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THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)

Cilt: 8 Sayı: 18 26 Eylül 2026
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THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)

Öz

In the early 19th century, Britain planned to use the route through Iraq's waterways, reaching the Persian Gulf via Basra, as the shortest and safest passage to India. These efforts also laid the groundwork for Iraq's eventual colonization. Due to its precarious position in international relations and economic distress, the Ottoman Empire relied on Britain's alliance and thus could not openly oppose this project. This article examines Britain's policy of influence in Iraq through the lens of the Lynch Company (The Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company), shedding light on the Ottoman administration's struggle against British encroachment until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Britain established the Lynch Company under the guise of a commercial enterprise, using it as a tool for political and economic penetration into Iraq. During this period, transportation activities on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers not only served British commercial interests but also enabled them to gather crucial intelligence on Iraq's demographic, political, and ethnic structure. These operations played a key role in shaping Britain's imperialist plans in the region. In response, the Ottoman Empire took countermeasures by establishing its own river transport system and closely monitoring the Lynch Company to restrict its activities that could yield adverse outcomes. The Ottoman Archives contain extensive records detailing the commercial, political, and diplomatic conflicts between the Ottoman administration, Britain, and the Lynch Company. This study explores the subject based on Ottoman archival documents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ottoman Empire, Britain, Iraq, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Lynch

Kaynakça

  1. ABDULLAH, Thabit A.J., Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra, State University of New York Press, Albany 2001.
  2. AKBULUT, Uğur, “İngilizlerin Hindistan’la Olan Haberleşmeyi Hızlandırma Çabaları”, Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, Vol. 13, No. 25-26, pp. 99-124.
  3. CHEESEMAN, R. E., “A History of Steamboat Navigation on the Upper Tigris”, The Geographical Journal , Jan., 1923, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 27-34.
  4. CHESNEY, F.R., The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, V. 1, Longmans, London 1850.
  5. COLE, Juan, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2007.
  6. CROUZET, Guillemette, Trans: Juliet Sutcliffe, Inventing The Middle East: Britain and the Persian Gulf in the Age of Global Imperialism, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal 2022.
  7. DALRYMPLE, William, The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
  8. KÜÇÜK, Levent, “Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Devletinin Nehirler ve Göller ile İlgili Yaptığı Bazı Düzenlemeler”, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, July 2015, Vol. 1, No. 26, pp. 38-53.
  9. LYNCH, Thomas Kerr, The Navigation of the Euphrates and Tigris and the Political Rights of England Thereon, With an Account of Personal Travels, Strangeways and Sons, London 1884.
  10. MOON, Penderel, Warren Hastings and British India, G. Bell and Sons, London 1917.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Tellioğlu, Ö. (2026). THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY). Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(18), 1125-1142. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1820651
AMA
1.Tellioğlu Ö. THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY). GTTAD. 2026;8(18):1125-1142. doi:10.53718/gttad.1820651
Chicago
Tellioğlu, Ömer. 2026. “THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 (18): 1125-42. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1820651.
EndNote
Tellioğlu Ö (01 Eylül 2026) THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY). Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 18 1125–1142.
IEEE
[1]Ö. Tellioğlu, “THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)”, GTTAD, c. 8, sy 18, ss. 1125–1142, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.53718/gttad.1820651.
ISNAD
Tellioğlu, Ömer. “THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/18 (01 Eylül 2026): 1125-1142. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1820651.
JAMA
1.Tellioğlu Ö. THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY). GTTAD. 2026;8:1125–1142.
MLA
Tellioğlu, Ömer. “THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY)”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy 18, Eylül 2026, ss. 1125-42, doi:10.53718/gttad.1820651.
Vancouver
1.Ömer Tellioğlu. THE GEOPOLITICS OF RIVERS: THE LYNCH COMPANY AND ANGLO-OTTOMAN POWER STRUGGLES IN THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN (19TH CENTURY). GTTAD. 01 Eylül 2026;8(18):1125-42. doi:10.53718/gttad.1820651