Zu De ‘Daochao’ Zuozhan 明代成化弘治时期对蒙古族的‘捣巢’作战”, Ming Zhang Ling Yingjian 600 Zhounian Xueshu Yantao Hui Wenji 明长陵营建600周年学术研讨会论文集, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2010, ss. 468-475.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “A Discussion of Tribal Groups of Northern Yuan Dynasty 简析北元各蒙古部落分布情况”, Journal of Western Mongolian Studies, S. 4, Hohhot 2016, ss. 25-31.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “Bei Yuan Kehan De Quanli Shuairuo De Shenhua-Tan Quanchen Alutai He Mahamu, Tuo Huan Fuzi Weishou De Dongxi Menggu Zhengba Douzheng 北元可汗权力衰弱的深化-谈权臣阿鲁台和马哈木、脱欢父子为首的东西蒙古争霸斗争”, Yuwen Xuekan, S. 12, Beijing 2012, ss. 66-67.
  • LI 李, Qinpu 勤璞, Hou Jin Shidai He Qingchao Chuqi Zang Chuan Fo Jiao Chuanbo Shi Yanjiu 后金时代和清朝初期藏传佛教传播史研究, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2020.
  • LI 李, Xin 欣, Lun Beiyuan Zhongxing Mingzhu Dayan Hehan De Zhengzhi Gaige 论北元中兴明主达延合汗的政治改革, İç Moğolistan Milliyetler Üniversitesi Azınlıklar Tarihi Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2010.
  • LANE, George, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, Greenwood Press, Westport 2006.
  • Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi, çev. Mehmet Levent Kaya, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • OKADA, Hidehiro, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies”, Journal of Asian and African Studies, S. 27, London 1984, ss. 147-154.
  • ONON, Urgunge, The Secret History of the Mongols - The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan, Routledge Curzon Press, Oxford 2001.
  • RATCHNEVSKY, Paul, Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, çev. Thomas Nivison Haining, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford 1991.
  • REŞÎDÜDDÎN FAZLULLAH-ı HEMEDÂNÎ, Cami’ut Tevarih (Çince tercümesi: La Shi Te Shiji 拉施特《史集》第一卷, 第二分册), çev. Yu Dajun 余大钧, Zhou Jianqi 周建奇, Shangwu Yinshu Guan, Beijing 1993.
  • SAIYINJIRIGALA赛音吉日嘎拉, Bogd-a-in Yeke Manglay Tögel 成吉思汗祭典, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1987.
  • SERRUYS, Henry, Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming, Tome II: The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions (1400-1600), Peeters Publishers, Bruxelles 1967.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “The Relation of Origin between Guarding Palace during the Period of Mongolian Yuan and Genghis Khan Mausoleum 蒙元时期的‘守宫’与今日成吉思汗陵的渊源关系:兼论成吉思汗陵的性质”, Nei Menggu Daxue Xuebao, C. 46, S. 1, Hohhot 2014, ss. 11-16.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “Genghis Khan’s Eight White Place in Qing Dynasty and Symbol of Major God 清代成吉思汗八白室及其主祭神象征物考辨”, Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), C. 43, S. 6, Hohhot 2011, ss. 5-10.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, HYER, Paul, Mongolia’s Culture and Society, Routledge Curzon Taylor & Francis, New York 2018.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “E’erdousi Bu De Youlai Kao 鄂尔多斯部的由来考”, Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, C. 34, S. 6, Hohhot 2013, ss. 44-48.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Archaeological Sources: Mongolia and the Yuan”, Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, Ed. Michal Biran, Hodong Kim, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2023, ss. 1275-1311.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Avraga Site: The ‘Great Ordū’ of Genghis Khan”, Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, Ed. Linda Komaroff, Brill, Leiden-Boston 2006, ss. 83-93.
  • SONG 宋, Lian 濂, Yuan Shi 元史, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1976.
  • SUN 孙, Jizong 继宗, Ming Yingzong Shi Lu 明英宗实录, Zhongyang Yanjiu Yuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiu Suo, Taipei 1962.
  • TEMULE, Temur, “The Great Wall as Perilous Frontier for the Mongols in 16th Century: Reconsidering Nomadic-Sedentary Relations in Premodern Inner Asia”, International Journal of Korean History, C. 21, S. 1, Seoul 2016, ss. 121-156.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, An Anthropological Study of Chingis Khan Memorial Ceremony as Intangible Cultural Heritage 信仰的薪火相传:成吉思汗祭奠的人类学研究, Peking University Press, Beijing 2013.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, “Shixi Chengjisihan Jidian De Lishi Bianqian 试析成吉思汗祭奠的历史变迁”, Lan Zhou Xuekan, C. 150, S. 3, Lanzhou 2006, ss. 38-41.
  • VLADIMIRTSOV, Boris Yakovleviç, Abşçestvennıy Stroy Mangolov (Çince çeviri: 蒙古社会制度史), çev. Liu Rongxuan 刘荣焌, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Chongqing 1980.
  • YANG 杨, Yiqing 一清, Yang Yiqing Ji 杨一清集, Ed. Tang Jingshen 唐景绅, Xie Yujie 谢玉傑, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 2001.
  • ZHANG 张, Tingyu 廷玉, Ming Shi 明史, Zhonghua Shuju Chuban She, Beijing 1974.
  • ZHAO 赵, Xianhai 现海, The History of Nine Frontier Fortification in the Great Wall Region of Ming Dynasty - A Study on System of the Great Wall from the Perspective of Chinese Frontier Thesis (1) 明代九边长城军镇史(上)-中国边疆假说视野下的长城制度史研究, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2012.
  • ZHOU 周, Song 松, “On Affiliated Alutai Tribe in Ming Dynasty 明代内附阿鲁台族人辨析”, Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science), S. 5, Lanzhou 2011, ss. 74-82.
  • ZHU 朱, Rongga 荣嘎, Çakravarti Altan Kagani Tuguci 阿勒坦汗传, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2014.
  • ZHU 朱, Feng 风 (Ed.), Altan Topçi 汉译蒙古黄金史纲, Neimenggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1985.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 35 - 48, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1807822

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AGATAY, Otkirbay, “An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan”, Golden Horde Review, C. 9, S. 4, Kazan 2021, ss. 684-714.
  • ATWOOD, Christopher P., Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File, Inc., New York 2004.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Suhe, BÖRÇİGİN, Surina, “Chengjisi Han De Shouling Buluo — E’erduosi Bu (Beiyuan Shiqi) 成吉思汗的守灵部落—鄂尔多斯部”, Menggu Ba Bu 蒙古八部, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 2013, ss. 2-45.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, “Manduhai Hatun Yu Dayan Han 满都海哈屯与达延汗”, Mongolian History: Its Sources and Philological Criticism 文献学与语文学视野下的蒙古史研究, Ed. Bo Yinhu薄音湖, Yu Moying于默颖, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2021, ss. 299-326.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Erdeni-yin Topçi 蒙古源流, Neimengu Daxue Chuban She, Hohhot 2000a.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Menggu Yuanliu Yanjiu 蒙古源流研究, Liaoning Minzu Chuban She, Shenyang 2000b.
  • BROADBRIDGE, Anne F., Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2018.
  • CAO 曹, Yongnian 永年, “Yexian Yu ‘Da Yuan’ - Yexian Wang Hao, Nianhao he Han Hao De Kaocha 也先与‘大元’——也先王号、年号和汗号的考察”, Menggu Shi Yanjiu, S. 5, Hohhot 1997, ss. 169-176.
  • CHEN 陈, Dezhi 得之, “Chinasi Zhi Di Xiao Kao 赤那思之地小考”, Mengyuan Shi Yanjiu Cong Gao 蒙元史研究丛稿, Renmin Chuban She, Beijing 2005, ss. 266-269.
  • CHEN 陈, Yuning 育宁, “Mingdai Menggu Zhi Ru Ju Hetao Diqu 明代蒙古之入居河套”, Shixue Yuekan, S. 2, Zhengzhou 1984, ss. 40-44.
  • Cengiz İmparatorluğu Hakkında İlk Tarih Kayıtları: Meng Ta pei lu ve Hei Ta shi lu, çev. Ankhbayar Danuu, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2021.
  • CHİMEDDORJ, Ganjidmaa, 17. Yüzyıl Moğol Müverrihi Sagan Seçen’in Had-un Ündüsün-ü Erdeni-Yin Tobçi: Hanların Menşei Hakkında Hazinelerinin Tarihi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul 2017.
  • DING 丁, Wei伟, The Research of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Sacrifice 成吉思汗陵祭祀研究, İç Moğolistan Üniversitesi Tarih ve Turizm Kültürü Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2008.
  • DE NICOLA, Bruno, Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China, University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu 2006.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, “The Legend of Muna Mountain”, Inner Asia, C. 8, S. 1, Cambridge 2006, ss. 99-122.
  • FAVEREAU, Marie, Moğollar Dünyayı Nasıl Değiştirdi? Orda, çev. M. Murtaza Özeren, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2024.
  • FRANKE, Herbert, TWITCHETT, Denis, “Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368”, The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
  • GUO 郭, Zaoqing 造卿, ve GUO 郭, Yingchong 应宠, “Lulong Sai Lue 卢龙塞略”, Mingdai Menggu Hanji Shiliao Huibian 6 明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编 第六辑, Ed. Bo Yinhu 薄音湖, Yu Moying 于默颖, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2009, ss. 9-192.
  • GU 谷, Yingtai 应泰, Ming Shi Jishi Benmo 明史纪事本末, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1977.
  • GÜLENSOY, Tuncer (Ed.), Altan Topçi (Moğol Tarihi), Kültür Ajansı, Ankara 2008.
  • HAN 韩, Rulin 儒林 (Ed.), Yuan Shi 元史, Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chuban She, Beijing-Shanghai 1985.
  • HU 胡, Fan 凡, MENG 孟, Xiu 修, “Mingdai Chenghua Hongzhi Shiqi Dui Menggu Zu De ‘Daochao’ Zuozhan 明代成化弘治时期对蒙古族的‘捣巢’作战”, Ming Zhang Ling Yingjian 600 Zhounian Xueshu Yantao Hui Wenji 明长陵营建600周年学术研讨会论文集, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2010, ss. 468-475.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “A Discussion of Tribal Groups of Northern Yuan Dynasty 简析北元各蒙古部落分布情况”, Journal of Western Mongolian Studies, S. 4, Hohhot 2016, ss. 25-31.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “Bei Yuan Kehan De Quanli Shuairuo De Shenhua-Tan Quanchen Alutai He Mahamu, Tuo Huan Fuzi Weishou De Dongxi Menggu Zhengba Douzheng 北元可汗权力衰弱的深化-谈权臣阿鲁台和马哈木、脱欢父子为首的东西蒙古争霸斗争”, Yuwen Xuekan, S. 12, Beijing 2012, ss. 66-67.
  • LI 李, Qinpu 勤璞, Hou Jin Shidai He Qingchao Chuqi Zang Chuan Fo Jiao Chuanbo Shi Yanjiu 后金时代和清朝初期藏传佛教传播史研究, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2020.
  • LI 李, Xin 欣, Lun Beiyuan Zhongxing Mingzhu Dayan Hehan De Zhengzhi Gaige 论北元中兴明主达延合汗的政治改革, İç Moğolistan Milliyetler Üniversitesi Azınlıklar Tarihi Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2010.
  • LANE, George, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, Greenwood Press, Westport 2006.
  • Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi, çev. Mehmet Levent Kaya, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • OKADA, Hidehiro, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies”, Journal of Asian and African Studies, S. 27, London 1984, ss. 147-154.
  • ONON, Urgunge, The Secret History of the Mongols - The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan, Routledge Curzon Press, Oxford 2001.
  • RATCHNEVSKY, Paul, Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, çev. Thomas Nivison Haining, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford 1991.
  • REŞÎDÜDDÎN FAZLULLAH-ı HEMEDÂNÎ, Cami’ut Tevarih (Çince tercümesi: La Shi Te Shiji 拉施特《史集》第一卷, 第二分册), çev. Yu Dajun 余大钧, Zhou Jianqi 周建奇, Shangwu Yinshu Guan, Beijing 1993.
  • SAIYINJIRIGALA赛音吉日嘎拉, Bogd-a-in Yeke Manglay Tögel 成吉思汗祭典, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1987.
  • SERRUYS, Henry, Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming, Tome II: The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions (1400-1600), Peeters Publishers, Bruxelles 1967.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “The Relation of Origin between Guarding Palace during the Period of Mongolian Yuan and Genghis Khan Mausoleum 蒙元时期的‘守宫’与今日成吉思汗陵的渊源关系:兼论成吉思汗陵的性质”, Nei Menggu Daxue Xuebao, C. 46, S. 1, Hohhot 2014, ss. 11-16.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “Genghis Khan’s Eight White Place in Qing Dynasty and Symbol of Major God 清代成吉思汗八白室及其主祭神象征物考辨”, Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), C. 43, S. 6, Hohhot 2011, ss. 5-10.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, HYER, Paul, Mongolia’s Culture and Society, Routledge Curzon Taylor & Francis, New York 2018.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “E’erdousi Bu De Youlai Kao 鄂尔多斯部的由来考”, Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, C. 34, S. 6, Hohhot 2013, ss. 44-48.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Archaeological Sources: Mongolia and the Yuan”, Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, Ed. Michal Biran, Hodong Kim, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2023, ss. 1275-1311.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Avraga Site: The ‘Great Ordū’ of Genghis Khan”, Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, Ed. Linda Komaroff, Brill, Leiden-Boston 2006, ss. 83-93.
  • SONG 宋, Lian 濂, Yuan Shi 元史, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1976.
  • SUN 孙, Jizong 继宗, Ming Yingzong Shi Lu 明英宗实录, Zhongyang Yanjiu Yuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiu Suo, Taipei 1962.
  • TEMULE, Temur, “The Great Wall as Perilous Frontier for the Mongols in 16th Century: Reconsidering Nomadic-Sedentary Relations in Premodern Inner Asia”, International Journal of Korean History, C. 21, S. 1, Seoul 2016, ss. 121-156.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, An Anthropological Study of Chingis Khan Memorial Ceremony as Intangible Cultural Heritage 信仰的薪火相传:成吉思汗祭奠的人类学研究, Peking University Press, Beijing 2013.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, “Shixi Chengjisihan Jidian De Lishi Bianqian 试析成吉思汗祭奠的历史变迁”, Lan Zhou Xuekan, C. 150, S. 3, Lanzhou 2006, ss. 38-41.
  • VLADIMIRTSOV, Boris Yakovleviç, Abşçestvennıy Stroy Mangolov (Çince çeviri: 蒙古社会制度史), çev. Liu Rongxuan 刘荣焌, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Chongqing 1980.
  • YANG 杨, Yiqing 一清, Yang Yiqing Ji 杨一清集, Ed. Tang Jingshen 唐景绅, Xie Yujie 谢玉傑, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 2001.
  • ZHANG 张, Tingyu 廷玉, Ming Shi 明史, Zhonghua Shuju Chuban She, Beijing 1974.
  • ZHAO 赵, Xianhai 现海, The History of Nine Frontier Fortification in the Great Wall Region of Ming Dynasty - A Study on System of the Great Wall from the Perspective of Chinese Frontier Thesis (1) 明代九边长城军镇史(上)-中国边疆假说视野下的长城制度史研究, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2012.
  • ZHOU 周, Song 松, “On Affiliated Alutai Tribe in Ming Dynasty 明代内附阿鲁台族人辨析”, Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science), S. 5, Lanzhou 2011, ss. 74-82.
  • ZHU 朱, Rongga 荣嘎, Çakravarti Altan Kagani Tuguci 阿勒坦汗传, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2014.
  • ZHU 朱, Feng 风 (Ed.), Altan Topçi 汉译蒙古黄金史纲, Neimenggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1985.

BİR CENGİZ HAN KÜLTÜ OLARAK “SEKİZ BEYAZ ÇADIR”: KUTSALLIK VE MEŞRUİYETİN SEMBOLÜ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 35 - 48, 24.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1807822

Öz

Cengiz Han, ata toprakları başta olmak üzere savaşarak fethettiği diğer üç büyük kabilenin topraklarının her birine hanedanı temsil etmeleri için hatunlarını yerleştirmiştir. Bu dört bölgede hatunların kalması için saray çadırları niteliği taşıyan ordolar kurulmuş ve bunlar “Dört Büyük Ordo” (Moğolca: Dörben Yeke Ordos) adıyla dönemin önemli yapıları hâline gelmiştir. Cengiz Han’ın ölümünden sonra bu dört ordo, bir idari yapı olmaktan çıkarak atalar kültü etrafında şekillenen kutsal mekânlara dönüşmüş ve hanedanın manevi mirasını temsil eden merkezler hâline gelmiştir. Düzenli kurban törenleri aracılığıyla Cengizli hanedanının ebedi ruhlarının yeryüzündeki sembolik varlığı bu merkezlerde yaşatılmış ve Moğol siyasi düzeninin sürekliliği korunmaya çalışılmıştır. Çin, Moğollar tarafından fethedildikten sonra Cengiz Han’dan kalan kutsal miraslar Yuan Hanedanı tarafından önemle korunmaya devam etmiştir. Ancak Yuan’ın yıkılışının ardından 14. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Moğol siyasi birliğinin çözülmesinden dolayı ordolar başta olmak üzere hanedana ait kutsal emanetler siyasi çalkantılara bağlı olarak sürekli yer değiştirmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu dönemde kutsal emanetlerin korunması ve ritüellerin devamlılığı, Moğol hanlarının var oluş mücadelesi ve siyasi meşruiyetin en yüksek ifadesi hâline gelmiştir. Ordoların bulunduğu mekanlarda gerçekleştirilen tahta çıkış törenleri, “Cengiz Han’ın huzurunda tahta çıkma” anlayışına dönüşerek Moğol töresinde yerini almıştır. Bu ritüeller sayesinde kağanlık makamı yalnızca siyasi bir yetki değil, tanrısal kökenli bir iktidar olarak görülmüştür. Böylece Cengiz Han kültü, Moğol siyasi yapısının ayrılmaz bir parçası olmuş ve kutsallık ile siyaset iç içe geçmiştir. Öte yandan kutsal emanetler zamanla ordo olarak kullanılan dört adet çadırla beraber, kutsal olarak kabul edilen diğer eşyaların da konulduğu başka dört çadırla birlikte tamamı beyaz olan sekiz adet çadır hâlinde bir arada muhafaza edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle Cengiz Han kültü “Sekiz Beyaz Çadır” (Moğolca: Nayman Çağan Ger) adıyla anılmaya başlanmış ve Moğol siyasi kültüründeki yerini korumaya devam etmiştir. 15. yüzyıl ortalarında Ming Hanedanı ile Moğollar arasındaki askeri çatışmalar yoğunlaşmış ve 1449 Tumu Muharebesi’nden sonra Moğol kabileleri Ming’in etki alanından çıkan İç Moğolistan’ın orta kesimlerindeki yaylalara yönelmiştir. Bu göç hareketi sırasında Cengiz Han’ın kutsal emanetleri de bu bölgeye taşınmış ve “Sekiz Beyaz Çadır”ın konulduğu bölgeye Ordos adı verilmiştir. Mançuların yükselişe geçtiği 17. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine kadar “Sekiz Beyaz Çadır”da düzenlenen kurban törenleri, atalara adanan ritüeller ve hükümdarların tahta çıkış merasimleri kutsallık ile iktidarın ayrılmaz bir bütün olarak algılanmasına zemin hazırlayarak Moğol siyasi düzenindeki önemini korumuştur. Bu ritüeller sayesinde Moğol kolektif kimliği her kuşakta yeniden üretilmiş ve dini meşruiyet siyasi otoriteyi güçlendirmiştir. Bu makale, “Dört Büyük Ordo”dan dönüşen Sekiz Beyaz Çadır’ın bir Cengiz Han kültü olarak ortaya çıkışını ve Yuan sonrası dönemde Moğol dünyasında kutsallık ile siyasi meşruiyetin birleştiği merkezî bir sembol hâline gelişinin din, ritüel ve iktidar ilişkileri bağlamında nasıl gerçekleştiğini ayrıntılı olarak incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • AGATAY, Otkirbay, “An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan”, Golden Horde Review, C. 9, S. 4, Kazan 2021, ss. 684-714.
  • ATWOOD, Christopher P., Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File, Inc., New York 2004.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Suhe, BÖRÇİGİN, Surina, “Chengjisi Han De Shouling Buluo — E’erduosi Bu (Beiyuan Shiqi) 成吉思汗的守灵部落—鄂尔多斯部”, Menggu Ba Bu 蒙古八部, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 2013, ss. 2-45.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, “Manduhai Hatun Yu Dayan Han 满都海哈屯与达延汗”, Mongolian History: Its Sources and Philological Criticism 文献学与语文学视野下的蒙古史研究, Ed. Bo Yinhu薄音湖, Yu Moying于默颖, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2021, ss. 299-326.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Erdeni-yin Topçi 蒙古源流, Neimengu Daxue Chuban She, Hohhot 2000a.
  • BÖRÇİGİN, Ulan 乌兰, Menggu Yuanliu Yanjiu 蒙古源流研究, Liaoning Minzu Chuban She, Shenyang 2000b.
  • BROADBRIDGE, Anne F., Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2018.
  • CAO 曹, Yongnian 永年, “Yexian Yu ‘Da Yuan’ - Yexian Wang Hao, Nianhao he Han Hao De Kaocha 也先与‘大元’——也先王号、年号和汗号的考察”, Menggu Shi Yanjiu, S. 5, Hohhot 1997, ss. 169-176.
  • CHEN 陈, Dezhi 得之, “Chinasi Zhi Di Xiao Kao 赤那思之地小考”, Mengyuan Shi Yanjiu Cong Gao 蒙元史研究丛稿, Renmin Chuban She, Beijing 2005, ss. 266-269.
  • CHEN 陈, Yuning 育宁, “Mingdai Menggu Zhi Ru Ju Hetao Diqu 明代蒙古之入居河套”, Shixue Yuekan, S. 2, Zhengzhou 1984, ss. 40-44.
  • Cengiz İmparatorluğu Hakkında İlk Tarih Kayıtları: Meng Ta pei lu ve Hei Ta shi lu, çev. Ankhbayar Danuu, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2021.
  • CHİMEDDORJ, Ganjidmaa, 17. Yüzyıl Moğol Müverrihi Sagan Seçen’in Had-un Ündüsün-ü Erdeni-Yin Tobçi: Hanların Menşei Hakkında Hazinelerinin Tarihi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul 2017.
  • DING 丁, Wei伟, The Research of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum Sacrifice 成吉思汗陵祭祀研究, İç Moğolistan Üniversitesi Tarih ve Turizm Kültürü Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2008.
  • DE NICOLA, Bruno, Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China, University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu 2006.
  • ELVERSKOG, Johan, “The Legend of Muna Mountain”, Inner Asia, C. 8, S. 1, Cambridge 2006, ss. 99-122.
  • FAVEREAU, Marie, Moğollar Dünyayı Nasıl Değiştirdi? Orda, çev. M. Murtaza Özeren, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2024.
  • FRANKE, Herbert, TWITCHETT, Denis, “Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368”, The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
  • GUO 郭, Zaoqing 造卿, ve GUO 郭, Yingchong 应宠, “Lulong Sai Lue 卢龙塞略”, Mingdai Menggu Hanji Shiliao Huibian 6 明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编 第六辑, Ed. Bo Yinhu 薄音湖, Yu Moying 于默颖, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2009, ss. 9-192.
  • GU 谷, Yingtai 应泰, Ming Shi Jishi Benmo 明史纪事本末, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1977.
  • GÜLENSOY, Tuncer (Ed.), Altan Topçi (Moğol Tarihi), Kültür Ajansı, Ankara 2008.
  • HAN 韩, Rulin 儒林 (Ed.), Yuan Shi 元史, Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chuban She, Beijing-Shanghai 1985.
  • HU 胡, Fan 凡, MENG 孟, Xiu 修, “Mingdai Chenghua Hongzhi Shiqi Dui Menggu Zu De ‘Daochao’ Zuozhan 明代成化弘治时期对蒙古族的‘捣巢’作战”, Ming Zhang Ling Yingjian 600 Zhounian Xueshu Yantao Hui Wenji 明长陵营建600周年学术研讨会论文集, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2010, ss. 468-475.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “A Discussion of Tribal Groups of Northern Yuan Dynasty 简析北元各蒙古部落分布情况”, Journal of Western Mongolian Studies, S. 4, Hohhot 2016, ss. 25-31.
  • JIN 金, Xiao 晓, “Bei Yuan Kehan De Quanli Shuairuo De Shenhua-Tan Quanchen Alutai He Mahamu, Tuo Huan Fuzi Weishou De Dongxi Menggu Zhengba Douzheng 北元可汗权力衰弱的深化-谈权臣阿鲁台和马哈木、脱欢父子为首的东西蒙古争霸斗争”, Yuwen Xuekan, S. 12, Beijing 2012, ss. 66-67.
  • LI 李, Qinpu 勤璞, Hou Jin Shidai He Qingchao Chuqi Zang Chuan Fo Jiao Chuanbo Shi Yanjiu 后金时代和清朝初期藏传佛教传播史研究, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Beijing 2020.
  • LI 李, Xin 欣, Lun Beiyuan Zhongxing Mingzhu Dayan Hehan De Zhengzhi Gaige 论北元中兴明主达延合汗的政治改革, İç Moğolistan Milliyetler Üniversitesi Azınlıklar Tarihi Fakültesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hohhot 2010.
  • LANE, George, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, Greenwood Press, Westport 2006.
  • Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi, çev. Mehmet Levent Kaya, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • OKADA, Hidehiro, “Mongol Chronicles and Chinggisid Genealogies”, Journal of Asian and African Studies, S. 27, London 1984, ss. 147-154.
  • ONON, Urgunge, The Secret History of the Mongols - The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan, Routledge Curzon Press, Oxford 2001.
  • RATCHNEVSKY, Paul, Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, çev. Thomas Nivison Haining, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford 1991.
  • REŞÎDÜDDÎN FAZLULLAH-ı HEMEDÂNÎ, Cami’ut Tevarih (Çince tercümesi: La Shi Te Shiji 拉施特《史集》第一卷, 第二分册), çev. Yu Dajun 余大钧, Zhou Jianqi 周建奇, Shangwu Yinshu Guan, Beijing 1993.
  • SAIYINJIRIGALA赛音吉日嘎拉, Bogd-a-in Yeke Manglay Tögel 成吉思汗祭典, Nei Menggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1987.
  • SERRUYS, Henry, Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming, Tome II: The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions (1400-1600), Peeters Publishers, Bruxelles 1967.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “The Relation of Origin between Guarding Palace during the Period of Mongolian Yuan and Genghis Khan Mausoleum 蒙元时期的‘守宫’与今日成吉思汗陵的渊源关系:兼论成吉思汗陵的性质”, Nei Menggu Daxue Xuebao, C. 46, S. 1, Hohhot 2014, ss. 11-16.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “Genghis Khan’s Eight White Place in Qing Dynasty and Symbol of Major God 清代成吉思汗八白室及其主祭神象征物考辨”, Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), C. 43, S. 6, Hohhot 2011, ss. 5-10.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, HYER, Paul, Mongolia’s Culture and Society, Routledge Curzon Taylor & Francis, New York 2018.
  • SECHIN, Jagchid, “E’erdousi Bu De Youlai Kao 鄂尔多斯部的由来考”, Inner Mongolia Social Sciences, C. 34, S. 6, Hohhot 2013, ss. 44-48.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Archaeological Sources: Mongolia and the Yuan”, Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, Ed. Michal Biran, Hodong Kim, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York 2023, ss. 1275-1311.
  • SHIRAISHI, Noriyuki, “Avraga Site: The ‘Great Ordū’ of Genghis Khan”, Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, Ed. Linda Komaroff, Brill, Leiden-Boston 2006, ss. 83-93.
  • SONG 宋, Lian 濂, Yuan Shi 元史, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1976.
  • SUN 孙, Jizong 继宗, Ming Yingzong Shi Lu 明英宗实录, Zhongyang Yanjiu Yuan Lishi Yuyan Yanjiu Suo, Taipei 1962.
  • TEMULE, Temur, “The Great Wall as Perilous Frontier for the Mongols in 16th Century: Reconsidering Nomadic-Sedentary Relations in Premodern Inner Asia”, International Journal of Korean History, C. 21, S. 1, Seoul 2016, ss. 121-156.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, An Anthropological Study of Chingis Khan Memorial Ceremony as Intangible Cultural Heritage 信仰的薪火相传:成吉思汗祭奠的人类学研究, Peking University Press, Beijing 2013.
  • UYUNGEREL 乌云格日勒, “Shixi Chengjisihan Jidian De Lishi Bianqian 试析成吉思汗祭奠的历史变迁”, Lan Zhou Xuekan, C. 150, S. 3, Lanzhou 2006, ss. 38-41.
  • VLADIMIRTSOV, Boris Yakovleviç, Abşçestvennıy Stroy Mangolov (Çince çeviri: 蒙古社会制度史), çev. Liu Rongxuan 刘荣焌, Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chuban She, Chongqing 1980.
  • YANG 杨, Yiqing 一清, Yang Yiqing Ji 杨一清集, Ed. Tang Jingshen 唐景绅, Xie Yujie 谢玉傑, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 2001.
  • ZHANG 张, Tingyu 廷玉, Ming Shi 明史, Zhonghua Shuju Chuban She, Beijing 1974.
  • ZHAO 赵, Xianhai 现海, The History of Nine Frontier Fortification in the Great Wall Region of Ming Dynasty - A Study on System of the Great Wall from the Perspective of Chinese Frontier Thesis (1) 明代九边长城军镇史(上)-中国边疆假说视野下的长城制度史研究, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), Beijing 2012.
  • ZHOU 周, Song 松, “On Affiliated Alutai Tribe in Ming Dynasty 明代内附阿鲁台族人辨析”, Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science), S. 5, Lanzhou 2011, ss. 74-82.
  • ZHU 朱, Rongga 荣嘎, Çakravarti Altan Kagani Tuguci 阿勒坦汗传, Inner Mongolia University Press, Hohhot 2014.
  • ZHU 朱, Feng 风 (Ed.), Altan Topçi 汉译蒙古黄金史纲, Neimenggu Renmin Chuban She, Hohhot 1985.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Orta Asya Tarihi, Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nureddin İzbasar 0000-0001-6520-1223

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

Chicago İzbasar, Nureddin. “BİR CENGİZ HAN KÜLTÜ OLARAK ‘SEKİZ BEYAZ ÇADIR’: KUTSALLIK VE MEŞRUİYETİN SEMBOLÜ”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 16 (Ocak 2026): 35-48. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1807822.