Performance investigation of a vapor compression refrigeration system with and without heat exchanger using mono and hybrid nanofluids and operated with R1234yf

Abstract

In recent years, the need for energy in the world has been increasing. Approximately one third of the world’s energy consumption is carried out by buildings. Most of this rate is due to heating, cooling and air conditioning systems. Therefore, improvements in these systems will provide major energy savings on a global scale. Compressors are the components that consume the most energy in heating, cooling and air conditioning systems. Reducing the energy consumption of compressors is of great importance. The thermodynamic and environmental performances of mono and hybrid nanolubricants acquired from different nanoparticles (TiO2 and B) used at different concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) in vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) with and without heat exchanger (HEX) were investigated in this study. Because of the experiments, the COP enhanced by 10.46% in the 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant in the experimental system with HEX. Compared to POE, exergy efficiency improved by 23.36% in the experimental system without HEX with 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant and by 28.48% in the experimental system with HEX with 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant. In the energy consumption of the compressor, a decrease of 7.94% was obtained with 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant in the experimental system without HEX and a decrease of 8.06% was obtained with 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant in the experimental system with HEX compared to POE. Compared to POE, 7.92% improvement in total exergy destruction was found in the 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant in the experimental system without HEX and 8.72% improvement was found in the 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricant in the experimental system with HEX. The enviroeconomic value of 1 wt% TiO2-B hybrid nanolubricants gave better results than POE and mono nanolubricant. Consequently, the hybrid nanolubricant used in the VCRS with HEX showed better thermodynamic and environmental performance than POE and mono nanolubricants.

Keywords

• Vapor compression refrigeration system
• Hybrid nanolubricant
• Thermodynamic analysis
• Environmental analysis.

Kaynakça

1. [1] Ang TZ, Salem M, Kamarol M, Das HS, Nazari MA, Prabaharan N. A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2022; 43: 100939
2. [2] Ahmad T, Zhang D. A critical review of comparative global historical energy consumption and future demand: The story told so far. Energy Reports. 2020; 6: 1973-1991.
3. [3] Himeur Y, Alsalemi A, Al-Kababji A, Bensaali F, Amira A, Sardianos C, Varlamis I. A survey of recommender systems for energy efficiency in buildings: Principles, challenges and prospects. Information Fusion. 2021; 72: 1-21.
4. [4] González-Torres M, Pérez-Lombard L, Coronel JF, Maestre IR, Yan D. A review on buildings energy information: Trends, end-uses, fuels and drivers. Energy Reports. 2022; 8: 626-637.
5. [5] Taheri S, Hosseini P, Razban A. Model predictive control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022; 60: 105067.
6. [6] Zhao Y, Xu X, Qadrdan M, Wu J. Optimal operation of compressor units in gas networks to provide flexibility to power systems. Applied Energy. 2021; 290: 116740.
7. [7] Zheng W, Hu J, Wang Z, Li J, Fu Z, Li H, Yan J. COVID-19 impact on operation and energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Advances in Applied Energy. 2021; 3: 100040.
8. [8] Lv H, Ma H, Mao N, He T. Boiling heat transfer mechanism of environmental-friendly refrigerants: A review. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2022; 133: 214-225.

9. [9] Alsouda F, Bennett NS, Saha SC, Salehi F, Islam MS. Vapor compression cycle: A state-of-the-art review on cycle improvements, water and other natural refrigerants. Clean Technologies. 2023; 5: 584-608.
10. [10] Salman M, Dhamodharan P, Kim SC. Analysis of low GWP refrigerants in brazed plate heat exchanger: Evaporation heat transfer and integrated correlations. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2024; 253: 123817.
11. [11] Savitha DC, Ranjith PK, Talawar B, Rana Pratap Reddy N. Refrigerants for sustainable environment–A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Energy. 2022; 41: 235-256.
12. [12] Alba CG, Alkhatib II, Llovell F, Vega LF. Assessment of low global warming potential refrigerants for drop-in replacement by connecting their molecular features to their performance. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2021; 9: 17034-17048.
13. [13] Vuppaladadiyam AK, Antunes E, Vuppaladadiyam SSV, Baig ZT, Subiantoro A, Lei G, Duan H. Progress in the development and use of refrigerants and unintended environmental consequences. Science of the Total Environment. 2022; 823: 153670.
14. [14] Uddin K, Saha BB. An overview of environment-friendly refrigerants for domestic air conditioning applications. Energies. 2022; 15: 8082.
15. [15] Wu D, Hu B, Wang RZ. Vapor compression heat pumps with pure Low-GWP refrigerants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 138: 110571.
16. [16] Kumar RR, Samykano M, Pandey AK, Kadirgama K, Tyagi VV. Phase change materials and nano-enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage in photovoltaic thermal systems: A futuristic approach and its technical challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 133: 110341.
17. [17] Sofiah AGN, Samykano M, Pandey AK, Kadirgama K, Sharma K, Saidur R. Immense impact from small particles: Review on stability and thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2021; 48: 101635.
18. [18] Younes H, Mao M, Murshed SS, Lou D, Hong H, Peterson GP. Nanofluids: Key parameters to enhance thermal conductivity and its applications. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2022; 207: 118202.
19. [19] Urmi WT, Rahman MM, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Maleque MA. An overview on synthesis, stability, opportunities and challenges of nanofluids. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 41: 30-37.
20. [20] Li D, Hejazi Dehaghani SH, Karimipour A. Developing a novel hybrid nanofluid preparation method using the droplet generation method: Predicting the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and magnetic properties compared to the conventional two-step method. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2024; 45: 84.
21. [21] Sandhya M, Ramasamy D, Sudhakar K, Kadirgama K, Harun WSW. Ultrasonication an intensifying tool for preparation of stable nanofluids and study the time influence on distinct properties of graphene nanofluids–A systematic overview. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021; 73: 105479.
22. [22] Adun H, Kavaz D, Dagbasi M. Review of ternary hybrid nanofluid: Synthesis, stability, thermophysical properties, heat transfer applications, and environmental effects. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 328: 129525.
23. [23] Eshgarf H, Kalbasi R, Maleki A, Shadloo MS, Karimipour A. A review on the properties, preparation, models and stability of hybrid nanofluids to optimize energy consumption. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2021; 144: 1959-1983.
24. [24] Bibin BS, Gundabattini E. Investigation on transport properties, heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop of CuO enhanced R1234yf based refrigerant. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2023; 49: 103229.
25. [25] Sharif MZ, Azmi WH, Zawawi NNM, Ghazali MF. Comparative air conditioning performance using SiO2 and Al2O3 nanolubricants operating with Hydrofluoroolefin-1234yf refrigerant. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2022; 205: 118053.
26. [26] Bibin BS, Gundabattini E. Investigation on the density of Al2O3/R1234yf, TiO2/R1234yf and CuO/R1234yf nano-refrigerants. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanoengineering and Nanosystems. 2023; 237: 121-129.
27. [27] Sharif MZ, Azmi WH, Ghazali MF, Ali HM. Performance augmentation of retrofitted sustainable R1234yf in R134a air conditioning system using Al2O3–SiO2 hybrid nanolubricant. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2023; 148: 10203-10215.
28. [28] Bibin BS, Gundabattini E. Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of TiO2/R1234yf nanorefrigerant: A numerical approach. Sustainability. 2023; 15: 12605.
29. [29] Li S, Lu J. A theoretical comparative study of vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using Al2O3 nanoparticle with low-GWP refrigerants. Entropy. 2022; 24: 1820.
30. [30] Sharif MZ, Azmi WH, Ghazali MF, Zawawi NNM, Ali HM. Numerical and thermo-energy analysis of cycling in automotive air-conditioning operating with hybrid nanolubricants and R1234yf. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications. 2023; 83: 935-957.
31. [31] Pundkar AH, Chaudhari SS. Performance parameters enhancement with application of nanotechnology to MTR refrigeration system. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023; 72: 890-895.
32. [32] Zawawi NNM, Azmi WH, Hamisa AH, Hendrawati TY, Aminullah ARM. Experimental investigation of air-conditioning electrical compressor using binary TiO2–SiO2 polyol-ester nanolubricants. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2024; 54: 104045.
33. [33] Tuncer AD, Khanlari A, Sözen A, Gürbüz EY, Şirin C, Gungor A. Energy-exergy and enviro-economic survey of solar air heaters with various air channel modifications. Renewable Energy. 2020; 160: 67-85.