Design, Control and Automation of MHPP - An Experimental Setup

Öz

In this paper the design, manufacturing and automation of a micro hydroelectric power plant (MHPP) prototype has been carried out. The experimental setup consists of three 1 kW synchronous generators (SGs) working in synchronization with each other and with the grid, three Pelton turbines with a single nozzle manufactured using a 3D printer, a water tank with a capacity of approximately one ton, a 5.5 kW centrifugal pump providing appropriate flow and head conditions and an 11 kW driver controlling the speed of this pump. The mechanical and electrical structure of the system and its working scenario are designed to be the closest to a real MHPP. S7-1200 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used in order to control the voltage and frequency values of synchronous generators according to the load as well as for other control processes. In this study, PID control method is preferred for frequency and voltage control. It is possible to control and monitor the whole system through SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) screens. The results have been evaluated by obtaining frequency-time, voltage-time, active power-valve opening, excitation current-reactive power graphs of synchronous generators under different load conditions and in single, local and synchronous operating modes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MHPP
• PID controller
• frequency control
• voltage control
• PLC.

Kaynakça

1. [1] https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021
2. [2] https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr-TR/aylik-elektrik-uretim-tuketim-raporlari
3. [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hydropower-plant
4. [4] Öküzcü M, Design and analysis of pelton turbine”. Master thesis, Gazi University, 2016.
5. [5] Kim JW, Jo IC., Park JH, Shin Y, Chung JT. Theoretical method of selecting number of buckets for the design and verification of a Pelton turbine. J. Hydraul Res 2017; 55 (5) 695–705.
6. [6] Gupta V, Prasad V, Khare R. (2018). Effect of Number of Buckets on Flow Characteristics in Pelton Turbine. Proceedings of the 7th International and 45th National Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power (FMFP). 2018; (078), 1–4.
7. [7] Takagi, M, Watanabe Y, Ikematsu S, Hayashi, T, Fujimoto T, Shimatani Y. 3D-printed pelton turbine: How to produce effective technology linked with global. Energy Procedia 2014; (61), 1593–1596.
8. [8] Lesmana SE, Kalsum L, Widagdo, T. A micro hydro pelton turbine prototype review of the effect of water debitand nozzle angle to rotation and pelton turbine power. Journal of Physics: 2019; Conf. Series IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1167/1/012023.

9. [9] Han L, Zhang GFY, Wang X., Wei Z. Investigation of erosion influence in distribution system and nozzle structure of pelton turbine. Renew Energ 2021; (178), 1119-1128.
10. [10] Tilahun S, Paramasivam V, Tufa M, Kerebih A, Selvaraj SK. Analytical investigation of pelton turbine for mini hydro power: For the case of selected site in Ethiopia. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021; (46), 7364– 7368
11. [11] Bhattaraia S. Vicharea P, Dahala K, Al Makkya A, Olabic, AG. Novel trends in modelling techniques of Pelton Turbine bucket for increased renewable energy production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2019; (112), 87– 101.
12. [12] Quaranta E, Trivedi C. The state-of-art of design and research for Pelton turbine casing, weight estimation, counterpressure operation and scientific challenges. Journal pre-proof 2021; doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08527
13. [13] Waqas A, Waseem, A. PID vs PI Control of speed governor for synchronous generator based grid. J. Fac. Eng. Technol 2017 24(1), 53–62.
14. [14] Özdemir MT. Active and reactive power control based on intelligent controller at micro hydro power plant. 2012; PhD. thesis, Fırat University.
15. [15] Kurt H. Small-scale hydroelectric power plant turbine control using PLC with fuzzy logic algorithm. 2013; MSc thesis, Fırat University.
16. [16] Yu X, Yang X, Yu C, Zhang J, Tian Y. Direct approach to optimize PID controller parameters of hydropower plants. Renew Energ 2021;173, 342-350. [17] Panwar A, Sharma G, Nasiruddin I, Bansal RC. (2018). Frequency stabilization of hydro– power system using hybridbacteria foraging PSO with UPFC and HAE. Electr Pow Syst Res 2018;161, 74–85.
17. [18] Khana MRB, Pasupuletia J, Jidina R. Load frequency control for mini hydropower system: A new approach based on self-tuning fuzzy proportional-derivative scheme. Sustain Energy Techn. 2018;(30) 253–262.
18. [19] Weldcherkos T., Salau AO, Ashagrie A. Modeling and design of an automatic generation control for hydropower plants using neuro-fuzzy controller. Energy Rep 2021;(7), 6626–6637.
19. [20] Reigstad TI, Uhlen K. Nonlinear model predictive control of variable speed hydropower for provision of fast frequency reserves. Electr Pow Syst Res. 2021;(194), 107067.
20. [21] Jarman R, Bryce P. Experimental investigation and modelling of the interaction between an AVR and ballast load frequency controller in a stand-alone micro-hydroelectric system. Renew Energ 2007;(32) 1525–1543.
21. [22] Sahib MA. A novel optimal PID plus second order derivative controller for AVR system. Eng Sci Technol, 2015;(18) 194-206.
22. [23] Sreedivya KM, Jeyanthy PA, Devaraj D. An effective AVR-PSS design for electromechanical oscillations damping in power system. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Efficient Electronics Circuit for Sustainable Development (INCCES) doi:10.1109/INCCES47820.2019.9167703.
23. [24] Nirgudkar SS, Sarode UB. Implementation of digital automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for small laboratory alternator. In: 2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications (ICESA 2015) 338-341.
24. [25] Sikander A, Thakur P. A new control design strategy for automatic voltage regulator in power system. Isa T 2020; (100) 235–243.
25. [26] Zamani M, Ghartemani, MK, Sadati N, Parniani M. Design of a fractional order PID controller for an AVR using particle swarm optimization. Control Eng Pract 2009;(17) 1380–1387.
26. [27] Moschos I, Parisses C. A novel optimal PI⅄DND2N2 controller using coyote optimization algorithm for an AVR system. Eng Sci Technol 2022; Article in press.
27. [28] Mosaad AA, Attia MA, Abdelaziz AY. Whale optimization algorithm to tune PID and PIDA controllers on AVR system” Ain Shams Eng J 2019; (10) 755–767.
28. [29] Ozgenc B, Ayas MS, Altas İH. A hybrid optimization approach to design optimally tuned PID controller foran AVR System. In: 2020 International Congress on Human Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA) doi:10.1109/HORA49412.2020.9152898
29. [30] Verrelli CM, Marino R, Tomei P, Damm G. Nonlinear robust coordinated PSS-AVR control for a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2021; doi:10.1109/TAC.2021.3062174.
30. [31] Mešanović, A, Münz U, Szabo A, Mangold M, Bamberger J, Metzger M, Heyde C, Krebs R, Findeisen R. Structured controller parameter tuning for power systems. Control Eng Pract 2020;(101) 104490.
31. [32] Ekinci S.. Demirören A.,2, Zeynelgil H.L., Kaya S. “Design of PID Controller for Automatic Voltage Regulator System through Kidney-inspired Algorithm” GU J Sci, Part C, 7(2): 383-398 (2019)
32. [33] Guo J. Application of full order sliding mode control based on different areas power system with load frequency control. Isa T 2019;(92) 23–34.
33. [34] Salhi I, Doubabi S, Essounbouli N, Hamzaoui A. Frequency regulation for large load variations on micro hydro power plants with real-time implementation. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2014;(60) 6–13.
34. [35] Kamble, SV, Akolkar SM. Load frequency control of micro hydro power plant using fuzzy logic controller. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI) doi: 10.1109/ICPCSI.2017.8392021.
35. [36] González WG, Montoya OD, Garces A. Modeling and control of a small hydro-power plant for a DC microgrid. Electr Pow Syst Res 2020; (180) 106104.
36. [37] Sharma J, Hote YV, Prasad R. (2019). PID controller design for interval load frequency control system with communication time delay. Control Eng Pract 2019;(89) 154–168
37. [38] Singh O, Verma A. Frequency Control for stand-alone hydro power plants using antcolony optimization. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Advent Trends in Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation (ICATMRI) doi: 10.1109/ICATMRI51801.2020.9398417.
38. [39] Yuniahastuti IT, Anshori I, Robandi I. Load frequency control (LFC) of micro-hydro power plant with capacitive energy storage (CES) using bat algorithm (BA). In: 2016 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (ISemantic) doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2016.7873828.
39. [40] Kardile AH, Mule SM, Nagarale RM, Shiurkar UD. Small Hydro Power Plant control based on Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. In: 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT) doi: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7754888.
40. [41] Oliveira EJ, Honório LM, Anzai AH, Oliveira LW, Costa EB. Optimal transient droop compensator and PID tuning for load frequency control in hydro power systems. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2015;(68) 345–355.
41. [42] Guo W, Yang J. Stability performance for primary frequency regulation of hydro- turbine governing system with surge tank”. Appl Math Model 2018; (54) 446–466
42. [43] Singh RJ, Kumar BA, Shruthi D, Panda R, Raj CT. Review and experimental illustrationsof electronic load controller used in standalone micro-hydro generating plants. Eng Sci Technol 2018; (21), 886–900
43. [44] Sami I, Ullah N., Muyeen SM, Techato K, Chowdhury S, Ro AJS. Control methods for standalone and grid connected micro-hydro power plants with synthetic inertia frequency support: A comprehensive review. IEEE Access 2020; Volume:8 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3026492
44. [45] https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/100746401/pid-control-with-pid_compact-for-simatic- s7-1200-s7-1500?dti=0&lc=en-WW