FİNANSAL GELİŞME VE GELİR DAĞILIMI EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİ İNCELEMEYE YÖNELİK UYGULAMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ
Yıl 2021,
, 289 - 306, 20.06.2021
Veysel Yılmaz
,
Bünyamin Demirgil
Öz
Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kalkınma stratejilerinin bir parçası da finansal sektörün gelişimidir. Finansal sektörün gelişimi, finansal sistemde ortaya çıkan maliyetlerin azaltılması endişesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Finansal gelişim, ekonomik büyümeyi ve yoksulluğu azaltmak için kullanılan enstrümanlar arasındadır. Finansal gelişim, finansal piyasalarda yatırım ve büyüme sürecini destekleyen kurumların, araçların ve pazarların kurulmasını ve genişletilmesini içerir. Finansal gelişimin gelir dağılımını etkilemesi noktasında literatürdeki en iyi kavram Finansal Kuznets eğrisidir. Finansal Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi bir ekonomideki finansal gelişmişlik düzeyindeki artışın gelir dağılımı eşitsizliği önce artıracağını belli bir eşik değerini aşıldıktan sonra ise azaltacağını iddia etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ters- U şeklinde ifade edilen Finansal Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliğinin Türkiye’nin 1980-2018 dönemi için sınanmasıdır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada gelir dağılımı eşitsizliği ile finansal gelişme arasındaki ilişki ARDL (AutoRegressive Distributed Lag) sınır testi ile araştırılmıştır. Test sonucunda Finansal Kuznets eğrisinin incelenen dönem için Türkiye’de geçerli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Ağır, H., Türkmen, S., & Özbek, S. (2020). Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Finansallaşma ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: E7 Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Tahmin. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(2), 71-84. 10.03.2020 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/58428/833969 adresinden alındı.
- Ang, J. (2010). Finance and Inequality: The Case of India. Southern Economic Journal, 76(3), 738-761. 15.03.2021tarihinde http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751495 adresinden alındı.
- Banerjee, A., & Newman, A. (1993). Occupational Choice and the Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy, 101(2), 274-298.
- Beck, T., Levine, R., & Loayza, N. (2000). Finance and the sources of growth. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2), 261-300. doi:10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00072-6
- Berthelemy, J. C., & Varoudakis, A. (1996). Models of Financial Development and Growth. N. Hermes, & R. Lensink içinde, Financial Development and Economic Growth: Theory and experiences from developing countries (s. 380). New York: Routledge.
- Bilge, R. (1985). Ekonomi, teknoloji ve Çevre Sorunları. R. Bilge, C. Dura, M. Fisunoğlu, Z. Garipoğlu, & O. Uslu içinde, Çevre ve Ekonomi (s. 9-37). Ankara: Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı.
- Brown, R. L.; Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2):149–163.
- Cornia, G. A. (2005). Inequality, Growth and Poverty: An Overview of Changes over the Last Two Decades. G. A. Cornia içinde, Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199271410.001.0001
- Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye'de Gelir Eşitiszliği ve Yoksulluk. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, 59(2), 89–132.
- Çetin, M., Demir, H., & Saygın, S. (2021). Financial Development, Technological Innovation and Income Inequality: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research. doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02641-7
- Destek, M., Okumuş, İ., & Manga, M. (2017). Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişim ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 153–165.
- Destek, M., Sinha, A., & Sarkodie, S. (2020). The relationship between financial development and income inequality in Turkey. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(11), 1–14. doi:10.1186/s40008-020-0187-6
- Doğan, B. (2018). The Financial Kuznets Curve: A Case Study of Argentina. The Empirical Economics Letters, 17(4), 527-536.
- Dumlu, U. ve Aydın, Ö. (2008). “Ekonometrik Modellerle Türkiye İçin 2006 Yılı Gini Katsayısı Tahmini”. Ege Akademik Bakış.8(1), 373-393.
- Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (2993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35–52. doi:10.2307/2297811
- Greenwood, J., & Jovanovich, B. (1990). Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 1076–1107.
- Hepsağ, A. (2017). Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi:G-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 7(2), 135-156.
- Jauch, S., & Watzka, S. (2016). Financial development and income inequality: a panel data approach. Empir Econ, 51, 291–314. doi:10.1007/s00181-015-1008-x
- Koçak, E., & Uzay, N. (2019). The effect of financial development on income inequality in Turkey: An estimate of the Greenwood-Jovanovic hypothesis. Review of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 319–344. doi:10.2478/revecp-2019-0017
- Kuşçuoğlu, Ş., & Çiçek, M. (2021). Financial Development and Income Inequality Relationship: Analyzing Financial Kuznets Curve with ARDL Boundary Test in Turkey. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research (Online), 7(1), 79-102. doi:10.7176/JSTR/7-01-07
- Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. 30.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents adresinden alındı
- Law, S., & Tan, H. (2009). The role of financial development on income inequality in Malaysia. Journal of Economic Development, 34(2), 134-168.
- Liang, Z. (2006). Financial Development and Income Distribution: A System Gmm Panel Analysis With Application To Urban China. Journal of Economic Development, 31(2), 1-21.
- Mukhopadhava, P., Shantakumar, G., & Rao, B. (2013). Economic Growth and Income Inequality in China, India and Singapore. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). doi:10.4324 / 9781315094700
- Nikoloski, Z. (2013). Financial Sector Development and Inequality: Is There A Financial Kuznets Curve? Journal of International Development, 25, 897–911. doi:10.1002/jid.2843
- Pata, U. (2020). Finansal Gelişmenin Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerindeki Etkileri: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Türkiye İçin Geçerli mi? Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3), 809-828. doi:10.16951/atauniiibd.648695
- Pesaran, M.H. ve Shin, Y. (1997). “An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 9514.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bound Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationship”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16: 289–326.
- Satti, S., Mahalik, M., Nanthakumar, L., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Exploring the Linkages between Financial Development and Income Inequality: Does Financial Kuznets Curve Exist in Kazakhstan? COMSATS Department of Management Sciences Working Paper Series 2015–002, 1-32. 12.03.2021 tarihinde https://lahore.comsats.edu.pk/ms/Files/MSDWP-002.pdf adresinden alındı
- Solt, F. (2009). Solt2016_pre.pdf, The Standardized World Income Inequality Database v1-v7, Harvard Dataverse, V20. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/11992/VEZJZR&version=20.1
- Shahbaz , M., & Islam , F. (2011). Financial Development and Income Inequality in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Journal of Economic Development. doi:10.35866/caujed.2011.36.1.003
- Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Tiwari, A. K., & Sherafatian-Jahromi, R. (2015). Financial Development and Income Inequality: Is There Any Financial Kuznets Curve in Iran? Social Indicators Research, 124(2), 357–382. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0801-9.
- Tiwari, A., Shahbaz, M., & Islam, F. (2013). Does financial development increase rural-urban income inequality?: Cointegration analysis in the case of Indian economy. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(2), 151-168. doi:10.1108/03068291311283616.
- Wahid, A. N., Shahbaz, M., Shah, M., & Salahuddin, M. (2012). Does Financial Sector Development Increase Income Inequality? Some Econometric Evidence from Bangladesh. Indian Economic, 47(1), 89–107. 03 15, 2021 tarihinde http://www.jstor.org/stable/41969719 adresinden alındı.
- Worldbank. (2020). www.worldbank.org. 25.03.20210 tarihinde Key Terms Explained: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/gfdr/gfdr-2016/background/financial-development adresinden alındı.
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME INEQUALITY RELATIONS REVIEW OF APPLIED FOR THE STUDY: THE CASE OF TURKEY
Yıl 2021,
, 289 - 306, 20.06.2021
Veysel Yılmaz
,
Bünyamin Demirgil
Öz
One of the recovery strategies in developed and developing countries is the improvement of the financial sector. The development of the financial sector is derived from the concern of reducing costs arising in the financial system. Financial development is part of the instruments used to reduce economic growth and poverty. It includes the establishment and expansion of institutions, tools and markets that support the investment and growth process in financial markets. The best concept in the literature regarding the effect of financial development on income distribution is the Financial Kuznets curve. The financial Kuznets curve hypothesis argues that the increase in the level of financial development in an economy will increase the income distribution inequality first and decrease it after a certain threshold value is exceeded. The aim of this study test Financial Kuznets curve hypothesis, the validity of the test is expressed as Turkey for the period 1980-2018. In this context, the relationship between income distribution inequality and financial development was investigated with the ARDL ((AutoRegressive Distributed Lag) boundary test. In Turkey, for the period Kuznets curve analysis of the financial result of the test it was concluded to be valid.
Kaynakça
- Ağır, H., Türkmen, S., & Özbek, S. (2020). Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Finansallaşma ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: E7 Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Tahmin. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(2), 71-84. 10.03.2020 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/58428/833969 adresinden alındı.
- Ang, J. (2010). Finance and Inequality: The Case of India. Southern Economic Journal, 76(3), 738-761. 15.03.2021tarihinde http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751495 adresinden alındı.
- Banerjee, A., & Newman, A. (1993). Occupational Choice and the Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy, 101(2), 274-298.
- Beck, T., Levine, R., & Loayza, N. (2000). Finance and the sources of growth. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2), 261-300. doi:10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00072-6
- Berthelemy, J. C., & Varoudakis, A. (1996). Models of Financial Development and Growth. N. Hermes, & R. Lensink içinde, Financial Development and Economic Growth: Theory and experiences from developing countries (s. 380). New York: Routledge.
- Bilge, R. (1985). Ekonomi, teknoloji ve Çevre Sorunları. R. Bilge, C. Dura, M. Fisunoğlu, Z. Garipoğlu, & O. Uslu içinde, Çevre ve Ekonomi (s. 9-37). Ankara: Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı.
- Brown, R. L.; Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2):149–163.
- Cornia, G. A. (2005). Inequality, Growth and Poverty: An Overview of Changes over the Last Two Decades. G. A. Cornia içinde, Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199271410.001.0001
- Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye'de Gelir Eşitiszliği ve Yoksulluk. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, 59(2), 89–132.
- Çetin, M., Demir, H., & Saygın, S. (2021). Financial Development, Technological Innovation and Income Inequality: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research. doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02641-7
- Destek, M., Okumuş, İ., & Manga, M. (2017). Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişim ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(2), 153–165.
- Destek, M., Sinha, A., & Sarkodie, S. (2020). The relationship between financial development and income inequality in Turkey. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(11), 1–14. doi:10.1186/s40008-020-0187-6
- Doğan, B. (2018). The Financial Kuznets Curve: A Case Study of Argentina. The Empirical Economics Letters, 17(4), 527-536.
- Dumlu, U. ve Aydın, Ö. (2008). “Ekonometrik Modellerle Türkiye İçin 2006 Yılı Gini Katsayısı Tahmini”. Ege Akademik Bakış.8(1), 373-393.
- Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (2993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35–52. doi:10.2307/2297811
- Greenwood, J., & Jovanovich, B. (1990). Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 1076–1107.
- Hepsağ, A. (2017). Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi:G-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 7(2), 135-156.
- Jauch, S., & Watzka, S. (2016). Financial development and income inequality: a panel data approach. Empir Econ, 51, 291–314. doi:10.1007/s00181-015-1008-x
- Koçak, E., & Uzay, N. (2019). The effect of financial development on income inequality in Turkey: An estimate of the Greenwood-Jovanovic hypothesis. Review of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 319–344. doi:10.2478/revecp-2019-0017
- Kuşçuoğlu, Ş., & Çiçek, M. (2021). Financial Development and Income Inequality Relationship: Analyzing Financial Kuznets Curve with ARDL Boundary Test in Turkey. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research (Online), 7(1), 79-102. doi:10.7176/JSTR/7-01-07
- Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. 30.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents adresinden alındı
- Law, S., & Tan, H. (2009). The role of financial development on income inequality in Malaysia. Journal of Economic Development, 34(2), 134-168.
- Liang, Z. (2006). Financial Development and Income Distribution: A System Gmm Panel Analysis With Application To Urban China. Journal of Economic Development, 31(2), 1-21.
- Mukhopadhava, P., Shantakumar, G., & Rao, B. (2013). Economic Growth and Income Inequality in China, India and Singapore. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). doi:10.4324 / 9781315094700
- Nikoloski, Z. (2013). Financial Sector Development and Inequality: Is There A Financial Kuznets Curve? Journal of International Development, 25, 897–911. doi:10.1002/jid.2843
- Pata, U. (2020). Finansal Gelişmenin Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerindeki Etkileri: Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Türkiye İçin Geçerli mi? Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3), 809-828. doi:10.16951/atauniiibd.648695
- Pesaran, M.H. ve Shin, Y. (1997). “An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 9514.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bound Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationship”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16: 289–326.
- Satti, S., Mahalik, M., Nanthakumar, L., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Exploring the Linkages between Financial Development and Income Inequality: Does Financial Kuznets Curve Exist in Kazakhstan? COMSATS Department of Management Sciences Working Paper Series 2015–002, 1-32. 12.03.2021 tarihinde https://lahore.comsats.edu.pk/ms/Files/MSDWP-002.pdf adresinden alındı
- Solt, F. (2009). Solt2016_pre.pdf, The Standardized World Income Inequality Database v1-v7, Harvard Dataverse, V20. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/11992/VEZJZR&version=20.1
- Shahbaz , M., & Islam , F. (2011). Financial Development and Income Inequality in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Journal of Economic Development. doi:10.35866/caujed.2011.36.1.003
- Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Tiwari, A. K., & Sherafatian-Jahromi, R. (2015). Financial Development and Income Inequality: Is There Any Financial Kuznets Curve in Iran? Social Indicators Research, 124(2), 357–382. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0801-9.
- Tiwari, A., Shahbaz, M., & Islam, F. (2013). Does financial development increase rural-urban income inequality?: Cointegration analysis in the case of Indian economy. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(2), 151-168. doi:10.1108/03068291311283616.
- Wahid, A. N., Shahbaz, M., Shah, M., & Salahuddin, M. (2012). Does Financial Sector Development Increase Income Inequality? Some Econometric Evidence from Bangladesh. Indian Economic, 47(1), 89–107. 03 15, 2021 tarihinde http://www.jstor.org/stable/41969719 adresinden alındı.
- Worldbank. (2020). www.worldbank.org. 25.03.20210 tarihinde Key Terms Explained: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/gfdr/gfdr-2016/background/financial-development adresinden alındı.