Research Article
Unified and Intelligent Grounding and Bonding Architectures for Multi-Platform Electric Vehicles Integrating Conventional and AI-Assisted Hybrid Systems Across Land, Air, and Marine Domains
Abstract
Electric vehicle (EV) technologies have advanced rapidly in response to the global demand for sustainable transportation. The integration of electric propulsion systems into various platforms—such as road vehicles, buses, aircraft, ships, and marine vessels—has introduced complex challenges in safety, energy management, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Among these, grounding and bonding systems are fundamental to ensuring operational reliability and human safety. Effective grounding not only protects against electric shock but also facilitates fault current management, reduces electromagnetic interference, and minimizes corrosion in high-voltage circuits. This study provides a comprehensive review of grounding methodologies applied in different EV platforms and the associated protective strategies used in high-voltage environments. Recent research findings, case studies, and international standards—including IEEE Std. 142, IEEE Std. 80, and IEC/IEEE 80005-1—are examined to evaluate best practices for achieving safe and EMC-compliant designs. Additionally, the study discusses HVDC fast-charging systems, ship-to-shore connections, and bonding approaches for composite structures in electric aircraft. Future directions such as intelligent insulation monitoring, adaptive grounding techniques, and standard harmonization are proposed to enhance the safety, performance, and global interoperability of next-generation electric transportation systems.
References
- Agrawal, V. K., Patil, L. N., Shikalgar, N. D., Patil, Y. M., Javanjal, V., Gadhave, S., & Nimbalkar, U. D. (2025). Safety challenges in high-voltage electric vehicle collisions: risks and design strategies. Discover Electronics, 2(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44291-025-00099-2
- Alqodah, M. A., & Matalgah, M. M. (2025). Ground-Based Aircraft Recorders: Requirements, Challenges, Implementations, and Future Perspectives. IEEE Communications Magazine, 63(3), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2300779
- Arslan, M. B., & Özdemir, Ş. (2024). Review of the Charging System and Communication Protocols of the Electric Vehicles. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 50–79.
- Barbosa, V. F., Eleodoro, O. F. A., Rodrigues, D. B., Lima, G. B., & Freitas, L. C. G. (2024). Three-Phase Hybrid Rectifier for HVDC Distribution System in More Electric Aircrafts. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 39(1), 1422–1432. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2023.3295613
- Barzkar, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2020). Electric Power Systems in More and All Electric Aircraft: A Review. IEEE Access, 8, 169314–169332. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3024168
- Biswas, B., Du, B. X., Florkowski, M., Hammarström, T., Judd, M. D., Kołtunowicz, W., Kordi, B., Kuniewski, M., Ma, G., Pan, C., Park, C., Pradhan, A. K., Satish, L., & Stone, G. (2024). Trends in Diagnostics and Monitoring of High-Voltage Insulation. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 40(4), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2024.10568085
- Brecher, A., & Arthur, D. (2014). Review and Evaluation of Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) for Electric Transit Applications. FTA Research, (FTA Report 0060), 61.
- Chen, Z., Cui, W., Cui, X., Qiao, H., Lu, H., & Qiu, N. (2021). A New Method of Insulation Detection on Electric Vehicles Based on a Variable Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares Algorithm. IEEE Access, 9, 73590–73607. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3079332
- Crane, R. L., Dillingham, G., & Oakley, B. (2018). 7.15 Adhesive Bonding of Composite Structures. In: P.W.R. Beaumont, & C.H. Zweben (Eds.), Comprehensive Composite Materials II (pp. 327–336). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10037-2
- Dong, T., & Kim, N. H. (2018). Cost-Effectiveness of Structural Health Monitoring in Fuselage Maintenance of the Civil Aviation Industry †. Aerospace, 5(3), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030087
- Du, J., Zheng, T. Q., Yan, Y., Zhao, H., Zeng, Y., & Li, H. (2019). Insulation Monitoring Method for DC Systems with Ground Capacitance in Electric Vehicles. Applied Sciences, 9(13), 2607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132607
- Ekici, Y. E., Dikmen, İ. C., Nurmuhammed, M., & Karadağ, T. (2021). Efficiency Analysis of Various Batteries with Real-time Data on a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 5(11), 214–223. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..946047
- Ekici, Y. E., Akdağ, O., & Ahmet Arif Aydın, T. K. (2022). Review And Analysis Of Real Time Big Data Of Electric Bus Consumption Data and Optimum Integration into the Urban Transportation Routes. In: Ankara International Congress On Scientific Research-VII, (pp. 1405-1418).
- Ekici, Y. E., Akdağ, O., Aydin, A. A., & Karadağ, T. (2023). A novel energy consumption prediction model of electric buses using real-time big data from route , environment , and vehicle parameters. IEEE Access, 11, 104305–104322. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3316362
- Ekici, Y. E., Karadag, T., Aydin, A. A., & Akdag, O. (2024a, September 21-22). Impact of Outside Temperature on Driving Range and Energy Consumption Using Real-Time Big Data for Electric Buses. In: 8th International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP 2024), (pp. 1–9), Malatya, Türkiye. https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAP64064.2024.10710801
- Ekici, Y. E., Ka, T., Aydın, A. A., & Akdağ, O. (2024b). Driving Range Problem in Electric Vehicles and Methods to Increase. In: Article and Reviews in Engineering (pp. 253–286). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950544
- Ekici, Y. E., Akdağ, O., Aydın, A. A., & Karadağ, T. (2024c). Optimization of Proportional-Integral-Derivative Parameters for Speed Control of Squirrel-Cage Motors with Seahorse Optimization. Electrica, 24(2), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.5152/electrica.2024.23141
- Ekici, Y. E., Aydin, A. A., Karadağ, T., Akdağ, O., & Ateş, A. (2025a). Energy consumption model with real-time data for driving range extension of electric buses. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100603
- Ekici, Y. E., Karadag, T., Akdag, O., Aydin, A. A., & Tekin, H. O. (2025b). Tailoring Energy Efficiency for Urban Electric Buses: The GTECM Model for Enhanced Range and Sustainable Operation Using Real-Time Big Data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 26(8), 12600–12614. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2025.3558147
- Ekici, Y. E., Karadağ, T., Akdağ, O., Aydin, A. A., & Tekin, H. O. (2025c). Enhancing Electric Vehicle Range through Real-Time Failure Prediction and Optimization: Introduction to DHBA-FPM Model with an Artificial Intelligence Approach. ICT Express, 11(3), 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.009
- Gao, H., Zang, B., Sun, L., & Chen, L. (2022). Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Integrated Charging Safety State Based on Fuzzy Neural Network. Applied Sciences, 12(1), 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010461
- Godínez-Zamora, G., Victor-Gallardo, L., Angulo-Paniagua, J., Ramos, E., Howells, M., Usher, W., De León, F., Meza, A., & Quirós-Tortós, J. (2020). Decarbonising the transport and energy sectors: Technical feasibility and socioeconomic impacts in Costa Rica. Energy Strategy Reviews, 32, 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100573
- Guerrero, J. M., Navarro, G., Platero, C. A., Tian, P., & Blazquez, F. (2020). A Novel Ground Fault Detection Method for Electric Vehicle Powertrains Based on a Grounding Resistor Voltage Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(5), 4934–4944. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.3000965
- Guibert, A., Chadebec, O., Coulomb, J. L., Rannou, C., & Nogueira, R. P. (2010). Ships hull corrosion diagnosis from close measurements of electric potential in the water. EPJ Applied Physics, 52(2), 1828–1831. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2010145
- Guzek, M., Jackowski, J., Jurecki, R., Szumska, E., Zdanowicz, P., & Żmuda, M. (2024a). Electric Vehicles—An Overview of Current Issues—Part 2—Infrastructure and Road Safety. Energies, 17(2), 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020495
- Guzek, M., Jackowski, J., Jurecki, R. S., Szumska, E. M., Zdanowicz, P., & Żmuda, M. (2024b). Electric Vehicles—An Overview of Current Issues—Part 1—Environmental Impact, Source of Energy, Recycling, and Second Life of Battery. Energies, 17(1), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010249
- Hoole, P. R. P., Sharip, M. R. M., Fisher, J., Pirapaharan, K., Othman, A. K. H., Julai, N., Rufus, S. A., Sahrani, S., & Hoole, S. R. H. (2017). Lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and houses containing IT network electronics. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 9(3–10), 1–7.
- Hu, D., Yi, X., Jiang, M., Li, G., Cong, X., Liu, X., & Rudd, C. (2020). Development of highly electrically conductive composites for aeronautical applications utilizing bi-functional composite interleaves. Aerospace Science and Technology, 98, 105669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105669
- IEA, International Energy Agency. (2023). Global EV Outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023
- IEEE. (2007). Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Vol. 2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.4396963
- Imtiaz, N., Wahid, A., Ul Abideen, S. Z., Muhammad Kamal, M., Sehito, N., Khan, S., Virdee, B. S., Kouhalvandi, L., & Alibakhshikenari, M. (2025). A Deep Learning-Based Approach for the Detection of Various Internet of Things Intrusion Attacks Through Optical Networks. Photonics, 12(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010035
- ISO 17409. (2020). INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Electrically propelled road vehicles (Vol. 2020).
- ISO 6469-3. (2020). INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Electrically propelled road vehicles — Safety specifications — for electric power sources iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW (Vol. 2020).
- İnci, M., Büyük, M., Demir, M. H., & İlbey, G. (2021). A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110648
- Jiang, L., Diao, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Li, T. (2021). Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(4), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040184
- Karadağ, T., Abbasov, T., & Karadağ, M. (2014). Measuring, Evaluating, and Mapping the Electromagnetic Field Levels in Turgut Ozal Medical Center Building and Environment. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 21(3), 186–195.
- Kumar, N., & Panda, S. K. (2023). A Multipurpose and Power Quality Improved Electric Vessels Charging Station for the Seaports. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(3), 3254–3261. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3170424
- Kurian, P., & Abbasian, M. (2025). Investigating High-Voltage Safety Concerns in Electric Vehicles Through Voltage Discharge Optimisation. Energies, 18(4), 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040916
- Li, Q., Li, Q., Wang, L., Wu, Q., Qin, G., Zhang, H., & Wang, H. (2022). Improving the accuracy of insulation resistance measurements of a single arm unbalanced bridge using a parameter matching design and filtering algorithm for battery packs used in electric ships. Measurement, 195, 111133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111133
- Li, Y., Guo, T., Chen, J., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Alam, S., Cai, K., & Du, W. (2025). Urban Air Mobility: A Review and Challenges. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 17(3), 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2024.3496480
- Liu, Y., Wan, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., Gao, G., & Wu, G. (2016, September 19-22). Study on the optimization for protective grounding scheme of CRH380B EMU. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), (pp. 1–5). Chengdu, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHVE.2016.7800882
- Malburg, L., Moonen, N., & Leferink, F. (2021, July 26 – August 13). The Changing Electromagnetic Environment Onboard All-Electric Aircraft, an EMC Perspective. In: 2021 IEEE International Joint EMC/SI/PI and EMC Europe Symposium, (September), (pp. 845–850). Raleigh, NC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMC/SI/PI/EMCEurope52599.2021.9559208
- Malyshev, A. N., Grunenkov, Y. A., Debelov, V. V, Mizin, M. D., & Kozlovskiy, V. N. (2021). Simulation of the insulation monitoring system of the high-voltage electrical network of a vehicle with a hybrid power plant. Izvestiya MGTU MAMI, 15(2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2021-48-2-36-50
- Mukhtaruddin, A., Azizan, M. M., & Ariffin, M. F. (2025). Review of insulation monitoring and fault locating devices for ungrounded low voltage network: Commercial products, patents, research and innovation. Electric Power Systems Research, 242, 111464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111464
- Nelson, J. P., Burns, D., Seitz, R., & Leoni, A. (2004, September 13-15). The Grounding of Marine Power Systems: Problems and Solutions. In: Fifty-First Annual Conference 2004 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference, (pp. 151–161), San Francisco, CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352792
- Nicolae, P.-M., Nicolae, I.-D., & Nicolae, M.-S. (2013, August 5-9). Electromagnetic compatibility and power quality problems at low frequency for loads from an urban transportation system and in a power substation. In: 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, (pp. 242–247). Denver, CO, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.2013.6670417
- Ogundiran, Y. L., Griffo, A., Wang, J., Sundeep, S., Bruder-Mandler, F., & Groh, T. (2023, April 13-14). Insulation Monitoring in Ungrounded Electrical System for More Electric Aircrafts. In: 2023 IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD), (pp. 1–5). Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1109/WEMDCD55819.2023.10110936
- Palieraki, V., Tavouktsi, E., Karakike, E., & Arvanitis, C. (2024). Documentation of Vertical Connectors Between Successive Drums in Ancient Columns-Literature and In-Situ Investigation. Heritage, 8(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010002
- Saraswathi, V. N., & Ramachandran, V. P. (2024). A comprehensive review on charger technologies, types, and charging stations models for electric vehicles. Heliyon, 10(20), e38945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38945
- Shafiq, M., Awadallah, M., Saleem, K., & Youssef, A. E. (2024). An Energy-Efficient and Safe Landing Multirotor Design for Drones. IEEE Access, 12, 110610–110625. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3439400
- Singh, S., Sichitiu, M. L., Guvenc, I., & Bhuyan, A. (2023). Minimizing Ground Risk in Cellular-Connected Drone Corridors with mmWave Links. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 59(6), 7923–7937. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2023.3301824
- Stan, A., Costinaș, S., & Ion, G. (2022). Overview and Assessment of HVDC Current Applications and Future Trends. Energies, 15(3), 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031193
- Waseem, M., Lakshmi, G. S., Sreeshobha, E., & Khan, S. (2025). An electric vehicle battery and management techniques: comprehensive review of important obstacles, new advancements, and recommendations. Energy Storage and Saving, 4(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enss.2024.09.002
- Zhao, Z., Liang, W., Yang, X., Cheng, H., Ma, Y., Ju, H., & Zhang, Y. (2022). An Investigation on the Ground Impact of Electric Vehicle. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2396(1), 12030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2396/1/012030
- Zou, Z., Chen, M., Yang, C., Li, C., Li, D., Gu, F., & Ball, A. D. (2024). Fault Diagnosis Method for Marine Electric Propulsion Systems Based on Zero-Crossing Tacholess Order Tracking. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(11), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111899
There are 55 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | November 7, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | January 12, 2026 |
| Early Pub Date | January 17, 2026 |
| Publication Date | January 17, 2026 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: Advanced Online Publication |
Cite
Aim & Scope
Gazi University Journal of Science and Technology A: Engineering and Innovation (GUJSA) journal publishes original and qualified research articles in all fields of engineering, technology and basic sciences. Technical notes, letters to the editor, discussions or case studies are excluded.
"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation (GUJSA)" is an open access journal and has adopted an Open Access Policy.
Innovative work, new methods, approaches or recent findings in engineering, technology and basic sciences with a balance of practice and theory are expected. Papers previously published in other journals are not accepted.
Author Guidelines
Submitted articles should be written in “MS Office Word” format in accordance with the “Article Writing Rules”.
Articles submitted in other formats will not be accepted.
"Article Writing Rules"
The following FOUR (4) files must be uploaded while submitting an article to our journal.
The article should be embedded in this template (without author names). Articles uploaded without the template will not be accepted
2. Title Page
The Title of the Article, Article Section, Abstract and Keywords, as well as the Contact Information (e-mail) of the Corresponding Author and the Names, Addresses and ORCID Numbers of all Authors should be included
Authors retain the copyright of their articles.
4. Similarity Reports (iThenticate)
Articles with a similarity rate of more than 20% (or 4% from a single reference) and 30% (including references, figure/table captions, article template) cannot be accepted. Authors should check the similarity rate with “iThenticate” when submitting the article to the journal and upload the “iThenticate” files to the system during submission. The same procedure should be followed after the revision of the article (before publication).
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement
A-Ethical Principles
Gazi University Journal of Science and Technology Section A: Engineering and Innovation is committed to comply with international ethical rules and COPE principles in the publication process. The journal applies double-blind refereeing and terminates publications with ethical violations. The editorial office may request data from the authors; if not submitted, the manuscript will be rejected. At least two positive referee reports are required for publication acceptance and the publication order is determined according to the date of acceptance. The copyright form for accepted articles must be signed by all authors. In case of ethical violations, the journal can be notified by e-mail.
B-Ethical Responsibilities of the Authors
Manuscripts will not be accepted in the following cases: incomplete author information, non-contributing authors, out-of-scope studies, plagiarism/unethical publishing, failure to indicate the source of funding, if any, copyright infringement, targeting specific individuals/institutions, conflict of interest, incomplete reporting standards, failure to submit requested data, duplicate/simultaneous publication, insufficient citations/references, significant errors. Articles with a pre-publication similarity rate (iThenticate) exceeding 20% (4% from a single source) and 30% excluding references are not accepted. Authors must submit iThenticate report.
C-Ethical Responsibilities of the Reviewers
Editors improve the quality of publications, protect the public interest, keep all records, work impartially and confidentially, and manage unethical situations. Before sending the manuscripts to the referees, the relevant editor checks that they comply with the spelling rules, format, scope of the journal, publication and ethical principles, scientific quality and originality.
D-Ethical Responsibilities of the Editor, Editor in Chief, Managing/Assistant Editors, Foreign Editor Advisory Board, Language/Technical Editors
Gazi University Journal of Science and Technology, Part A: Engineering and Innovation is a double blind peer-reviewed, internationally indexed and open access journal published 4 issues a year in English. There is no review/submission fee and the process is approximately 8 weeks. The article in the referee process can be withdrawn by the relevant author via DergiPark; requests from other authors are evaluated by the editor-in-chief. The article cannot be sent elsewhere before the process is completed.
To ensure ethical and objective practices, our editors are expected to follow established industry standards as well as the specific policies set by our journal and publisher. For additional guidance, please consult the COPE Short Guide to Ethical Editing.
Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence technologies capable of producing text, images, or other content in response to user inputs. Tools such as ChatGPT, DALL-E, and similar models fall under this category.
Price Policy
Article submission and all other processes in the GUJSA are free of charge.
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Other Indexes
Journal Boards
Owner
Publishing Manager
Fracture Mechanics, Materials Science and Technologies, Composite and Hybrid Materials, Material Production Technologies, Metals and Alloy Materials, Organic Semiconductors, Powder Metallurgy
Chief Editor
Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics
Chief Editor
Mineral Stratum and Geochemistry
Assistant Editors
Chemical Sciences, Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions, Industrial Product Design, Engineering, Energy, Chemical Engineering, Separation Processes, Environmental and Sustainable Processes, Catalytic Activity, Materials Science and Technologies, Manufacturing and Service Systems, Supply Chains
Physical Sciences, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Technologies, Statistical Mechanics, Physical Combinatorics and Mathematical Aspects of Condensed Matter
Editorial Board
Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Numerical Modelization in Civil Engineering, Civil Construction Engineering
Condensed Matter Physics
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (Incl. Computational Fluid Dynamics), Electrical Energy Generation (Incl. Renewables, Excl. Photovoltaics), Renewable Energy Resources , Energy Generation, Conversion and Storage (Excl. Chemical and Electrical), Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Heat Transfer in Automotive
Condensed Matter Physics, Semiconductors
Energy Systems Engineering, Energy
Decision Support and Group Support Systems, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Optimization in Manufacturing
Geological Sciences and Engineering, Mineralogy- Petrography, Isotope Geochemistry, Geochemistry (Other), Geochronology, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Mineralogy and Crystallography, Volcanology
Engineering Electromagnetics, Antennas and Propagation
Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics
Technical, Vocational and Workplace Education, Development of Vocational Education , Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other)
Energy, Geothermal Energy Systems, Construction Materials, Chemical and Thermal Processes in Energy and Combustion, Materials Science and Technologies, Chemical Engineering (Other)
Electroanalytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Nuclear Chemistry
Mathematical Sciences, Applied Statistics, Applied Mathematics
Information and Computing Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Microbiology, Ecological Applications, Environmental Biogeochemistry, Geography Education, Gender, Sexuality and Education, Ecology, Sustainability and Energy, Quality Management in Construction and Environment, Environmental Engineering, Waste Management, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Air Pollution Modelling and Control
Food Sciences, Meat Technology, Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science
Material Design and Behaviors, Material Characterization, Metals and Alloy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Materials Engineering (Other)
Fracture Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Machine Design and Machine Equipment, Material Design and Behaviors, Tribology, Nanotechnology
Human-Computer Interaction, Artificial Reality, Computer Software, Requirements Engineering
Information and Computing Sciences, Machine Learning, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Artificial Intelligence
Chemical Sciences, Physical Chemistry, Reaction Kinetics and Dynamics, Polymerisation Mechanisms, Solid and Hazardous Wastes, Energy, Separation Processes, Environmental and Sustainable Processes, Nanotechnology
Engineering, Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, Catalytic Activity
Inorganic Materials, Biomaterial , Composite and Hybrid Materials, Ceramics in Materials Engineering
Electrical Engineering, Electrical Energy Transmission, Networks and Systems, Electrical Energy Generation (Incl. Renewables, Excl. Photovoltaics), Power Plants
Hydrogeology, Geology of Engineering, Applied Geology
Applied Mathematics (Other)
Energy, Catalytic Activity, Materials Science and Technologies
Algebra and Number Theory, Combinatorics and Discrete Mathematics (Excl. Physical Combinatorics), Real and Complex Functions (Incl. Several Variables)
Construction Materials
Symbolic Calculation, Algebra and Number Theory, Combinatorics and Discrete Mathematics (Excl. Physical Combinatorics), Mathematical Methods and Special Functions
English Language Editors
Linguistics (Other)
English As A Second Language
Technical Editors
Geological Sciences and Engineering, Applied Geology, Geophysics, Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics